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Xavier RGC, Santana CH, de Castro YG, de Souza TGV, do Amarante VS, Santos RL, Silva ROS. Canine Pyometra: A Short Review of Current Advances. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3310. [PMID: 37958065 PMCID: PMC10647846 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyometra, characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate in the uterus, is the most prevalent reproductive disease in canines. While the disease often begins with mild local symptoms, it can escalate into peritonitis, sepsis, and multi-organ dysfunction, thereby posing a significant threat to life. Despite the high incidence and recognized significance of canine pyometra, gaps persist in our understanding of its epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have, however, broadened our comprehension of this disease, shedding light on potential new infection sources, etiologies, and the application of clinical predictive biomarkers and new therapeutic protocols. This study aimed to review the current understanding of canine pyometra, with particular emphasis on the latest research concerning its etiology and epidemiology. Furthermore, it addressed key research questions and proposed directions for future investigations into various facets of canine pyometra.
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Hagman R. Pyometra in Small Animals 3.0. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00071-2. [PMID: 37270345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyometra is a common disease in intact bitches and queens and occurs, although less frequently, in most other female pets. In bitches and queens, the illness is generally diagnosed within 4 months after estrus, in middle-aged to older individuals. Complications such as peritonitis, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome are not uncommon and associated with more severe illness. Ovary-sparing surgical options such as hysterectomy could be considered in individuals with high-risk for detrimental side effects of spaying or without infection of the uterus but has not yet been evaluated for safety in pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden.
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4
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Batista PR, Gobello C, Rube A, Barrena JP, Arioni S, Blanco PG. Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of medically treated female dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:490-497. [PMID: 35279908 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the treatment outcome of canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P) is essential to identify nonresponding patients who might require a rapid intervention to avoid life-threatening conditions. Uterine artery Doppler characterization may contribute to monitoring medically treated CEH-P, but published studies are currently lacking. Therefore, the aim of this longitudinal prospective observational study was to evaluate uterine artery resistance changes in the medical treatment of female dogs with CEH-P. Twelve diestrous female dogs suffering from CEH-P were treated with a combined protocol of cabergoline, cloprostenol, and antibiotics. The animals were clinically and ultrasonographically evaluated before the beginning of treatment (day 0) and on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The widest transverse diameter and luminal diameter of uterine horns were measured, as well as the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) of uterine arteries. The resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and notch deep index (NDI) were calculated. On day 3, nine of 12 animals showed clinical improvement. In all these female dogs, the widest transverse sectional diameter (P < 0.01), luminal diameter (P < 0.01), PSV (P < 0.01), and EDV (P < 0.01) progressively decreased, while RI (P < 0.01), PI (P < 0.01), and NDI (P < 0.01) increased up to day 21. In nonresponding dogs (3/12), Doppler parameters remained unchanged. Although comparisons of PSV, EDV, and NDI were significantly different, these results should be cautiously interpreted due to the low statistical power. female dogs that responded to this treatment showed an increase in uterine artery resistance, along with clinical and ultrasonographic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rodrigo Batista
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristina Gobello
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Rube
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Ultrasound Service, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge Pablo Barrena
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Ultrasound Service, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sol Arioni
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Graciela Blanco
- Center of Reproductive Physiology and Imaging Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Rodrigues da Rosa Filho R, Morales Brito M, Gomes Faustino T, Lima de Almeida L, Correia Manoel V, Cogliati B, Vannucchi CI. Prostaglandin and antigestagen in pyometra bitches: vascular and stereological effect. Reprod Fertil 2022; 2:95-105. [PMID: 35128446 PMCID: PMC8812451 DOI: 10.1530/raf-20-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of conservative treatment on uterine blood flow and morphometric findings are still unknown in bitches. Thus, this study aimed to compare uterine changes of pyometra bitches subjected to distinct modes of treatment. Pyometra bitches were assigned to: OHE (ovariohysterectomy immediately after diagnosis), Aglepristone (days 1, 2 and 8) and Associative (aglepristone treatment coupled with cloprostenol for 7 days) groups. After 9 days, bitches were ovariohysterectomized. Before surgery, uterine area was measured ultrasonographically and the uterine artery Doppler velocimetry analyzed blood flow velocity and indexes. Uterine horns were classified according to resistance index (RI) as more compromised and less compromised. Endometrial vasculature was quantitatively evaluated by color flow Doppler. Blood samples were collected to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. Histological uterine structures were quantified by stereology and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor) and eNOS were (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) immunohistochemically analyzed. Aglepristone and Associative groups had lower uterine area and vascularization, and higher blood flow velocity and indexes compared to OHE group. Less compromised horn of Associative group had higher blood flow velocity compared to OHE group. Aglepristone group presented lower inflammatory infiltrate and larger uterine stroma. Associative group had lower volume density and absolute surface of endometrial cysts and lower VEGF-A expression for glandular epithelium and stromal cells. Blood NO and e-NOS immunostaining were not different among groups. In conclusion, association between aglepristone and prostaglandin is more effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow. Moreover, associative therapy promotes marked morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodrigues da Rosa Filho
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Morales Brito
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gomes Faustino
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Lima de Almeida
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Correia Manoel
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Infantosi Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Szczubiał M, Kankofer M, Wawrzykowski J, Dąbrowski R, Bochniarz M, Brodzki P. Activity of the glycosidases β-galactosidase, α-l-fucosidase, β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, and sialidase in uterine tissues from female dogs in diestrus with and without pyometra. Theriogenology 2022; 177:133-139. [PMID: 34700070 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the activity of selected glycosidases (β-galactosidase, α-l-fucosidase, β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, and sialidase) in homogenates of uterine tissues obtained from female dogs with and without pyometra. In addition, it examined the availability of substrates for these glycosidases in the homogenates. The study was carried out on female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy for pyometra (n = 10) and clinically healthy dogs (n = 10) undergoing elective spaying. The activity of β-galactosidase, α-l-fucosidase, and β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase was analyzed using a spectrofluorometer and that of sialidase using a colorimetric method. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Alcian Blue (AB) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was performed to determine the presence of substrates for these glycosidases in the homogenates of uterine tissues. The results revealed that the activity of all the examined glycosidases was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the uterine tissues isolated from dogs with pyometra in comparison to healthy dogs. The electrophoretic patterns of the selected samples showed several proteins, which contained different sugar moieties stained by AB and PAS and the profiles differed significantly between the pyometra group and the healthy group. Densitometric analysis of AB staining showed patterns between 233 and 148, 86 and 55, and 43 and 20 kDa, which differed markedly in sugar content between the examined groups of animals. Similarly, PAS staining analysis revealed patterns of different molecular weights, between 233 and 117 and between 55 and 32 kDa, which also differed in sugar content. These findings suggest that canine pyometra is accompanied by the increase in the activity of selected glycosidases in the uterus. This could potentially modify the glycan structures of uterine glycoproteins and in result their biological functions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of the increased activity of glycosidases in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Bochniarz
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
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Fulton RM. Focused Ultrasound of the Fetus, Female and Male Reproductive Tracts, Pregnancy, and Dystocia in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:1249-65. [PMID: 34535336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Add "in dogs and cats"? This article covers image acquisition of the fetus and the reproductive organs of the female (cervix, gravid and nongravid uterus, and ovaries) and male (testicles and prostate) reproductive tracts. This article is a brief overview of normal sonographic anatomy and important clinical conditions for each sex using point-of-care ultrasound as a screening test. In addition to normal sonographic appearance and common conditions of the scrotum and testes, prostate, uterus, and ovaries, this article discusses the use of ultrasound for diagnosis of and evaluating pregnancy, fetal maturation, and fetal stress during dystocia.
