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Sangha JS, Barrett P, Curtis TP, Métris A, Jakubovics NS, Ofiteru ID. Effects of glucose and lactate on Streptococcus mutans abundance in a novel multispecies oral biofilm model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0371323. [PMID: 38376204 PMCID: PMC10986578 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03713-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome plays an important role in protecting oral health. Here, we established a controlled mixed-species in vitro biofilm model and used it to assess the impact of glucose and lactate on the ability of Streptococcus mutans, an acidogenic and aciduric species, to compete with commensal oral bacteria. A chemically defined medium was developed that supported the growth of S. mutans and four common early colonizers of dental plaque: Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces oris, Neisseria subflava, and Veillonella parvula. Biofilms containing the early colonizers were developed in a continuous flow bioreactor, exposed to S. mutans, and incubated for up to 7 days. The abundance of bacteria was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). At high glucose and high lactate, the pH in bulk fluid rapidly decreased to approximately 5.2, and S. mutans outgrew other species in biofilms. In low glucose and high lactate, the pH remained above 5.5, and V. parvula was the most abundant species in biofilms. By contrast, in low glucose and low lactate, the pH remained above 6.0 throughout the experiment, and the microbial community in biofilms was relatively balanced. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that all species were present in the biofilm and the majority of cells were viable using live/dead staining. These data demonstrate that carbon source concentration is critical for microbial homeostasis in model oral biofilms. Furthermore, we established an experimental system that can support the development of computational models to predict transitions to microbial dysbiosis based on metabolic interactions.IMPORTANCEWe developed a controlled (by removing host factor) dynamic system metabolically representative of early colonization of Streptococcus mutans not measurable in vivo. Hypotheses on factors influencing S. mutans colonization, such as community composition and inoculation sequence and the effect of metabolite concentrations, can be tested and used to predict the effect of interventions such as dietary modifications or the use of toothpaste or mouthwash on S. mutans colonization. The defined in vitro model (species and medium) can be simulated in an in silico model to explore more of the parameter space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Sangha
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Barrett
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P. Curtis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Aline Métris
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S. Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Irina D. Ofiteru
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Maezono H, Klanliang K, Shimaoka T, Asahi Y, Takahashi Y, Wang Z, Shen Y, Haapasalo M, Hayashi M. Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite Concentration and Application Time on Bacteria in an Ex Vivo Polymicrobial Biofilm Model. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00126-2. [PMID: 38452867 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In endodontic treatment, it is important to remove or inactivate biofilms in the root canal system. We investigated the effects of different concentrations and application times of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the viability of bacteria in ex vivo polymicrobial biofilms of different maturation levels. METHODS Polymicrobial biofilms were prepared from dental plaque samples and grown for 1, 2, and 3 weeks under anaerobic conditions on collagen-coated hydroxyapatite discs as an ex vivo biofilm model. The biofilms were then exposed to NaOCl at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 2% for 1 or 3 minutes. The control group was exposed to sterile distilled water. Viability staining was performed and examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine the percentage of biofilm bacteria killed by NaOCl. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed to visually examine the biofilms. RESULTS Application of NaOCl at 0.5%-2% for both 1 and 3 min killed significantly more bacteria when compared to the controls (P < .05). Cell viability tended to be lower after the application of NaOCl for 3 minutes than that for 1 minute. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments using an ex vivo model showed that within the range of 0.1%-2% of NaOCl, higher NaOCl concentrations and longer application times were more effective in killing biofilm bacteria, and that mature biofilms were more resistant to NaOCl than younger biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Maezono
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kittipit Klanliang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimaoka
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Asahi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Gong Q, Xiang L, Ye B, Liu D, Wang H, Ma L, Lu X. Characterization of an antimony-resistant fungus Sarocladium kiliense ZJ-1 and its potential as an antimony bio-remediator. J Hazard Mater 2024; 462:132676. [PMID: 37832441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a toxic metalloid widely distributed in the natural environments. Microorganisms, especially fungi, could serve as ideal biomaterials for bioremediation of Sb-polluted soils and waters. In this study, we isolated an antimony-resistant fungus, Sarocladium kiliense ZJ-1, from a slag sample collected in Xikuangshan Sb mine in P. R. China. ZJ-1 showed an extremely high resistance to Sb, with a MIC level of > 175 mM for arsenite [Sb(Ⅲ)] and 40 mM for arsenate [Sb(V)]. Whole genomic analysis identified multiple Sb (Ⅲ)- and/or As(Ⅲ)-resistant genes on ZJ-1's genome, which may partially explain its hyper-resistance to Sb. The potential of ZJ-1 in removing Sb from Sb(Ⅲ) or Sb(V) solutions was also quantified. The average biosorption capacity of ZJ-1 for Sb(Ⅲ) and Sb(V) is 635.14 mg/g and 149.65 mg/g, respectively, in Sb aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of 2000 mg/L (16.43 mM). Besides, almost 99% of Sb(Ⅲ) in the growing system was removed with an initial concentration of 500 mg/L (4.11 mM). Furthermore, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to probe the Sb adsorption mechanism on ZJ-1, and -OH, -NH2, -COOH, C-O and C-O-C were found to be the main surface functional groups of ZJ-1 cells to adsorb Sb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Gong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Chongqing 136 Geology and Mineral Resources Co. LTD, China
| | - Botao Ye
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Deng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China
| | - Liyuan Ma
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaolu Lu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China.
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Prabhukhot GS, Eggleton CD, Patel J. Multispecies Bacterial Biofilms and Their Evaluation Using Bioreactors. Foods 2023; 12:4495. [PMID: 38137299 PMCID: PMC10742677 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic biofilm formation within food processing industries raises a serious public health and safety concern, and places burdens on the economy. Biofilm formation on equipment surfaces is a rather complex phenomenon, wherein multiple steps are involved in bacterial biofilm formation. In this review we discuss the stages of biofilm formation, the existing literature on the impact of surface properties and shear stress on biofilms, types of bioreactors, and antimicrobial coatings. The review underscores the significance of prioritizing biofilm prevention strategies as a first line of defense, followed by control measures. Utilizing specific biofilm eradication strategies as opposed to a uniform approach is crucial because biofilms exhibit different behavioral outcomes even amongst the same species when the environmental conditions change. This review is geared towards biofilm researchers and food safety experts, and seeks to derive insights into the scope of biofilm formation, prevention, and control. The use of suitable bioreactors is paramount to understanding the mechanisms of biofilm formation. The findings provide useful information to researchers involved in bioreactor selection for biofilm investigation, and food processors in surfaces with novel antimicrobial coatings, which provide minimal bacterial attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grishma S. Prabhukhot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; (G.S.P.); (C.D.E.)
| | - Charles D. Eggleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; (G.S.P.); (C.D.E.)
| | - Jitendra Patel
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental and Microbial Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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