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Camp CD, Soelter TM, Wooten JA. Sexual selection and male-biased size dimorphism in a lineage of lungless salamander (Ampibia: Plethodontidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists have long focused on the patterns and causes of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). While female-biased SSD is common among ectotherms, a few lineages predominately exhibit male-biased SSD. One example is the clade of desmognathans, a monophyletic group of two genera within the Plethodontinae of the lungless salamander family Plethodontidae. Members of these two genera have a unique pattern of SSD: males mature earlier and at smaller sizes than females but reach greater maximum sizes. We used comparative phylogenetic methods to test whether SSD in these salamanders is the result of sexual selection on males. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis indicated a significant divergence in SSD associated with the phylogenetic origin of the desmognathans. Phylogenetic least-squares regression across the two most speciose genera of the subfamily determined a significant relationship between SSD and adult sex ratio. While male desmognathans are not sexually dimorphic in head size, they have a unique head morphology that causes their heads to grow more rapidly as their body size increases as compared with the heads of other salamanders. This pattern of allometric growth combines with a powerful bite force and enlarged premaxillary teeth to create formidable weaponry that probably is more responsive to sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Camp
- Department of Biology, Piedmont College, Demorest, GA, USA
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Gabor CR, Petrie M, Arnold SJ. Tim Halliday 1945–2019. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R. Gabor
- Department of Biology Texas State University 601 University Drive San Marcos Texas78666USA
| | - Marion Petrie
- Institute of Health and Society Newcastle University Newcastle‐upon‐TyneNE4 5PLUK
| | - Stevan J. Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon97331-2914USA
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Hare RM, Simmons LW. Sexual selection and its evolutionary consequences in female animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:929-956. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Hare
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, 6009 Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Cabana
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 CANADA
| | - Donald L. Kramer
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue Montreal Quebec H3A 1B1 CANADA
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Conner J. FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF NATURAL AND SEXUAL SELECTION IN THE FUNGUS BEETLE, BOLITOTHERUS CORNUTUS. Evolution 2017; 42:736-749. [PMID: 28563860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1986] [Accepted: 02/05/1988] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selection on three phenotypic traits was estimated in a natural population of a fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus. Lifetime fitness of a group of males in this population was estimated, and partitioned into five components: lifespan, attendance at the mating area, number of females courted, number of copulations attempted, and number of females inseminated. Three phenotypic characters were measured-elytral length, horn length, and weight; there were strong positive correlations among the three characters. Selection was estimated by regressing each component of fitness on the phenotypic traits. Of the three traits, only horn length was under significant direct selection. This selection was for longer horns and was due mainly to differences in lifespan and access to females. The positive selection on horn length combined with the positive correlations between horn length and the other two characters resulted in positive total selection on all three characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Conner
- Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
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Abstract
We constructed a model for the evolution of sexual isolation by extending Lande's (1981) model of sexual selection. The model predicts that asymmetric sexual isolation is a transient phenomenon, characteristic of intermediate stages of divergence in sexually selected traits. Unlike the Kaneshiro (1976, 1980) proposal, our model does not depend upon drift and the loss of courtship elements to produce asymmetries in sexual isolation. According to our model, the direction of evolution cannot be predicted from asymmetry in sexual isolation. We tested some features of the model using data from an experimental study of sexual isolation in the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus. We tested for sexual isolation between 12 allopatric populations and found significant asymmetry in sexual isolation in about a quarter of the test cases. The highest degrees of asymmetry were associated with intermediate levels of divergence. A curvilinear relationship between isolation asymmetry and divergence was predicted by our model and was supported by statistical analysis of the salamander data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan J Arnold
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Paul A Verrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Stephen G Tilley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063
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Downhower JF, Blumer LS, Brown L. OPPORTUNITY FOR SELECTION: AN APPROPRIATE MEASURE FOR EVALUATING VARIATION IN THE POTENTIAL FOR SELECTION? Evolution 2017; 41:1395-1400. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb02476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1987] [Accepted: 06/15/1987] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luther Brown
- Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030
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Downhower JF, Blumer LS, Brown L. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SEXUAL SELECTION IN THE MOTTLED SCULPIN. Evolution 2017; 41:1386-1394. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1986] [Accepted: 02/24/1987] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luther Brown
- Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030
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Howard RD, Whiteman HH, Schueller TI. SEXUAL SELECTION IN AMERICAN TOADS: A TEST OF A GOOD‐GENES HYPOTHESIS. Evolution 2017; 48:1286-1300. [PMID: 28564471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1994.tb05313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/1993] [Accepted: 10/13/1993] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Howard
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Howard H. Whiteman