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Kurt S, Eşki F, Mis L. Investigation of the usability of kisspeptin and oxidative stress parameters in the early diagnosis of asymptomatic cystic endometrial hyperplasia in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1529-1535. [PMID: 34496086 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the differences in oxidative stress index (OSI) and kisspeptin levels in clinically asymptomatic dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) compared to healthy and pregnant dogs, and to determine the usability of the obtained results in the diagnosis of asymptomatic CEH. The study comprised three groups; a healthy (n = 8), a pregnant (n = 10) and a CEH (n = 10). All dogs in the three groups were included in the study at the 30 ± 3th day after estrus, and blood samples were collected for analysis of kisspeptin, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and some biochemical parameters (TSH; thyroid stimulating hormone, ALT; alanine aminotransferase, AST; aspartate aminotransferase, ALP; alkaline phosphatase, LDH; lactate dehydrogenase, CRE; creatine and BUN; blood urea nitrogen). In addition, OSI value was calculated. P4 and ALT and BUN levels were significantly lower and higher in CEH group than the pregnant group, respectively (p < .05). While kisspeptin and TAS levels were significantly lower in CEH group compared to the healthy and pregnant groups (p < .01), OSI level increased dramatically. In conclusion, it was confirmed that CEH clearly affected kisspeptin and OSI levels, and it is thought that these parameters may be an alternative diagnostic tool for the detection of CEH after further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Kurt
- Kahramanmaraş Istiklal University, Elbistan Vocational School, Department of Veterinary, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Funda Eşki
- Çukurova University, Clinic for Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Leyla Mis
- Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Van, Turkey
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Pöppl ÁG, Valle SC, Mottin TS, Leal JS, González FHD, Kucharski LC, Da Silva RSM. Pyometra-associated insulin resistance assessment by insulin binding assay and tyrosine kinase activity evaluation in canine muscle tissue. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106626. [PMID: 33866106 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diestrus is associated with insulin resistance in bitches and pyometra can further impair insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to compare insulin sensitivity, insulin binding, and tyrosine kinase activity in bitches in anestrus, diestrus, or with pyometra. Patients submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy were divided into anestrus (n = 11) or diestrus (n = 13) according to reproductive history, vaginal cytology, and uterine histology. The group pyometra (n = 8) included bitches diagnosed with the disease based on clinical presentation and abdominal ultrasound findings and further confirmed by uterine histopathology. All patients were submitted to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) before ovariohysterectomy, and rectus abdominis muscle samples were collected during surgery for plasmatic membrane suspension preparation. Muscle-membranes were submitted to cold saturation insulin binding assay for dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) determination, as well as exogenous substrate Poly (Glu: Tyr 4:1) phosphorylation assay for basal tyrosine kinase evaluation. Bitches with pyometra showed higher basal insulin (P < 0.001) and higher area under the curve (AUC) for insulin (P = 0.01) and glucose (P < 0.001) response during the IVGTT in comparison with bitches in anestrus or diestrus. Diestrus (P < 0.0001) and pyometra (P = 0.001) were associated with reduced tyrosine kinase activity in comparison with anestrus. No differences were documented in Kd and Bmax results for the low-affinity/high-capacity insulin receptors; however, high-affinity/low-capacity insulin receptors showed higher Kd and Bmax results in bitches in diestrus or with pyometra (P < 0.05) in comparison with anestrus. Despite the pyometra group showed the highest Kd values (P < 0.01), its Bmax results did not differ from the diestrus group (P > 0.05). Diestrus' higher Kd values and reduced tyrosine kinase activity in muscle tissue were compensated by increased total insulin binding capacity. Absent differences in IVGTT results between diestrus and anestrus bitches corroborate this finding. However, in bitches with pyometra, the highest Kd values were not compensated by increased total insulin binding capacity. This finding was associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in IVGTT results. Moreover, pyometra resolution restored insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. These features can play a key role in pyometra-associated CDM, as well as in diabetic remission after pyometra resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á G Pöppl
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 90050-170; Departamento de Medicina Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 91540-000; Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 91540-000.
| | - S C Valle
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 90050-170
| | - T S Mottin
- Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 91540-000
| | - J S Leal
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 91540-000
| | - F H D González
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 91540-000
| | - L C Kucharski
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 90050-170
| | - R S M Da Silva
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Endocrinologia Comparada, Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil. CEP: 90050-170
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Rybska M, Woźna-Wysocka M, Wąsowska B, Skrzypski M, Kubiak M, Błaszak B, Łukomska A, Nowak T, Jaśkowski JM. Expression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Isoforms in Canine Endometrium with Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra Complex. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1844. [PMID: 34205820 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathomorphological changes and functional disorders of the uterus have long been a significant problem in the reproduction of dogs. The most commonly identified uterine disorders leading to permanent loss of fertility in dogs include cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra. These diseases may occur jointly as a CEH–pyometra complex. Despite numerous studies, the etiology of this disease remains unclear. TGF-β is considered to be one of the key factors in pathophysiological uterine disorders. The results indicate the significant expression of TGF-β1 in endometrial tissues in bitches affected by CEH–pyometra complex. Consequently, among all TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 is a potential biomarker involved in the regulation of a dog’s endometrium with proliferative and degenerative changes. Abstract Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and pyometra are the most frequently diagnosed uterine diseases affecting bitches of different ages. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been classified in females as a potential regulator of many endometrial changes during the estrous cycle or may be involved in pathological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3 in the endometrium of bitches suffering from CEH or a CEH–pyometra complex compared to clinically healthy females (control group; CG). A significantly increased level of TGF-β1 mRNA expression was observed in the endometrium with CEH–pyometra compared to CEH and CG. Protein production of TGF-β1 was identified only in the endometrium of bitches with CEH–pyometra. An increase in TGF-β3 mRNA expression was observed in all the studied groups compared to CG. The expression of TGF-β2 mRNA was significantly higher in CEH and lower in CEH–pyometra uteri. The results indicate the presence of TGF-β cytokines in canine endometrial tissues affected by proliferative and degenerative changes. However, among all TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β1 could potentially be a key factor involved in the regulation of the endometrium in bitches with CEH–pyometra complex.
