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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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Asaoka Y, Tateishi R, Hayashi A, Ushiku T, Shibahara J, Kinoshita J, Ouchi Y, Koike M, Fukayama M, Shiina S, Koike K. Expression of c-Met in Primary and Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Oncology 2019; 98:186-194. [PMID: 31846974 DOI: 10.1159/000504806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical course of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is complicated, because it often recurs and shows multiple lesions, some of which progress to a more malignant form, shortening the life of the patient. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor c-Met has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HCC, but the influence of c-Met expression on the clinical course of HCC remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS We randomly selected and included 600 tumor specimens obtained from the primary and recurrent lesions of 319 HCC cases between 1995 and 2007. The expression of c-Met was determined by immunohistochemistry using archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. We analyzed the correlation between c-Met expression and clinical parameters, including survival. In addition, we examined c-Met expression in the malignant transition of HCC in all cases including recurrent lesions. RESULTS Survival analysis using the multivariate Cox proportional-regression model revealed that the prognosis was significantly better in the primary cases with high c-Met expression than in those with low c-Met expression (hazard ratio 0.159, 95% confidence interval 0.065-0.391; p < 0.001). During the course of recurrence, some cases with high c-Met expression returned to low c-Met expression. Among 40 cases with high c-Met expression, 29 survived more than 2 years after detecting the high c-Met expression. CONCLUSION High expression of c-Met may be a prognostic factor for a good, rather than a poor, HCC prognosis. The involvement of c-Met expression in the malignant transition of recurrent HCC is obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Asaoka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Akimasa Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Clinical Development Center, Development Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiumi Ouchi
- Statistical Analysis Group, Biometrics Department, Development Functions Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Koike
- Oncology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Shiina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang YM, Fukui M, Wang Z, Miao F, Karriker MJ, Seki E. Interventional Potential of Recombinant Feline Hepatocyte Growth Factor in a Mouse Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:378. [PMID: 30083132 PMCID: PMC6064873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional pleiotropic protein involved in tissue regeneration, protection, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic responses, and tumorigenesis, through binding to its receptor MET. Recombinant HGF protein has been shown to mitigate various liver disease models, such as alcohol-induced liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, and fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-lipogenic effects of exogenous administration of feline HGF on a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. Methods: Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a choline-deficient amino acid defined (CDAA) diet for 3 weeks to create the mouse model of NASH, which displays hepatic steatosis, inflammation, injury, and very mild fibrosis. One mg/kg of recombinant feline HGF was administered intravenously daily in the last 7 days of the total 3 weeks of CDAA diet feeding. Then, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, injury, and fibrogenic gene expression was examined. Results: After 3 weeks of a CDAA diet-feeding, the vehicle-treated mice exhibited evident deposition of lipid droplets in hepatocytes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatocyte ballooning along with increased serum ALT levels whereas recombinant HGF-treated mice showed reduced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and ballooned hepatocytes with a reduction of serum ALT levels. Recombinant HGF administration promoted hepatocyte proliferation. Increased hepatic lipid accumulation was accompanied by elevated expression of lipogenesis genes Fasn and Dgat1 in vehicle-treated mice. In HGF-treated mice, these genes were reduced with a decrease of lipid accumulation in the liver. Consistent with the anti-inflammatory property of HGF, augmented macrophage infiltration and upregulation of chemokines, Cxcl1, Ccl2, and Ccl5 in the CDAA diet fed mice, were suppressed by the addition of the HGF treatment. Finally, we examined the fibrotic response. The vehicle-treated mice had mild fibrosis with upregulation of Col1a1, Acta2, Timp1, Tgfb1, and Serpine1 expression. Recombinant HGF treatment significantly suppressed fibrogenic gene expression and collagen deposition in the liver. Conclusion: Recombinant feline HGF treatment suppressed the progression of NASH in a CDAA diet feeding mouse model.This suggests that recombinant HGF protein has therapeutic potential for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Mee Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Masato Fukui
- Veterinary Medical Center–San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fiona Miao
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Margo J. Karriker
- Veterinary Medical Center–San Diego, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ekihiro Seki
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Wells
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Spriet M, Hunt GB, Walker NJ, Borjesson DL. SCINTIGRAPHIC TRACKING OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AFTER PORTAL, SYSTEMIC INTRAVENOUS AND SPLENIC ADMINISTRATION IN HEALTHY BEAGLE DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:327-34. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Spriet
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis, One Shields ave Davis CA 95616
| | - Geraldine B. Hunt
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis, One Shields ave Davis CA 95616
| | - Naomi J. Walker
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis, One Shields ave Davis CA 95616
| | - Dori L. Borjesson
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis, One Shields ave Davis CA 95616
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Tivers MS, House AK, Smith KC, Wheeler-Jones CPD, Lipscomb VJ. Markers of angiogenesis associated with surgical attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1424-32. [PMID: 25132501 PMCID: PMC4895587 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) have hypoplasia of the intrahepatic portal veins. Surgical CPSS attenuation results in the development of the intrahepatic portal vasculature, the precise mechanism for which is unknown, although new vessel formation by angiogenesis is suspected. Hypothesis That the degree of portal vascular development and the increase in portal vascularization after CPSS attenuation is significantly associated with hepatic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) gene expression and serum VEGF concentration. Animals Client‐owned dogs with CPSS undergoing surgical treatment. Forty‐nine dogs were included in the gene expression data and 35 in the serum VEGF data. Materials and Methods Dogs surgically treated by partial or complete CPSS attenuation were prospectively recruited. Relative gene expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 was measured in liver biopsy samples taken at initial and follow‐up surgery using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Serum VEGF concentration was measured before and after CPSS attenuation using a canine specific ELISA. Statistical significance was set at the 5% level (P ≤ .05). Results There was a significant increase in the mRNA expression of VEGFR2 after partial attenuation (P = .006). Dogs that could tolerate complete attenuation had significantly greater VEGFR2 mRNA expression than those that only tolerated partial attenuation (P = .037). Serum VEGF concentration was significantly increased at 24 (P < .001) and 48 (P = .003) hours after attenuation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These findings suggest that intrahepatic angiogenesis is likely to occur after the surgical attenuation of CPSS in dogs, and contributes to the development of the intrahepatic vasculature postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Tivers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Tivers MS, Lipscomb VJ, Smith KC, Wheeler-Jones CP, House AK. Markers of hepatic regeneration associated with surgical attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet J 2014; 200:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hunt GB, Luff JA, Daniel L, Van den Bergh R. Evaluation of hepatic steatosis in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts using Oil Red O staining. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1109-15. [PMID: 23528942 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813481609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this prospective study were to quantify steatosis in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS) using a fat-specific stain, to compare the amount of steatosis in different lobes of the liver, and to evaluate intra- and interobserver variability in lipid point counting. Computer-assisted point counting of lipid droplets was undertaken following Oil Red O staining in 21 dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and 9 control dogs. Dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts had significantly more small lipid droplets (<6 μ) than control dogs (P = .0013 and .0002, respectively). There was no significant difference in steatosis between liver lobes for either control dogs and CPS dogs. Significant differences were seen between observers for the number of large lipid droplets (>9 μ) and lipogranulomas per tissue point (P = .023 and .01, respectively). In conclusion, computer-assisted counting of lipid droplets following Oil Red O staining of liver biopsy samples allows objective measurement and detection of significant differences between dogs with CPS and normal dogs. This method will allow future evaluation of the relationship between different presentations of CPS (anatomy, age, breed) and lipidosis, as well as the impact of hepatic lipidosis on outcomes following surgical shunt attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Hunt
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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