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Peng ZT, Hu R, Fu JY. Sulforaphane suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in glioma via the ACTL6A/PGK1 axis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:507-516. [PMID: 38221767 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2306375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the expression and biological functions of ACTL6A in glioma cells (U251), the effects of sulforaphane on the growth of U251 cells and the involvement of the ACTL6A/PGK1 pathway in those effects. The U251 cell line was transfected with ACTL6A over-expression plasmids to upregulate the protein, or with ACTL6A inhibitor to underexpress it, then treated with different concentrations of sulforaphane. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed using standard assays, and levels of mRNAs encoding ACTL6A, PGK1, cyclin D1, Myc, Bax or Bcl-2 were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). ACTL6A and PGK1 were expressed at higher levels in glioma cell lines than in normal HEB cells. ACTL6A overexpression upregulated PGK1, whereas ACTL6A inhibition had the opposite effect. ACTL6A overexpression induced proliferation, whereas its inhibition repressed proliferation, enhanced apoptosis, and halted the cell cycle. Moreover, sulforaphane suppressed the growth of U251 cells by inactivating the ACTL6A/PGK1 axis. ACTL6A acts via PGK1 to play a critical role in glioma cell survival and proliferation, and sulforaphane targets it to inhibit glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Tan Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Huangshi Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Huangshi Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Huangshi Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Medicine, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Ruhee RT, Suzuki K. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Sulforaphane in Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: A Prospective Nutraceutical. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1790. [PMID: 38339067 PMCID: PMC10855658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a promising molecule for developing phytopharmaceuticals due to its potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. A plethora of research conducted in vivo and in vitro reported the beneficial effects of SFN intervention and the underlying cellular mechanisms. Since SFN is a newly identified nutraceutical in sports nutrition, only some human studies have been conducted to reflect the effects of SFN intervention in exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. In this review, we briefly discussed the effects of SFN on exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. We discussed human and animal studies that are related to exercise intervention and mentioned the underlying cellular signaling mechanisms. Since SFN could be used as a potential therapeutic agent, we mentioned briefly its synergistic attributes with other potential nutraceuticals that are associated with acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Given its health-promoting effects, SFN could be a prospective nutraceutical at the forefront of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruheea Taskin Ruhee
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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Baralić K, Živanović J, Marić Đ, Bozic D, Grahovac L, Antonijević Miljaković E, Ćurčić M, Buha Djordjevic A, Bulat Z, Antonijević B, Đukić-Ćosić D. Sulforaphane-A Compound with Potential Health Benefits for Disease Prevention and Treatment: Insights from Pharmacological and Toxicological Experimental Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:147. [PMID: 38397745 PMCID: PMC10886109 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), which is a hydrolysis product from glucoraphanin, a compound found in cruciferous vegetables, has been studied for its potential health benefits, particularly in disease prevention and treatment. SFN has proven to be effective in combating different types of cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of tumors and triggering apoptosis. This dual action has been demonstrated to result in a reduction in tumor size and an enhancement of survival rates in animal models. SFN has also shown antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects, improving glucose tolerance and reducing fat accumulation. SFN's ability to activate Nrf2, a transcription factor regulating oxidative stress and inflammation in cells, is a primary mechanism behind its anticancerogenic and antidiabetic effects. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties are also suggested to provide beneficial effects against neurodegenerative diseases. The potential health benefits of SFN have led to increased interest in its use as a dietary supplement or adjunct to chemotherapy, but there are insufficient data on its efficacy and optimal doses, as well as its safety. This review aims to present and discuss SFN's potential in treating various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on its mechanisms of action. It also summarizes studies on the pharmacological and toxicological potential of SFN in in vitro and animal models and explores its protective role against toxic compounds through in vitro and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Baralić
- Department of Toxicology “Akademik Danilo Soldatović”, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.Ž.); (Đ.M.); (D.B.); (L.G.); (E.A.M.); (M.Ć.); (A.B.D.); (Z.B.); (B.A.); (D.Đ.-Ć.)