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Woźna-Wysocka M, Rybska M, Błaszak B, Jaśkowski BM, Kulus M, Jaśkowski JM. Morphological changes in bitches endometrium affected by cystic endometrial hyperplasia - pyometra complex - the value of histopathological examination. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:174. [PMID: 33902588 PMCID: PMC8077759 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex (CEH-P) is one of the most common uteropathies in bitches. In diseases with mild or obscure clinical signs and normal uterine size, a diagnosis based on a clinical assessment might be incorrect. The main aim of the research was to determine the morphological variables accompanying uterine diseases in bitches in microscopic evaluation. Consequently, the obtained results can be used to create a new classification system for uterine pathological changes during the development of the CEH-P, diagnosed by microscopic examination in bitches. Material for the study consisted of the uteri of 120 female dogs, aged 1-16 years, obtained during routine ovariohysterectomies. Macroscopic observation after a longitudinal incision of the uterine horns, allowed a preliminary classification of the uteri into research groups: control group (physiological uteri), and groups GI-III uteri collected form bitches with varying degrees of endometrial pathology. These preliminary classifications were then verified by histological analysis (H&E stain). RESULTS The obtained results made it possible to determine and describe the prevalence (%) of pathological changes characteristic of the analyzed uterine diseases in the examined bitches. Histopathological analyses that were conducted have confirmed preliminary macroscopic evaluation for the control group, group GII (CEH), and group GIII (pyometra). In the uteri of the GI group, a severe congestion of the endometrium has been observed - this is typical of inflammation - which was not confirmed during histopathological examinations. However, these examinations revealed acute endometrial haemorrhage of varying severity. CONCLUSIONS Early reproduction disorders in bitches are, in general, not confirmed by clinical signs in the examined animals. The results show that during classification of typical morphological changes in the endometrium over the development of the CEH-P complex in bitches microscopic examinations are required. The obtained results indicate a frequent lack of consistency in the macroscopic assessment and histological analysis of the endometrium, observed in the analyzed uterine diseases, which in most cases is not followed by clinical symptoms. The presented classification of uterine diseases may be useful as a diagnostic tool in reproductive disorders in bitches and in examination in the field of basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Woźna-Wysocka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12/14 Z. Noskowskiego St, 61-704, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Rybska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Błaszak
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Grater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jędrzej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
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12
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Gültiken N, Yarim M, Yarim GF, Sözmen M, Anadol E, Findik M. Plasma concentration and uterine and ovarian expressions of insulin-like growth factor-2 in dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:73-79. [PMID: 33891559 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) as well as its expression in the uterus and ovary of healthy dogs and those with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra complex. Group 1 (n = 10) included bitches with open cervix pyometra, while Group 2 (n = 7) consisted of clinically healthy bitches in dioestrus. The number of IGF-2 immunopositive interstitial cells was significantly higher in Group 1, whereas in Group 2 there were only two cases in which a few cells were IGF-2 immunopositive. IGF-2 immunopositivity was observed in the endometrial glandular epithelium in both groups. Additionally, interstitial fibroblasts and macrophages in the endometrium were also positive in Group 1. The concentration of plasma IGF-2 was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P < 0.05). The concentration was positively correlated with IGF-2 expression in the endometrial glands (r = 0.926; P < 0.001) in Group 1. However, a negative correlation was present between plasma IGF-2 concentration and IGF-2 expression in the interstitial endocrine cells of the ovary in Group 1 (r = -0.652; P < 0.05). The results suggest that IGF-2 plays an important role during the inflammatory process occurring in bitches with CEH-pyometra complex as well as in the endometrium of healthy bitches in dioestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Gültiken
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Yarim
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gül Fatma Yarim
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Sözmen
- 2Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Elvan Anadol
- 4Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research Center, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Findik
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
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Filho RRDR, Brito MM, Faustino TG, Almeida LL, Gardés TP, Leite RF, Vannucchi CI. Clinical Changes and Uterine Hemodynamic in Pyometra Medically Treated Bitches. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2011. [PMID: 33142944 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pyometra is an infectious uterine disorder marked by important clinical alterations and uterine contamination and blood flow changes in bitches. Although uterine removal is the most common mode of treatment, conservative therapy is an alternative. However, the success of medical treatment in restoring both clinical and uterine alterations has not yet been attested. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effects of both aglepristone alone or in combination with prostaglandin (associative) on clinical, laboratory and uterine hemodynamic features. Bitches were clinically and ultrasonographically (uterine blood flow) evaluated and medically followed-up throughout treatment (8 days) and castrated for local uterine analysis after 9 days of therapy onset. Associative therapy led to altered respiratory rate and decreased body temperature. Both treatments resolved bitches’ clinical condition and laboratory changes, and reduced uterine size. However, associative protocol was more effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow. Nevertheless, uterus remained microscopically altered soon after both therapy ending, thus not fully restoring local uterine changes in a short-term evaluation. Abstract Cystic endometrial hyperplasia–pyometra complex is a canine endometrial disorder, considered the most common and important among uterine diseases. The treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, but medical treatments have become an alternative. However, no studies have been performed in order to evaluate uterine hemodynamic changes during medical treatment for pyometra bitches. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two medical protocols by means of clinical (heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature), medullar response (complete blood count (CBC)) and uterine hemodynamic evaluation in pyometra bitches. For such purpose, 10 bitches with pyometra were assigned to two groups: Aglepristone Group (n = 5) and Associative Group (aglepristone + prostaglandin; n = 5). The Associative Group had altered respiratory rate and decreased body temperature. The Aglepristone Group had decreased plasma protein, however, leukocyte count reduced over time for both therapeutic protocols. Uterine area and vascularization score decreased throughout treatment. There was a significant reduction in uterine perimeter, area and vascularization score. The Associative Group had lower final diastolic velocity and higher systole:diastole ratio (S/D), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI). In conclusion, both medical treatments are effective in reversing clinical and CBC changes of pyometra, especially aglepristone, however they cannot fully restore local uterine changes in a short-term evaluation. Conversely, associative therapy was more effective in decreasing uterine vascularization and modulating uterine blood flow.
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England GCW, Rijsselaere T, Campbell A, Moxon R, Freeman SL. Normal and abnormal response to sperm deposition in female dogs: A review and new hypotheses for endometritis. Theriogenology 2020; 159:176-183. [PMID: 33160112 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian species there are significant physiological responses of the female reproductive tract to the deposition of sperm. These are particularly notable in species where sperm are deposited directly into the uterus, and function both to facilitate sperm transport to the sperm reservoir, and to eliminate introduced contaminants. In the bitch, sperm are deposited into the vagina and are rapidly transported through the open cervix. Sperm are then distributed around the uterus by uterine contractions such that transportation to the tip of the uterine horns occurs within 1 min of the start of mating. The main sperm reservoir appears to be the distal part of the utero-tubal junction which forms a pre-uterine tube reservoir. Sperm remain attached here by their heads to uterine epithelium and remain viable. In non-capacitating conditions sperm slowly detach from this site and this seems important to replenish the uterine tube reservoir, where sperm may re-attach to the epithelium. Post-ovulatory signals trigger capacitation changes and subsequent hyperactivated motility that is associated with detachment of sperm from both reservoirs; thus facilitating fertilization. After mating, a physiological post-mating uterine inflammatory response occurs, evidenced by an influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, increased uterine contractions, an increased uterine artery blood flow and a decrease of the resistance index indicating a short-duration vasodilation. Disturbance of this tightly regulated system has the potential to impact fertility by a failure of elimination of the introduced contaminants (such that a clinically-significant post-breeding endometritis ensues) but also by impairing sperm transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - T Rijsselaere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Campbell
- Guide Dogs, National Breeding Centre, Bishops Tachbrook, Warwickshire, UK
| | - R Moxon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK; Guide Dogs, National Breeding Centre, Bishops Tachbrook, Warwickshire, UK
| | - S L Freeman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
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Melandri M, Alonge S. Highlights on the Canine Prostatic Specific Esterase (CPSE): A diagnostic and screening tool in veterinary andrology. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:35-40. [PMID: 32881401 PMCID: PMC7840190 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the need to look for an accurate and precise diagnosis of prostatic diseases in dogs has grown. Among other diagnostic tools, the seric CPSE has been studied and identified as a valid and specific biomarker for prostatic disorders, since it can result significantly more elevated in dogs affected by several prostatic abnormalities, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, dosing CPSE in serum represents a new diagnostic and screening tool. Dosing CPSE in everyday clinical practice has three objectives: (a) the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia; (b) the preventive screening of prostatic disorders in healthy dogs; (c) the medical follow‐up in subjects with prostatic disorders during and after medical therapy. Neither circadian rhythms nor transrectal palpation performed during the andrological examination do affect CPSE. A sexual rest of at least 24 hr before dosing CPSE is recommended as it is affected by ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
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16
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SINGH LKIPJEN, PATRA MK, MISHRA GK, SAXENA AC, DE UK, SINGH SK, KUMAR H, KRISHNASWAMY N. Effect of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on prostaglandin metabolite and oxidative stress in canine pyometra. Indian J of Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i4.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyometra, either open or closed cervix, inevitably progresses to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), if ovariohysterectomy is not done timely. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pyometra led SIRS on certain serum biochemical and prostaglandin metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2 alpha (PGFM) and oxidative stress indices in the canine. The pyometra positive bitches were categorized as SIRS+ (n=29) and SIRS- (n =16) based on temperature (<100.5 or >102.5°F), respiration rate (>20/min), heart rate (>102/min), and total leukocytes count (<6×103 or >16×103 per μL). The SIRS+ bitches showed hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, decreased super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity with moderate increase in the lipid peroxidation. Further, the SIRS+ bitches had significantly higher serum PGFM concentration (6.83±0.7 vs. 4.12±0.4 ng/mL) than SIRS- and the level was influenced by cervical patency. It was concluded that elevated serum PGFM along with hyperglobunemia, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine would be useful in diagnosis and monitoring of pyometra led SIRS in bitch.
