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Cadenillas LF, Hernandez C, Mathieu C, Bailly JD, Durrieu V. Screening of the Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity of Peruvian Plant Extracts: Relation with their Composition. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Zhao YQ, Jia WB, Liao SY, Xiang L, Chen W, Zou Y, Zhu MZ, Xu W. Dietary assessment of ochratoxin A in Chinese dark tea and inhibitory effects of tea polyphenols on ochratoxigenic Aspergillus niger. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1073950. [PMID: 36560937 PMCID: PMC9763595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1073950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasingly heated debate on whether Chinese dark tea is contaminated with mycotoxins and whether it poses health risks to consumers. In this study, a rapid method based on high-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in Chinese dark tea samples from different regions of China and different years. Of the 228 Chinese dark tea samples tested, 21 were detected for OTA contamination, with a concentration ranging from 2.51 ± 0.16 to 12.62 ± 0.72 μg/kg. Subsequently, a dark tea drinking risk assessment was conducted, and the hazard quotient for each group was far below the acceptable level of 1.0. Of the 12 Aspergillus spp. strains isolated, one strain of Aspergillus niger had the ability to produce OTA. We also found that tea polyphenols and epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth of ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus niger and the expression of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a key gene for ochratoxin synthesis. Thus, OTA contamination of dark tea is at an acceptable risk level, and the inhibition of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus niger by polyphenols provides new insights into the safety of dark tea consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-qiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-bao Jia
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-yu Liao
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Zou
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yao Zou,
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients From Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Ming-Zhi Zhu,
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Wei Xu,
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Xu D, Peng S, Guo R, Yao L, Mo H, Li H, Song H, Hu L. EGCG Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Aflatoxin B 1 Biosynthesis via MAPK Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:693. [PMID: 34678986 PMCID: PMC8539566 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin biosynthesis has established a connection with oxidative stress, suggesting a prevention strategy for aflatoxin contamination via reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the most active and the richest molecules in green tea with well-known antioxidant effects. Here, we found EGCG could inhibit aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis without affecting mycelial growth in Aspergillus flavus, and the arrest occurred before the synthesis of toxin intermediate metabolites. Further RNA-seq analysis indicated that multiple genes involved in AFB1 biosynthesis were down-regulated. In addition, EGCG exposure facilitated the significantly decreased expression of AtfA which is a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor mediating oxidative stress. Notably, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway target transcription factor was down-regulated by 1 mg/mL EGCG. Further Western blot analysis showed 1 mg/mL EGCG could decrease the levels of phosphorylated SakA in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Taken together, these data evidently supported that EGCG inhibited AFB1 biosynthesis and alleviated oxidative stress via MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, we evaluated AFB1 contamination in soy sauce fermentation and found that EGCG could completely control AFB1 contamination at 8 mg/mL. Conclusively, our results supported the potential use of EGCG as a natural agent to prevent AFB1 contamination in fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liangbin Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (D.X.); (S.P.); (R.G.); (L.Y.); (H.M.); (H.L.); (H.S.)
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Hernandez C, Cadenillas L, Maghubi AE, Caceres I, Durrieu V, Mathieu C, Bailly JD. Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060391. [PMID: 34072350 PMCID: PMC8228179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin that contaminates numerous crops pre- and post-harvest. To protect foods and feeds from such toxins without resorting to pesticides, the use of plant extracts has been increasingly studied. The most interesting candidate plants are those with strong antioxidative activity because oxidation reactions may interfere with AFB1 production. The present study investigates how an aqueous extract of Mimosa tenuiflora bark affects both the growth of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 production. The results reveal a dose-dependent inhibition of toxin synthesis with no impact on fungal growth. AFB1 inhibition is related to a down-modulation of the cluster genes of the biosynthetic pathway and especially to the two internal regulators aflR and aflS. Its strong anti-oxidative activity also allows the aqueous extract to modulate the expression of genes involved in fungal oxidative-stress response, such as msnA, mtfA, atfA, or sod1. Finally, a bio-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract demonstrates that condensed tannins play a major role in the anti-aflatoxin activity of Mimosa tenuiflora bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hernandez
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 313000 Toulouse, France; (C.H.); (L.C.); (A.E.M.); (I.C.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Laura Cadenillas
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 313000 Toulouse, France; (C.H.); (L.C.); (A.E.M.); (I.C.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Anwar El Maghubi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 313000 Toulouse, France; (C.H.); (L.C.); (A.E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Isaura Caceres
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 313000 Toulouse, France; (C.H.); (L.C.); (A.E.M.); (I.C.)
| | - Vanessa Durrieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (C.M.)
| | - Céline Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France; (V.D.); (C.M.)