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Zhang Y, Du J, Jin L, Pan L, Yan X, Lin S. Iberverin exhibits antineoplastic activities against human hepatocellular carcinoma via DNA damage-mediated cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-related apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1326346. [PMID: 38152688 PMCID: PMC10751328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1326346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the malignant tumors with high incidence and mortality rates in the world. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), bioactive substances present primarily in the plant order Brassicales, have been proved to be promising candidates for novel anti-HCC drugs with chemopreventive and anticancer activities. Iberverin, a predominant ITC isolated from the seeds of oxheart cabbage, has been discovered with anticancer property in lung cancer cells. However, the roles of iberverin in HCC remain elusive. In the present study, the effect and potential mechanisms of iberverin against human HCC were dissected. We demonstrated that low concentrations of iberverin inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed migration and induced mitochondrial-related apoptosis in vitro, and hampered tumorigenicity in vivo, with no obvious toxicity. Furthermore, we found that iberverin treatment induced DNA damage and G2/M phase arrest. Iberverin treatment also caused increased intracellular reactive oxygen species formation and glutathione depletion. Taken together, these results suggest that iberverin promotes mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and induces DNA damage and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HCC by enhancing oxidative stress. Our findings provide better understanding of the anti-HCC mechanisms of ITCs and the potential for the natural product iberverin as a promising new anti-HCC biotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Du
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sue Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zheng S, Szymański J, Shahaf N, Malitsky S, Meir S, Wang X, Aharoni A, Rogachev I. Metabolic diversity in a collection of wild and cultivated Brassica rapa subspecies. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:953189. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.953189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica rapa (B. rapa) and its subspecies contain many bioactive metabolites that are important for plant defense and human health. This study aimed at investigating the metabolite composition and variation among a large collection of B. rapa genotypes, including subspecies and their accessions. Metabolite profiling of leaves of 102 B. rapa genotypes was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS/MS). In total, 346 metabolites belonging to different chemical classes were tentatively identified; 36 out of them were assigned with high confidence using authentic standards and 184 were those reported in B. rapa leaves for the first time. The accumulation and variation of metabolites among genotypes were characterized and compared to their phylogenetic distance. We found 47 metabolites, mostly representing anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives that displayed a significant correlation to the phylogenetic relatedness and determined four major phylometabolic branches; 1) Chinese cabbage, 2) yellow sarson and rapid cycling, 3) the mizuna-komatsuna-turnip-caitai; and 4) a mixed cluster. These metabolites denote the selective pressure on the metabolic network during B. rapa breeding. We present a unique study that combines metabolite profiling data with phylogenetic analysis in a large collection of B. rapa subspecies. We showed how selective breeding utilizes the biochemical potential of wild B. rapa leading to highly diverse metabolic phenotypes. Our work provides the basis for further studies on B. rapa metabolism and nutritional traits improvement.
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Zhang Y, Huang H, Jin L, Lin S. Anticarcinogenic Effects of Isothiocyanates on Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, accounting for about 90% of cases. Sorafenib, lenvatinib, and the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab are considered first-line treatments for advanced HCC. However, clinical application of these drugs has also caused some adverse reactions such as hypertension, elevated aspartate aminotransferases, and proteinuria. At present, natural products and their derivatives have drawn more and more attention due to less side effects as cancer treatments. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are one type of hydrolysis products from glucosinolates (GLSs), secondary plant metabolites found exclusively in cruciferous vegetables. Accumulating evidence from encouraging in vitro and in vivo animal models has demonstrated that ITCs have multiple biological activities, especially their potentially health-promoting activities (antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic effects). In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize the chemopreventive, anticancer, and chemosensitizative effects of ITCs on HCC, and explain the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Vrânceanu M, Galimberti D, Banc R, Dragoş O, Cozma-Petruţ A, Hegheş SC, Voştinaru O, Cuciureanu M, Stroia CM, Miere D, Filip L. The Anticancer Potential of Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals via the Modulation of Gene Expression. Plants 2022; 11:plants11192524. [PMID: 36235389 PMCID: PMC9571524 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current studies show that approximately one-third of all cancer-related deaths are linked to diet and several cancer forms are preventable with balanced nutrition, due to dietary compounds being able to reverse epigenetic abnormalities. An appropriate diet in cancer patients can lead to changes in gene expression and enhance the efficacy of therapy. It has been demonstrated that nutraceuticals can act as powerful antioxidants at the cellular level as well as anticarcinogenic agents. This review is focused on the best studies on worldwide-available plant-derived nutraceuticals: curcumin, resveratrol, sulforaphane, indole-3-carbinol, quercetin, astaxanthin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and lycopene. These compounds have an enhanced effect on epigenetic changes such as histone modification via HDAC (histone deacetylase), HAT (histone acetyltransferase) inhibition, DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) inhibition, and non-coding RNA expression. All of these nutraceuticals are reported to positively modulate the epigenome, reducing cancer incidence. Furthermore, the current review addresses the issue of the low bioavailability of nutraceuticals and how to overcome the drawbacks related to their oral administration. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutraceuticals influence gene expression will allow their incorporation into an “epigenetic diet” that could be further capitalized on in the therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vrânceanu
- Department of Toxicology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Damiano Galimberti
- Italian Association of Anti-Ageing Physicians, Via Monte Cristallo, 1, 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Roxana Banc
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (O.D.); Tel.: +40-744-367-958 (R.B.); +40-733-040-917 (O.D.)
| | - Ovidiu Dragoş
- Department of Kinetotheraphy and Special Motricity, “1 Decembrie 1918” University of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (O.D.); Tel.: +40-744-367-958 (R.B.); +40-733-040-917 (O.D.)