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Quartuccio M, Liotta L, Cristarella S, Lanteri G, Ieni A, D'Arrigo T, De Majo M. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia-Pyometra Complex in the Bitch: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1368. [PMID: 32784584 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In canine cystic endometrial hyperplasia–pyometra (CEH) syndrome, toxic factors and endometrial inflammatory reactions are responsible of increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance in uterine arteries. Color Doppler ultrasound is regarded as an adjunctive tool for quantitative assessment of endometrial vascularization during uterine disorders. The aim of this study was to assess, through contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) exam, the vascularization in endometrial microvessels in CEH-pyometra in order to evaluate the possibility of application in this syndrome. In twelve female dogs with clinical symptoms related to pyometra, echographic, Color Doppler and CEUS exams were performed. Histopathological examination revealed severe CEH and pyometra, immunohistochemical stain with CD 34 confirmed the presence of angiogenesis. CEUS exam revealed a widespread, intense and rapidly developing homogeneous enhancement of the hyperplastic endometrium with absence of signal only in cystic areas. All parameters of the quantitative analysis were not significantly influenced by region of interest dimension and position. CEUS may improve not invasive evaluations in the CEH-pyometra syndrome and virtually in CEH-mucometra. Abstract In cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)–pyometra syndrome, toxic factors and endometrial remodeling culminate in changes characterized by exudative and degenerative inflammatory reaction. Recent studies on hemodynamic found an increased blood flow and lower vascular resistance in uterine arteries, suggesting color Doppler ultrasound as an adjunctive tool for quantitative assessment of endometrial vascularization during pyometra. The aim of this study was to assess, through contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) exam, the vascularization in endometrial microvessels in CEH-pyometra in order to evaluate the possibility of application in this syndrome. In twelve female dogs with clinical symptoms related to pyometra, B-mode, color Doppler and CEUS exams were performed. In CEH-pyometra uteri, histopathological examination revealed severe CEH and pyometra, immunohistochemical stain with CD 34 confirmed the presence of angiogenesis. CEUS exams revealed a widespread, intense and rapidly developing homogeneous enhancement of the hyperplastic endometrium, with absence of signal only in cystic areas. All parameters of the quantitative analysis were not significantly influenced by region of interest dimension and position. CEUS has the potential to improve clinical not invasive evaluations in the CEH-pyometra syndrome and virtually in CEH-mucometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. E. Jones
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
| | - C. A. Ragle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
| | | | - A. A. Tibary
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman WashingtonUSA
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Binder C, Aurich C, Reifinger M, Aurich J. Spontaneous ovulation in cats-Uterine findings and correlations with animal weight and age. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 209:106167. [PMID: 31514917 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cats are considered induced ovulating animals but ovulations occur in the absence of mating (i.e., spontaneous ovulations). Factors that stimulate such ovulations remain largely unknown. In this study, ovaries and uterine horn segments from 89 post-pubertal queens presented for ovariectomy were evaluated morphologically and histologically. It was hypothesized that corpora lutea (CL) are present in non-pregnant cats and can be associated with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH). Cats were assigned to three age groups (7-12 months, n = 32; 13-24 months, n = 26 and ≥ 24 months, n = 31) and three weight groups (2.1-2.8 kg, n = 28; > 2.8-3.3 kg, n = 32 and > 3.3 kg, n = 29). Uterine horn diameter and thickness of the endometrium and myometrium were determined. Corpora lutea were detected in 39.3% of the cats and presence did not differ between age groups. The percentage of queens with CL increased with bodyweight (2.1-2.8 kg: 14.3%; > 2.8-3.3 kg: 37.5%, > 3.3 kg: 65.5%; P < 0.01). In cats with CL, the thickness of all layers of the uterus were greater than in cats without CL (P < 0.05). Of the cats, 22.5% had CEH but there was no difference between cats without and with CL. The percentage of CEH increased with age (P < 0.001) but did not differ between weight groups. In conclusion, ovulations occurred in the absence of mating in approximately one third of all queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Binder
- Obstetrics and Reproduction, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics and Reproduction, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Melandri M, Barella G, Alonge S. Assessment of the optimal age for a preventive ultrasonographic screening of the uterine health in bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1182-1187. [PMID: 31187907 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies about prevalence of uterine pathologies in bitches are scarce. Although correlation between age and uterine disorders was documented, the most suitable age for a preventive sonographic screening has not been proposed yet. Present study aimed to estimate the eligible age for an ultrasonographic screening of uterine abnormalities in dogs. Data regarding ultrasound examination and clinical records of non-pregnant intact females were retrospectively analysed. The age of each bitch was expressed as age ratio (actual/maximum age expected for the respective breed). The cut-off age ratio was determined by a ROC curve for overall uterine abnormalities. Frequencies of different abnormalities below and over the cut-off derived from the ROC curve were calculated and statistically analysed by chi-Square and OR. Prevalence of three categories of ultrasonographic findings was as follows: cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) 18%; uterine collections (UC) 10.5%; masses (M) 1.3%. By the cut-off age ratio (0.325), derived by ROC curve (AUC = 0.91; SP 84.23%; SE 79.2%; PPV 83.4%; NPV 80%), 228 cases were divided into two subgroups: bitches over (exposed group: n.83) and below cut-off (control group: n.145). All abnormalities resulted more frequent in exposed group: OR was 24.96 (p < 0.0001: 71.1% over vs. 9% below cut-off) for overall abnormalities; 13.68 (p < 0.0001: 40.9% vs. 4.8%) for CEH; 6.13 (p < 0.002: 21.7% vs. 4.1%) for UC; 12.65 (p = 0.09: 3.6% vs. 0%) for M. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia represents the most common finding in adult bitches, followed by UC. A preventive sonographic screening for uterine abnormalities should start from 33% of expected longevity to preventively select animals requiring further evaluations.