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Teresa I. Schueller
- Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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Verrell PA, Arnold SJ. BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS OF SEXUAL ISOLATION AMONG ALLOPATRIC POPULATIONS OF THE MOUNTAIN DUSKY SALAMANDER,
DESMOGNATHUS OCHROPHAEUS. Evolution 2017; 43:745-755. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb05173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/1988] [Accepted: 02/11/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Verrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
| | - Stevan J. Arnold
- Department of Ecology and Evolution The University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street Chicago IL 60637
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Webster MS, Pruett-Jones S, Westneat DF, Arnold SJ. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF PAIRING SUCCESS, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS AND MATE QUALITY ON THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SEXUAL SELECTION. Evolution 2017; 49:1147-1157. [PMID: 28568519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1993] [Accepted: 07/06/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection can act through variation in the number of social mates obtained, variation in mate quality, or variation in success at obtaining extra-pair fertilizations. Because within-pair fertilizations (WPF) and extra-pair fertilizations (EPF) are alternate routes of reproduction, they are additive, rather than multiplicative, components of fitness. We present a method for partitioning total variance in reproductive success (a measure of the opportunity for selection) when fitness components are both additive and multiplicative and use it to partition the variance into components that correspond to each mechanism of sexual selection. Computer simulations show that extra-pair fertilizations can either increase or decrease total variance, depending on the covariance between within-pair and extra-pair success. Simulations also suggest that for socially monogamous species, extra-pair fertilizations have a greater effect than variation in mate quality or pairing status on the opportunity for selection. Application of our model to data gathered for a population of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) indicates that most of the variance in male reproductive success was attributable to within-pair sources of variance. Nevertheless, extra-pair copulations increased the opportunity for selection because males varied both in the proportion of their social young that they sired and in the number of extra-pair mates that they obtained. Furthermore, large and positive covariances existed between the number of extra-pair mates a male obtained and both social pairing success and within-pair paternity, indicating that, in this population, males preferred as social mates also were preferred as extra-pair mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Webster
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Stephen Pruett-Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - David F Westneat
- Center for Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, 101 Morgan Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0225
| | - Stevan J Arnold
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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Janicke T, Häderer IK, Lajeunesse MJ, Anthes N. Darwinian sex roles confirmed across the animal kingdom. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1500983. [PMID: 26933680 PMCID: PMC4758741 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since Darwin's conception of sexual selection theory, scientists have struggled to identify the evolutionary forces underlying the pervasive differences between male and female behavior, morphology, and physiology. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm predicts that anisogamy imposes stronger sexual selection on males, which, in turn, drives the evolution of conventional sex roles in terms of female-biased parental care and male-biased sexual dimorphism. Although this paradigm forms the cornerstone of modern sexual selection theory, it still remains untested across the animal tree of life. This lack of evidence has promoted the rise of alternative hypotheses arguing that sex differences are entirely driven by environmental factors or chance. We demonstrate that, across the animal kingdom, sexual selection, as captured by standard Bateman metrics, is indeed stronger in males than in females and that it is evolutionarily tied to sex biases in parental care and sexual dimorphism. Our findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that Darwin's concept of conventional sex roles is accurate and refute recent criticism of sexual selection theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janicke
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Ines K. Häderer
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc J. Lajeunesse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nils Anthes
- Animal Evolutionary Ecology Group, Institute for Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Woodley SK. Pheromonal communication in amphibians. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 196:713-27. [PMID: 20526605 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pheromonal communication is widespread in salamanders and newts and may also be important in some frogs and toads. Several amphibian pheromones have been behaviorally, biochemically and molecularly identified. These pheromones are typically peptides or proteins. Study of pheromone evolution in plethodontid salamanders has revealed that courtship pheromones have been subject to continual evolutionary change, perhaps as a result of co-evolution between the pheromonal ligand and its receptor. Pheromones are detected by the vomeronasal organ and main olfactory epithelium. Chemosensory neurons express vomeronasal receptors or olfactory receptors. Frogs have relatively large numbers of vomeronasal receptors that are transcribed in both the vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium. Salamander vomeronasal receptors apparently are restricted to the vomeronasal organ. To date, no chemosensory ligands have been matched to vomeronasal receptors or olfactory receptors so it is unknown whether particular receptor types are (1) specialized for detection of pheromones versus other chemosignals, or (2) specialized for detection of volatile, nonvolatile, or water-borne chemosignals. Despite progress in understanding amphibian pheromonal communication, only a small fraction of amphibian species have been examined. Study of additional species of amphibians will indicate which traits related to pheromonal communication are evolutionarily conserved and which traits have diverged over time.