| | - Anamaria Cozma-Petruţ
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona-Codruţa Hegheş
- Department of Drug Analysis, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oliviu Voştinaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Physiopathology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Magdalena Cuciureanu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 16 Universităţii Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Carmina Mariana Stroia
- Department of Pharmacy, Oradea University, 1 Universităţii Street, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lorena Filip
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kryczka J, Kryczka J, Janczewski Ł, Gajda A, Frączyk A, Boncela J, Kolesińska B, Brzeziańska-lasota E. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) 1-(Isothiocyanatomethyl)-4-phenylbenzene and 1-Isothiocyanato-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene—Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Inhibitors, Decreases Cisplatin Tolerance and Migratory Ability of NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8644. [PMID: 35955773 PMCID: PMC9369118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main treatment modalities for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is cisplatin-based chemotherapy. However, the acquisition of cisplatin resistance remains a major problem. Existing chemotherapy regimens are often ineffective against cancer cells expressing aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). As such, there is an urgent need for therapies targeting ALDH-positive cancer cells. The present study compares the anticancer properties of 36 structurally diverse isothiocyanates (ITCs) against NSCLC cells with the ALDH inhibitor disulfiram (DSF). Their potential affinity to ALDH isoforms and ABC proteins was assessed using AutoDockTools, allowing for selection of three compounds presenting the strongest affinity to all tested proteins. The selected ITCs had no impact on NSCLC cell viability (at tested concentrations), but significantly decreased the cisplatin tolerance of cisplatin-resistant variant of A549 (A549CisR) and advanced (stage 4) NSCLC cell line H1581. Furthermore, long-term supplementation with ITC 1-(isothiocyanatomethyl)-4-phenylbenzene reverses the EMT phenotype and migratory potential of A549CisR to the level presented by parental A549 cells, increasing E-Cadherin expression, followed by decreased expression of ABCC1 and ALDH3A1. Our data indicates that the ALDH inhibitors DSF and ITCs are potential adjuvants of cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by insufficient levels of the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. It is a severely debilitating disease that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected patients and reduces their life expectancy, however, an adequate cure is not yet available for patients. Frataxin function, although not thoroughly elucidated, is associated with assembly of iron-sulfur cluster and iron metabolism, therefore insufficient frataxin levels lead to reduced activity of many mitochondrial enzymes involved in the electron transport chain, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, reduced ATP production and inefficient anti-oxidant response. As a consequence, neurons progressively die and patients progressively lose their ability to coordinate movement and perform daily activities. Therapeutic strategies aim at restoring sufficient frataxin levels or at correcting some of the downstream consequences of frataxin deficiency. However, the classical pathways of drug discovery are challenging, require a significant amount of resources and time to reach the final approval, and present a high failure rate. Drug repositioning represents a viable alternative to boost the identification of a therapy, particularly for rare diseases where resources are often limited. In this review we will describe recent efforts aimed at the identification of a therapy for Friedreich ataxia through drug repositioning, and discuss the limitation of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rufini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Rufini,
| | - Florence Malisan
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
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Huang X, Xu J, Hu Y, Huang K, Luo Y, He X. Broccoli ameliorate NAFLD by increasing lipolysis and promoting liver macrophages polarize toward M2-type. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Deldar Abad Paskeh M, Asadi S, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Khoshbakht MA, Sabet S, Naghdi MJ, Hashemi M, Hushmandi K, Ashrafizadeh M, Mirzaei S, Zarrabi A, Sethi G. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells by Dietary Agents: An Important Therapeutic Strategy against Human Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11669. [PMID: 34769099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a multifactorial disease, treatment of cancer depends on understanding unique mechanisms involved in its progression. The cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor stemness and by enhancing colony formation, proliferation as well as metastasis, and these cells can also mediate resistance to therapy. Furthermore, the presence of CSCs leads to cancer recurrence and therefore their complete eradication can have immense therapeutic benefits. The present review focuses on targeting CSCs by natural products in cancer therapy. The growth and colony formation capacities of CSCs have been reported can be attenuated by the dietary agents. These compounds can induce apoptosis in CSCs and reduce tumor migration and invasion via EMT inhibition. A variety of molecular pathways including STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Gli1 and NF-κB undergo down-regulation by dietary agents in suppressing CSC features. Upon exposure to natural agents, a significant decrease occurs in levels of CSC markers including CD44, CD133, ALDH1, Oct4 and Nanog to impair cancer stemness. Furthermore, CSC suppression by dietary agents can enhance sensitivity of tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition to in vitro studies, as well as experiments on the different preclinical models have shown capacity of natural products in suppressing cancer stemness. Furthermore, use of nanostructures for improving therapeutic impact of dietary agents is recommended to rapidly translate preclinical findings for clinical use.
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