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Szczubiał M, Wawrzykowski J, Dąbrowski R, Bochniarz M, Brodzki P, Kankofer M. The effect of pyometra on glycosylation of proteins in the uterine tissues from female dogs. Theriogenology 2019; 131:41-46. [PMID: 30939355 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyometra on glycosylation of proteins in the uterine tissues from female dogs, using western blotting with selected lectins (Sambucus nigra agglutinin - SNA and Maackia amurensis agglutinin - MAL II). In addition protein pattern of examined tissues was also evaluated. The study was performed on 10 female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy because of pyometra and 10 clinically healthy female dogs, undergoing elective spaying (ovariohysterectomy). Uterine tissue samples of 1 cm2 were taken from the middle region of each uterine horn in both group of animals immediately after ovariohysterectomy. Tissue samples were homogenized and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting with SNA and MAL II. SDS-PAGE analysis showed differences between pyometra samples and controls in the amount of obtained protein fractions and the protein content in the individual fractions. Five protein (with a molecular weight of 193.78 kDa, 103.18 kDa, 77.67 kDa, 70.39 kDa, and 53.00 kDa) were found only in the pyometra samples. The remaining fractions differed in intensity of staining, which indicated differ abundance of a given protein. The results of western blotting with SNA and MAL II demonstrated that the pattern obtained from densitometric analysis differs between adequate healthy and pyometra samples with regard to the amount of protein fraction obtained as well as the intensity of staining of particular fraction. The pyometra tissues contained seven SNA-binding proteins (with a molecular weight 189.94 kDa, 165.51 kDa, 100.94 kDa, 59.42 KDa, 41.32 kDa, 35.16 kDa, and 32.6 kDa) that were not in the healthy tissues. Of the nine remaining fractions, six showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) intensity of staining in the healthy uterine tissues. In turn, the MAL II-binding protein with a molecular weight 75.85 kDa, 51.12 kDa, and 49.98 kDa were found only in the pyometra samples. Of the 28 remaining fractions, ten demonstrated significantly higher (P < 0.05), and five fractions had significantly lower (P < 0.05) intensity of staining in the pyometra tissues. The results obtained indicate that proteins in uterine tissues from female dogs with pyometra are differently glycosylated compared to normal uterine tissues. These findings provide the basis for further studies of the possible role of glycosylation in the pathogenesis of canine pyometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Bochniarz
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głeboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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23
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Singh LK, Patra MK, Mishra GK, Singh V, Upmanyu V, Saxena AC, Singh SK, Das GK, Kumar H, Krishnaswamy N. Endometrial transcripts of proinflammatory cytokine and enzymes in prostaglandin synthesis are upregulated in the bitches with atrophic pyometra. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:65-71. [PMID: 30459003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers of endometrial origin are valuable in order to differentiate the pyometra from cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the bitch. In the present study, we hypothesized that histological categorization would distinguish the differential regulation of the proinflammatory genes in the endometrium of bitches with pyometra. Ovariohysterectomy was done on bitches with confirmatory diagnosis of pyometra (n = 18). Using endometrium to myometrium ratio of 0.79 as threshold, the uteri (n = 8/group) were categorized into hyperplastic pyometra (HP) and atrophic pyometra (AP). Two samples were excluded as the diagnosis was inconclusive. In parallel, endometrial tissue was collected for total RNA extraction to study the differential expression of TLR4, IL-6, IL-8, COX-2 and PGFS through real time PCR. Diestrus uterus of non-pyometra bitches (n = 6) served as control. The mean fold change (2-ΔΔCt) for the target genes was determined using β-actin as endogenous control and non-pyometra uterus as calibrator group. Except TLR4, other inflammatory genes were upregulated significantly by 1.82 to 3.74 times in the AP as compared to HP with maximum upregulation of COX-2 and PGFS. Further, correlation matrix with Spearman's rho revealed that IL-8 had strong positive correlation with COX-2 and PGFS in the AP group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that histological grading of pyometra into HP and AP revealed differential regulation of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in the PG synthetic pathway in the canine endometrium that has diagnostic potential under clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laishram Kipjen Singh
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India.
| | - Girish Kumar Mishra
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Pathology Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Abhishek C Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Das
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- Animal Reproduction Division, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
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Tecles F, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Rubio CP, Szczubiał M, Cerón JJ, Dąbrowski R, Tvarijonaviciute A. Evaluation of adenosine deaminase in saliva and serum, and salivary α-amylase, in canine pyometra at diagnosis and after ovariohysterectomy. Vet J 2018; 236:102-110. [PMID: 29871742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
An assay for adenosine deaminase (ADA) was validated in serum and saliva in dogs. Changes in ADA and salivary α-amylase activities were analysed in 26 bitches diagnosed with pyometra and compared with activities in 19 healthy bitches. All animals were classified according to the American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) scoring for physical status. In the validation study, the ADA assay had an imprecision<12% and determination coefficients>0.90 in linearity under dilution experiments, with recoveries of 99.2-114.4%. On the day of presentation, salivary ADA activity was significantly higher in dogs with pyometra than in healthy dogs (median values 7.1IU/L vs. 0.8IU/L, respectively; P<0.01). ADA had a moderate positive correlation with leucocyte and band neutrophil counts, haptoglobin, salivary α-amylase and ASA score, and a low positive correlation with C-reactive protein. There were no significant differences in salivary α-amylase activity between dogs with pyometra and healthy dogs (57.3IU/L vs. 27.4IU/L, respectively). Salivary α-amylase had a low correlation with ASA grade, and leucocyte and band neutrophil counts. In 7/26 bitches with pyometra that were sampled 3 and 10days after ovariohysterectomy, there were no significant changes in α-amylase or ADA activities. These results indicate that ADA activity is increased in the saliva of bitches with pyometra, probably related to systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - C P Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Anderson KM, Schook MW, Goodrowe KL, Waddell WT, Wolf KN. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (Canis rufus) with and without reproductive tract disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:343-352. [PMID: 29346046 DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ultrasonographic characteristics of the reproductive tract and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in captive female red wolves (Canis rufus) with and without reproductive tract disease. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 13 adult female red wolves. PROCEDURES Wolves with varying parity and history of contraceptive treatment were anesthetized to facilitate ultrasonographic examination and measurement of the reproductive tract and blood collection for determination of serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations in December 2011 and June 2012. Additionally, during the December evaluation, fine-needle aspirate samples of the uterus were obtained for cytologic evaluation. Measurements were compared between wolves with and without reproductive tract disease and between wolves that had and had not received a contraceptive. RESULTS 7 of 13 wolves had or developed reproductive tract disease during the study. Ranges for measurements of reproductive tract structures overlapped between ultrasonographically normal and abnormal tracts, but measurements for abnormal tracts were generally greater than those for normal tracts. The ultrasonographic diagnosis was consistent with the histologic diagnosis for reproductive tracts obtained from wolves that were sterilized, were euthanized, or died during the study. Cytologic results for fine-needle aspirate samples of the uterus and serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations were unable to distinguish wolves with and without reproductive tract disease. Reproductive tract disease was not associated with parity or contraceptive administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The ultrasonographic images, reproductive tract measurements, and descriptions of reproductive tract lesions provided in this study can be used as diagnostic guidelines for the treatment and management of red wolves with reproductive tract disease.