- Centre d’Application et de Traitement des Agro-Ressources (CATAR), INPT, Toulouse, 4 Allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Denis Bailly
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, EI-Purpan, 313000 Toulouse, France; (C.H.); (L.C.); (A.E.M.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-56-1193-229
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Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Chaiyasut C. Toxins in Fermented Foods: Prevalence and Preventions-A Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:E4. [PMID: 30586849 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods (FF) are widely consumed around the world, and FF are one of the prime sources of toxins and pathogenic microbes that are associated with several foodborne outbreaks. Mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin, and alternariol), bacterial toxins (shiga toxin and botulinum), biogenic amines, and cyanogenic glycosides are the common toxins found in FF in addition to the pathogenic microbes. Fermented milk products and meat sausages are extremely vulnerable to contamination. Cumulative updated information about a specific topic such as toxins in FF is essential for the improvement of safer preparation and consumption of fermented foods. Accordingly, the current manuscript summarizes the reported mycotoxins, bacterial toxins, and/or toxins from other sources; detection methods and prevention of toxins in FF (use of specific starter culture, optimized fermentation process, and pre- and post-processing treatments); and major clinical outbreaks. This literature survey was made in Scopus, Web of Science, NCBI-PubMed, and Google Scholar using the search terms "Toxins" and "Fermented Foods" as keywords. The appropriate scientific documents were screened for relevant information and they were selected without any chronological restrictions.
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Moon YS, Kim L, Chun HS, Lee SE. 4-Hydroxy-7-methyl-3-phenylcoumarin Suppresses Aflatoxin Biosynthesis via Downregulation of aflK Expressing Versicolorin B Synthase in Aspergillus flavus. Molecules 2017; 22:E712. [PMID: 28468270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring coumarins possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. In this study, these natural and synthetic coumarins were used to evaluate their antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus, which produces aflatoxins. In addition to control antifungal activities, antiaflatoxigenic properties were also determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with fluorescence detection. In this study, 38 compounds tested and 4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-phenyl coumarin showed potent antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against A. flavus. Inhibitory mode of antiaflatoxigenic action by 4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-phenyl coumarin was based on the downregulation of aflD, aflK, aflQ, and aflR in aflatoxin biosynthesis. In the cases of coumarins, antifungal and aflatoxigenic activities are highly related to the lack of diene moieties in the structures. In structurally related compounds, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran exhibited antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities against A. flavus. The inhibitory mode of antiaflatoxigenic action by 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran was based on the inhibition of the transcription factor (aflS) in the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway. These potent inhibitions of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and 4-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-phenyl coumarin on the Aspergillus growth and production of aflatoxins contribute to the development of new controlling agents to mitigate aflatoxin contamination.
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Zhang Y, Skaar I, Sulyok M, Liu X, Rao M, Taylor JW. The Microbiome and Metabolites in Fermented Pu-erh Tea as Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing and Quantitative Multiplex Metabolite Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157847. [PMID: 27337135 PMCID: PMC4918958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pu-erh is a tea produced in Yunnan, China by microbial fermentation of fresh Camellia sinensis leaves by two processes, the traditional raw fermentation and the faster, ripened fermentation. We characterized fungal and bacterial communities in leaves and both Pu-erhs by high-throughput, rDNA-amplicon sequencing and we characterized the profile of bioactive extrolite mycotoxins in Pu-erh teas by quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 390 fungal and 629 bacterial OTUs from leaves and both Pu-erhs. Major findings are: 1) fungal diversity drops and bacterial diversity rises due to raw or ripened fermentation, 2) fungal and bacterial community composition changes significantly between fresh leaves and both raw and ripened Pu-erh, 3) aging causes significant changes in the microbial community of raw, but not ripened, Pu-erh, and, 4) ripened and well-aged raw Pu-erh have similar microbial communities that are distinct from those of young, raw Ph-erh tea. Twenty-five toxic metabolites, mainly of fungal origin, were detected, with patulin and asperglaucide dominating and at levels supporting the Chinese custom of discarding the first preparation of Pu-erh and using the wet tea to then brew a pot for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ida Skaar
- Section of Mycology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyong Rao
- Bureau of Culture and Sports, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - John W. Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen L, Mo H, Zhao L, Gao W, Wang S, Cromie MM, Lu C, Wang JS, Shen CL. Therapeutic properties of green tea against environmental insults. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 40:1-13. [PMID: 27723473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides, smoke, mycotoxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and arsenic are the most common environmental toxins and toxicants to humans. These toxins and toxicants may impact on human health at the molecular (DNA, RNA, or protein), organelle (mitochondria, lysosome, or membranes), cellular (growth inhibition or cell death), tissue, organ, and systemic levels. Formation of reactive radicals, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, neurological alterations, apoptosis, and carcinogenic events are some of the mechanisms mediating the toxic effects of the environmental toxins and toxicants. Green tea, the nonoxidized and nonfermented form of tea that contains several polyphenols, including green tea catechins, exhibits protective effects against these environmental toxins and toxicants in preclinical studies and to a much-limited extent, in clinical trials. The protective effects are collectively mediated by antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective, and anticarcinogenic activities. In addition, green tea modulates signaling pathway including NF-κB and ERK pathways, preserves mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibits caspase-3 activity, down-regulates proapoptotic proteins, and induces the phase II detoxifying pathway. The bioavailability and metabolism of green tea and its protective effects against environmental insults induced by pesticides, smoke, mycotoxins, PCBs, and arsenic are reviewed in this paper. Future studies with emphasis on clinical trials should identify biomarkers of green tea intake, examine the mechanisms of action of green tea polyphenols, and investigate potential interactions of green tea with other toxicant-modulating dietary factors.
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