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Evans AL, Forester DC, Masters BS. Recognition by Population and Genetic Similarity in the Mountain Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Verrell PA. Male Mating Success in the Mountain Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus: Are Small, Young, Inexperienced Males at a Disadvantage? Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Verrell PA. An Experimental Study of the Behavioral Basis of Sexual Isolation between Two Sympatric Plethodontid Salamanders, Desmognathus imitator and D. ochrophaeus. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Palmer CA, Watts RA, Hastings AP, Houck LD, Arnold SJ. Rapid Evolution of Plethodontid Modulating Factor, a Hypervariable Salamander Courtship Pheromone, is Driven by Positive Selection. J Mol Evol 2010; 70:427-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-010-9342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Sperm competition appears to be an important aspect of any mating system in which individual female organisms mate with multiple males and store sperm. Post-copulatory sexual selection may be particularly important in species that store sperm throughout long breeding seasons, because the lengthy storage period may permit extensive interactions among rival sperm. Few studies have addressed the potential for sperm competition in species exhibiting prolonged sperm storage. We used microsatellite markers to examine offspring paternity in field-collected clutches of the Ocoee salamander (Desmognathus ocoee), a species in which female organisms store sperm for up to 9 months prior to fertilization. We found that 96% of clutches were sired by multiple males, but that the majority of females used sperm from only two or three males to fertilize their eggs. The high rate of multiple mating by females suggests that sperm competition is an important aspect of this mating system. Comparison of our data with those of other parentage studies in salamanders and newts reveals that multiple mating may be common in urodele amphibians. Nevertheless, the number of males siring offspring per clutch in D. ocoee did not differ appreciably from that in other species of urodeles with shorter storage periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Adams
- Department of Zoology, 3029 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Abstract
The modes of speciation that are thought to have contributed most to the generation of biodiversity require population differentiation as the initial stage in the speciation process. Consequently, a complete understanding of the mechanisms of speciation requires that the process be examined not just after speciation is complete, or nearly so, but also much earlier. Because reproductive isolation defines biological species, and it evolves slowly, study of the process may require a prohibitive span of time. Even if speciation could be observed directly, selection of populations in the process of speciation is typically difficult or impossible, because those that will ultimately undergo speciation cannot be distinguished from those that will differentiate but never assume the status of new biological species. One means of circumventing this problem is to study speciation in taxa comprising several sibling species, at least one of which exhibits extensive population differentiation. We illustrate this approach by exploring patterns of population variation in the post-glacial radiation of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus . We focus on lacustrine populations and species within this complex, demonstrating parallel axes of divergence within populations, among populations and among species. The pattern that emerges is one of parallel relationships between phenotype and fitness at all three hierarchical levels, a pattern that facilitates exploration of the causes and consequences of speciation and secondary contact. A second outcome of this exploration is the observation that speciation can be the consequence of a cascade of effects, beginning with selection on trophic or other characteristics that in turn force the evolution of other population characteristics that precipitate speciation. Neither of these conclusions could have been reached without comparative studies of wild populations at several hierarchical levels, a conclusion reinforced by a brief survey of similar efforts to elucidate the process of speciation. We address the issues most likely to be resolved using this approach, and suggest that comparisons of natural variation within taxa at several hierarchical levels may substantially increase our understanding of the speciation process.
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Uzendoski K, Maksymovitch E, Verrell P. Do the risks of predation and intermale competition affect courtship behavior in the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00168826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mathis A. Large male advantage for access to females: evidence of male-male competition and female discrimination in a territorial salamander. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 1991; 29:133-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Verrell PA. Frequency of interspecific mating in salamanders of the plethodontid genusDesmognathus: different experimental designs may yield different results. J Zool (1987) 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disproven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the 'sexy son' hypothesis. These results suggest that the 'good genes' approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results. Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantitative genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population. The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.
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