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Mantziaras G, Alonge S, Faustini M, Luvoni GC. Assessment of the age for a preventive ultrasonographic examination of the prostate in the dog. Theriogenology 2017; 100:114-119. [PMID: 28708525 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prostate commonly develops benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs over 5 years, while in aged dogs other pathological findings might be revealed by ultrasonographic exam. The aim of the present study was to estimate the most suitable age for a preventive ultrasonographic examination of the prostate in the dog. The prostate of 1003 intact male dogs of 64 different breeds, of different ages (1-18 years) and bodyweights (2-55 kg) was evaluated with ultrasound, irrespective of the reason for clinical examination. The age of each dog was expressed as the ratio between the actual age and the maximum longevity expected for the breed. Dogs were divided in two groups based on breeds' life expectancy as short life (SL) and long life (LL). The size of the prostate (normal, enlarged or small) and the presence of abnormal sonographic findings were recorded for each dog. The results of the present study indicate that the most suitable age for a preventive ultrasonographic exam of the prostate in the dog is approximately at 40% of its expected longevity, both in short and long life breeds, because at this age there is a strong possibility to be able to detect abnormal prostatic findings. In 47.5% of the dogs at least one abnormal finding of the prostate was revealed by ultrasonographic exam, while dogs with long life expectancy showed a significantly higher prevalence of abnormalities, than dogs with short life expectancy. The most frequent findings were the increase of prostatic size (33.5%) and the presence of at least one cyst (33.6%), with no difference between SL and LL dogs. In conclusion, a preventive examination of the prostate starting at 40% of expected longevity in dogs of short and long life breeds is strongly recommended for early detection of abnormalities, for scheduling specific follow up and for suggesting effective therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mantziaras
- Veterinary Department, Medical Directorate of Hellenic Airforce General Staff, Athens, Greece
| | - S Alonge
- Dip. Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - M Faustini
- Dip. Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - G C Luvoni
- Dip. Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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De Cesaris V, Grolli S, Bresciani C, Conti V, Basini G, Parmigiani E, Bigliardi E. Isolation, proliferation and characterization of endometrial canine stem cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52:235-242. [PMID: 27925313 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, progenitor cells isolated from dissociated endometrial tissue have been the subject of many studies in several animal species. Recently, endometrial cells showing characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been demonstrated in human, pig and cow uterine tissue samples. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of stromal cells from the endometrium of healthy bitches, a tissue that after elective surgery is routinely discarded. Multipotent stromal cells could be isolated from all bitches enrolled in the study (n = 7). The multipotency of cells was demonstrated by their capacity to differentiate into adipocytic, osteocytic and chondrocytic lineages. Clonogenicity and cell proliferation ability were also tested. Furthermore, gene expression analysis by RT-PCR was used to compare the expression of a set of genes (CD44, CD29, CD34, CD45, CD90, CD13, CD133, CD73, CD31 CD105, Oct4) with adipose tissue-derived MSC. Stromal cells isolated from uterine endometrium showed similar morphology, ability of subculture and plasticity, and also expressed a panel of genes comparable with adipose tissue-derived MSC. These data suggest that endometrial stromal cells fulfil the basic criteria proposed by the "Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy" for the identification of mesenchymal stem cells. Although endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (EnMSC) showed a lower replicative ability in comparison with adipose tissue-derived MSC, they could be considered a cell therapeutic agent alternative to adipose tissue or bone marrow-derived MSC in dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Cesaris
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - S Grolli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - C Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - V Conti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Basini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - E Parmigiani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - E Bigliardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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30
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Moxon R, Whiteside H, England GC. Prevalence of ultrasound-determined cystic endometrial hyperplasia and the relationship with age in dogs. Theriogenology 2016; 86:976-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Batista PR, Gobello C, Rube A, Corrada YA, Tórtora M, Blanco PG. Uterine blood flow evaluation in bitches suffering from cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and CEH-pyometra complex. Theriogenology 2015; 85:1258-61. [PMID: 26810829 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound is a useful diagnosis tool to evaluate uterine blood flow in different canine reproductive states. The aim of this study was to describe and compare uterine blood flow in bitches suffering from cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and CEH-pyometra complex (CEH-P). Ninety diestrous bitches were clinically, hematologically, and ultrasonographically classified into four groups: (1) clinical signs, leukocytosis, CEH, and uterine luminal contents (CEH-P, n = 31); (2) asymptomatic bitches with CEH and uterine contents (CEH-C, n = 15); (3) asymptomatic bitches with CEH without uterine contents (CEH, n = 16); and (4) normal diestrous bitches (ND, n = 28). The widest cross-sectional diameter and uterine wall thickness (W) of uterine horns were measured using two-dimensional ultrasound. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity of uterine arteries were measured by Doppler ultrasound in all the bitches. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were higher in CEH-P than in CEH-C, CEH, and ND (P < 0.01); although both parameters did not show differences among the latter three groups (P > 0.1). Conversely, resistance index (RI) reported lower values in CEH-P than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01), being ND higher (P < 0.01) than both CEH-C and CEH which did not differ between themselves (P > 0.1). When all the bitches were considered, correlation between RI and cross-sectional diameter was r = -0.69 (P < 0.01) and between RI and uterine wall thickness was r = -0.02 (P > 0.1). It is concluded that the uterine artery blood flow velocity of bitches suffering from pyometra was higher, not only from normal bitches, but also from females with endometrial hyperplasia. Furthermore, endometrial hyperplasia, accompanied or not by luminal contents, had a higher blood flow velocity than normal uterus. Hemodynamic parameters appear as useful markers to differentiate uterine pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Batista
- Cardiology Laboratory, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (FVS-NULP), La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina.
| | - C Gobello
- CONICET, Argentina; Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Basic Sciences Department, FVS-NULP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Rube
- Cardiology Laboratory, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (FVS-NULP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Y A Corrada
- CONICET, Argentina; Teaching Hospital, Clinics Department, FVS-NULP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Tórtora
- Cardiology Laboratory, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (FVS-NULP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - P G Blanco
- Cardiology Laboratory, Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata (FVS-NULP), La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina; Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Basic Sciences Department, FVS-NULP, La Plata, Argentina
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Abstract
Common uterine diseases in female dogs include cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), mucometra, hydrometra and pyometra. It is important in clinical practice to recognize pyometra because it is potentially life-threatening due to the systemic illness induced by bacterial infection of the uterus. In contrast, the uterine content is sterile in CEH and mucometra/hydrometra, and clinical signs are mostly mild or absent. Optimal treatment depends on the type of uterine disease and its severity, but diagnosis and prognosis determination may be challenging and the diseases difficult to separate clinically. Diagnostic findings or biomarkers that may aid in the differentiation of the diseases are valuable, especially when several bitches are admitted with a fluid-filled uterus during night-time, and it has to be decided which patient to operate on first. Additionally, some variables may indicate outcome as measured by mortality or morbidity. If the uterus is not enlarged or fluid-filled, detection of uterine disease can be even more difficult. In this study, clinically useful variables with possible diagnostic or prognostic value for uterine diseases in dogs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Rubio A, Boyen F, Tas O, Kitshoff A, Polis I, Van Goethem B, de Rooster H. Bacterial colonization of the ovarian bursa in dogs with clinically suspected pyometra and in controls. Theriogenology 2014; 82:966-71. [PMID: 25127745 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Septic peritonitis occurs relatively commonly in dogs. Secondary septic peritonitis is usually associated with perforation of intestines or infected viscera, such as the uterus in pyometra cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial flora in the ovarian bursae of intact bitches as a potential source of contamination. One hundred forty dogs, clinically suspected of pyometra, were prospectively enrolled. The control group consisted of 26 dogs that underwent elective ovariohysterectomies and 18 dogs with mammary gland tumors that were neutered at the time of mastectomy. Bacteriology samples were taken aseptically at the time of surgery from the bursae and the uterus in all dogs. Twenty-two dogs that were clinically suspected of pyometra had sterile uterine content ("mucometra" cases); the remaining 118 had positive uterine cultures ("pyometra" cases) and septic peritoneal fluid was present in 10% of these cases. Of the 118 pyometra cases, 9 had unilateral and 15 had bilateral bacterial colonization of their ovarian bursae. However, the bacteria from the ovarian bursa were similar to those recovered from the uterine pus in only half of the cases. Furthermore, positive bursae were also seen in one mucometra dog (unilateral) and in four control dogs (two unilateral and two bilateral). The data illustrate that the canine ovarian bursa can harbor bacteria. The biological importance of these isolations remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rubio
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Olaf Tas
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Kitshoff
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Goethem
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Enginler SO, Ateş A, Diren Sığırcı B, Sontaş BH, Sönmez K, Karaçam E, Ekici H, Evkuran Dal G, Gürel A. Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2αMetabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:641-647. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SO Enginler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - A Ateş
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - B Diren Sığırcı
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - BH Sontaş
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - K Sönmez
- Department of Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - E Karaçam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - H Ekici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - G Evkuran Dal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
| | - A Gürel
- Department of Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Istanbul University; Avcılar Istanbul Turkey
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Christensen BW, Schlafer DH, Agnew DW, Wang C, Kozlowski C, Asa CS. Diagnostic value of transcervical endometrial biopsies in domestic dogs compared with full-thickness uterine sections. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:342-6. [PMID: 23279534 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcervical endometrial biopsy is a useful tool for obtaining information about uterine health in some species. The clinical application of information gained from histopathological interpretations of endometrial biopsies in the bitch has not been validated. We hypothesized that transcervical endometrial biopsy samples would be as diagnostic as full-thickness uterine sections in identifying cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), inflammation and periglandular fibrosis. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 20 female adult dogs. Vaginal swabs, gross appearance of the vulva and vaginal tract, and serum progesterone values were used to determine the stage of the oestrous cycle at the time of sampling. The uteri were removed between 1 and 6 days after the biopsy procedure, and full-thickness sections were collected from each uterine horn and ovary and processed for histopathology. Two pathologists, blinded to the origin of each sample, compared full-thickness sections from the excised uteri to the biopsy samples collected via the transcervical technique. Pathologic features noted included: CEH, inflammation and periglandular fibrosis. Pathological diagnoses obtained from the biopsy sections were compared with those obtained from the full-thickness sections, as well as comparing diagnoses between the two pathologists, using McNemar's test. Of the 59 total biopsy samples obtained, 54 were considered diagnostic. All stages of the canine oestrous cycle were represented (anoestrus, proestrus, oestrus and dioestrus). Pyometra was not noted in any of the transcervical biopsy sections, but was noted in many of the full-thickness sections collected from dogs in dioestrus, suggesting either that biopsy is not a sensitive indicator of pyometra or that the procedure may induce pyometra in dioestrous dogs. Transcervical endometrial biopsy showed similar sensitivity as full-thickness sections in detecting CEH, inflammation and fibrosis. No differences in describing lesions were detected between pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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England G, Burgess C, Freeman S. Perturbed sperm–epithelial interaction in bitches with mating-induced endometritis. Vet J 2012; 194:314-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kim BW, Jeon YE, Cho H, Nam EJ, Kim SW, Kim S, Kim YT, Kim JH. Pre-treatment diagnosis of endometrial cancer through a combination of CA125 and multiplication of neutrophil and monocyte. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 38:48-56. [PMID: 22142582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the clinical value of pre-treatment leukocyte differential counts and the prediction of endometrial cancer using leukocyte markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Medical records of 238 women with pathologically confirmed endometrial cancer between March 2000 and June 2009 at two Korean hospitals were reviewed and compared to 596 healthy people visiting the Health Promotion Center in Gangnam Severance Hospital. For all study subjects, leukocyte differential counts and CA125 levels in serum obtained prior to operation were recorded. Multiplication of neutrophil and monocyte (MNM) was determined by multiplying neutrophil and monocyte counts then dividing by 10000. Differences between endometrial cancer patients and healthy controls were compared. The sensitivity and specificity for each marker as well as the combined use of CA125 and other leukocyte markers were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS Mean white blood cell (WBC) counts were 6676 (6440-6913) cells/µL in endometrial cancer patients compared to 5663 (5542-5784) cells/µL in healthy controls (P<0.001). The area under curve (AUC) for CA125 was 0.689 with a sensitivity of 49.13% and specificity of 83.1% using an optimal cut-off value of 18.7U/mL. The AUC for MNM was 0.696 with a sensitivity of 62.9% and specificity of 69.1%. The combination of CA125 and MNM showed a higher AUC of 0.760 than use of CA125 or MNM alone. CONCLUSION The combination of MNM and CA125 is a simple and cost-effective method for predicting endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wook Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 146-92 Dogok-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea
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Maddens B, Heiene R, Smets P, Svensson M, Aresu L, van der Lugt J, Daminet S, Meyer E. Evaluation of kidney injury in dogs with pyometra based on proteinuria, renal histomorphology, and urinary biomarkers. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1075-83. [PMID: 21848947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is a feature of pyometra-associated renal dysfunction, but its prevalence and clinical relevance are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES To define which subset of dogs with pyometra has clinically relevant kidney injury by quantification of proteinuria; light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic examination of kidney biopsy specimens; and measurement of urinary biomarkers. ANIMALS Forty-seven dogs with pyometra. Ten clinically healthy intact bitches of comparable age. METHODS Prospective study. Routine clinicopathological variables including urinary protein to creatinine ratio (UPC) were analyzed. Validated assays were used to quantify urinary biomarkers for glomerular (urinary albumin, urinary immunoglobulin G, urinary C-reactive protein, urinary thromboxane B(2)) and tubular function (urinary retinol-binding protein, urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase). Kidney biopsy specimens from 10 dogs with pyometra and dipstick urine protein concentrations of 2+ or 3+ were collected during ovariohysterectomy. Urinalysis was repeated within 3 weeks after surgery in 9 of the 10 dogs. RESULTS UPC (median, range) was significantly higher in dogs with pyometra (0.48, 0.05-8.69) compared with healthy bitches (0.08, 0.02-0.16) (P < .01). Twenty-two of 47 dogs with pyometra had UPC>0.5, 12 had UPC>1.0, and 7 had UPC>2.0. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis were common kidney biopsy findings in proteinuric dogs with pyometra. Dogs with glomerulosclerosis (5/10), either global or focal and segmental, had UPC>1.0 at ovariohysterectomy and afterward. Dogs with structural glomerular and tubular changes mostly had urinary biomarker to creatinine ratios above the 75th percentile. CONCLUSION Dogs with pyometra and UPC>1.0 or high ratios of urinary biomarkers appear likely to have clinically relevant renal histologic lesions and require monitoring after ovariohysterectomy. Future studies should evaluate the role of pyometra-associated pathogenic mechanisms in causing or exacerbating focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Maddens
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Maddens B, Daminet S, Smets P, Meyer E. Escherichia coli Pyometra Induces Transient Glomerular and Tubular Dysfunction in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1263-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Monteiro CMR, Perri SHV, Carvalho RGD, Koivisto MB. Histologia e morfometria em cornos uterinos de cadelas nulíparas, multíparas e tratadas com contraceptivos. Pesq Vet Bras 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2009001000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dados histológicos e morfométricos foram obtidos de útero de cadelas nulíparas (n=6), multíparas (n=6) e de cadelas tratadas com contraceptivo (n=6). Para esse fim foram usadas seis amostras de cornos uterinos, em corte médio, para cada grupo. As mensurações das espessuras da parede uterina, endométrio total, miométrio total, miométrio interno, miométrio externo, estrato vascular e diâmetro das glândulas endometriais normais não foram estatisticamente significantes entre as cadelas multíparas e tratadas, com exceção para a altura do epitélio de glândulas normais. As mensurações das espessuras da parede uterina, endométrio total, miométrio total, miométrio interno, diâmetro das glândulas normais e altura do epitélio glandular foram significantes, comparando cadelas nulíparas com as multíparas e/ou tratadas, com exceção para as espessuras do miométrio externo e estrato vascular. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os dados numéricos confirmam que (1) o uso de anticoncepcionais e sucessivas gestações afetam a estrutura uterina em seu total; (2) o miométrio externo e estrato vascular foram as regiões que menos sofreram alterações comparando-se os 3 grupos; (3) as variações morfológicas ocorreram com a mesma intensidade no endométrio e miométrio totais para as cadelas tratadas e multíparas, e (4) a presença de glândulas endometriais dilatadas foi o diferencial encontrado nas cadelas tratadas, pois as mesmas estavam ausentes nas multíparas e nulíparas.
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Pelander L, Hagman R, Häggström J. Concentrations of cardiac Troponin I before and after ovariohysterectomy in 46 female dogs with pyometra. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:35. [PMID: 18786242 PMCID: PMC2546406 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine pyometra is a common disease in countries where routine spaying of young dogs is not common practice. This disease is known to lead to systemic inflammation potentially affecting multiple organs in the body, including the heart. Cardiac-specific Troponin I (cTnI) is a sensitive marker of myocardial cell damage, which can result from ischemia, trauma, toxins or inflammation. Dogs with pyometra are also exposed to anaesthesia which can potentially result in myocardial cell damage. The aims of the study were 1) to evaluate the occurrence of myocardial cell damage as indicated by increased serum concentrations of cTnI in dogs with pyometra and relate these to presence of systemic inflammation and 2) to evaluate the change in cTnI-concentrations after anaesthesia and surgery. METHODS Serum cTnI concentration was measured preoperatively and one day after surgery in 46 female dogs with pyometra and 15 female dogs that underwent surgery for other reasons (ovariohysterectomy and mammary tumours). RESULTS Forty-six female dogs of different breeds diagnosed with pyometra were included. The dogs had a median age of 8.5 years (IQR 7.5-10) and a median weight of 29 kg (IQR 9-32). Of the 46 dogs, 37 (80%) fulfilled the chosen criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) at inclusion. Thirteen (28%) of the dogs had increased cTnI concentrations (> 0.2 microg/l) before surgery and 18 (39%) had increased cTnI-concentrations the day after surgery. The cTnI concentrations in the 13 dogs with increased preoperative cTnI concentrations decreased in 8 dogs, increased in 4 dogs, and was unchanged in one dog. Seven dogs with nondetectable preoperative cTnI concentrations had increased postoperative concentrations. The only significant association between the studied laboratory or clinical variables (including SIRS) and cTnI concentration was preoperative percentage band neutrophils (PBN) and postoperative cTnI concentration (P = 0.016). In total, 20 dogs (43%) had increased pre- or postoperative cTnI concentrations. Seven dogs (15%) had pre-or postoperative concentrations of cTnI of 1.0 microg/l or higher. CONCLUSION Mild to moderate increases in cTnI appears to be common in dogs with pyometra before and after surgery, but the clinical importance of this finding is uncertain. None of the studied clinical variables were found to reliably predict increased preoperative cTnI concentrations. Because of the pre- and postoperative variation in cTnI concentrations, it was not possible to identify a negative effect of anaesthesia and surgery on myocardial cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Pelander
- University Teaching Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schlafer DH, Gifford AT. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia, and other cystic conditions of the canine and feline uterus. Theriogenology 2008; 70:349-58. [PMID: 18550158 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic lesions in the uteri of bitches and queens arise from the uterine serosa, myometrium, or endometrium and include: serosal inclusion cysts, adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, cystic remnants of mesonephric ducts, and cysts associated with endometrial hyperplasia (both cystic glands and "pseudo-placentational" hyperplasia). Of these, "cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)" is the most common and is frequently associated with pyometra. A second form of endometrial hyperplasia occurs in the bitch; although it was first described over 100 y ago, it is not widely recognized by clinicians or diagnostic pathologists. In this form, the endometrium proliferates in a highly organized manner, remodeling the uterine lining to closely resemble the histology of the endometrium at placentation sites in normal pregnancy. Although this lesion is very different from CEH, it is quite easy to induce in dogs during the luteal phase of their cycles and has been perhaps inappropriately proposed as modeling CEH. This lesion has been referred variously as "deciduoma", endometrial hyperplasia in pseudocyesis, and "maternal placental-like endometrial hyperplasia". An alternative name is suggested that is descriptive and draws attention to the difference between this lesion and CEH; the term pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia (PEH) is proposed. The histopathology and pathogenesis of CEH and PEH are discussed. The objectives of this paper are to review the pathophysiology of cystic lesions of canine uterus, to demonstrate these using subgross photomicrographs taken from natural cases, and to present key diagnostic features of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Schlafer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, T6-020 Veterinary Research Tower, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Abstract
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in the bitch can result in either pyometra, hematometra, or hydrometra, and many facets of these uterine diseases can make them difficult to differentiate. The conditions differ in their systemic effects, since pyometra, particularly closed-cervix pyometra, can be a life-threatening condition that must be recognized, managed, and treated expeditiously. Mucometra is an accumulation of sterile intraluminal mucoid fluid, hematometra is an accumulation of sterile, bloody fluid, and hydrometra is an accumulation of sterile, watery fluid; none of which have any significant systemic outward clinical signs. This paper will describe the definitions, signalment, historical findings, incidence, clinical signs, physical exam findings, and diagnostic findings in canine pyometra and mucometra, and hematometra and hydrometra.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Pretzer
- Abilene Animal Hospital, P.A., 320 NE 14th Street, Abilene, KS 67410, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Pyometra, literally meaning pus in the uterus, is a common disease entity of intact bitches. Similar conditions occur, including hydrometra and mucometra [De Bosschere H, Ducatelle R, Vermeirsch H, Van Den Broeck W, Coryn M. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch: should the two entities be disconnected? Theriogenology 2001;55:1509-19]. The exact etiology is unknown; however the repeated and prolonged response to estrogen followed by long intervals of progesterone dominance in the intact bitch leads to hormonally mediated changes in the endometrium. The endometrium changes when impacted by bacterial infiltration; changes in endometrial steroid receptors can result in the clinical syndrome described as pyometra. This paper will describe the signalment, risk factors, prevalence, proposed etiologic events, and both medical and surgical therapies. In addition, the prognosis for successful outcome and effects on future reproduction will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances O Smith
- Smith Veterinary Hospital, Inc., 1110 East Highway 13, Burnsville, MN 55337, USA.
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