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Baron G, Altomare A, Della Vedova L, Gado F, Quagliano O, Casati S, Tosi N, Bresciani L, Del Rio D, Roda G, D'Amato A, Lammi C, Macorano A, Vittorio S, Vistoli G, Fumagalli L, Carini M, Leone A, Marino M, Del Bo' C, Miotto G, Ursini F, Morazzoni P, Aldini G. Unraveling the parahormetic mechanism underlying the health-protecting effects of grapeseed procyanidins. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102981. [PMID: 38104483 PMCID: PMC10770607 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs), the predominant constituents within Grape Seed Extract (GSE), are intricate compounds composed of interconnected flavan-3-ol units. Renowned for their health-affirming properties, PACs offer a shield against a spectrum of inflammation associated diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, degenerations and possibly cancer. While monomeric and dimeric PACs undergo some absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, their larger oligomeric and polymeric counterparts are not bioavailable. However, higher molecular weight PACs engage with the colonic microbiota, fostering the production of bioavailable metabolites that undergo metabolic processes, culminating in the emergence of bioactive agents capable of modulating physiological processes. Within this investigation, a GSE enriched with polymeric PACs was employed to explore in detail their impact. Through comprehensive analysis, the present study unequivocally verified the gastrointestinal-mediated transformation of medium to high molecular weight polymeric PACs, thereby establishing the bioaccessibility of a principal catabolite termed 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (VL). Notably, our findings, encompassing cell biology, chemistry and proteomics, converge to the proposal of the notion of the capacity of VL to activate, upon oxidation to the corresponding quinone, the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway-an intricate process that incites cellular defenses and mitigates stress-induced responses, such as a challenge brought by TNFα. This mechanistic paradigm seamlessly aligns with the concept of para-hormesis, ultimately orchestrating the resilience to stress and the preservation of cellular redox equilibrium and homeostasis as benchmarks of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - L Della Vedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Gado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - O Quagliano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - S Casati
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - N Tosi
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - L Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - D Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - G Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A D'Amato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - C Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Macorano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - S Vittorio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - L Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Via Sandro Botticelli 21, 20133, Milan, Italy; Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Marino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - C Del Bo'
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Division of Human Nutrition, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - F Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale G. Colombo, 3, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - P Morazzoni
- Divisione Nutraceutica, Distillerie Umberto Bonollo S.p.A, 35035, Mestrino, Italy
| | - G Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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Szymkowiak I, Kucinska M, Murias M. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea-Resveratrol, Sulfotransferases and Sulfatases-A Long and Turbulent Journey from Intestinal Absorption to Target Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083297. [PMID: 37110530 PMCID: PMC10140952 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly 30 years, resveratrol has attracted the scientific community's interest. This has happened thanks to the so-called French paradox, that is, the paradoxically low mortality from cardiovascular causes in the French population despite a diet rich in saturated fat. This phenomenon has been linked to the consumption of red wine, which contains a relatively high level of resveratrol. Currently, resveratrol is valued for its versatile, beneficial properties. Apart from its anti-atherosclerotic activity, resveratrol's antioxidant and antitumor properties deserve attention. It was shown that resveratrol inhibits tumour growth at all three stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. Moreover, resveratrol delays the ageing process and has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and phytoestrogenic properties. These favorable biological properties have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in animal and human models. Since the beginning of the research on resveratrol, its low bioavailability, mainly due to its rapid metabolism, especially the first-pass effect that leaves almost no free resveratrol in the peripheral circulation, has been indicated as a drawback that has hindered its use. The elucidation of such issues as pharmacokinetics, stability, and the biological activity of resveratrol metabolites is therefore crucial for understanding the biological activity of resveratrol. Second-phase metabolism enzymes are mainly involved in RSV metabolism, e.g., UDP-glucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases. In the present paper, we took a closer look at the available data on the activity of resveratrol sulfate metabolites and the role of sulfatases in releasing active resveratrol in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymkowiak
- Curtis Health Caps S.A., ul. Batorowska 52, 62-081 Przeźmierowo, Poland
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kucinska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Murias
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznan, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Barnett-Griness O, Rennert G, Lejbkowicz F, Pinchev M, Saliba W, Gronich N. Association Between ABCG2, ABCB1, ABCC2 Efflux Transporter Single-Nucleotide Variants and Irinotecan Adverse Effects in Patients With Colorectal Cancer: A Real-Life Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:704-711. [PMID: 36537755 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Among patients treated with irinotecan, homozygous carriers of the UGT1A1*28 allele are at increased risk for neutropenia, but UGT1A1 genotype alone does not account for irinotecan-induced toxicity. Our aim was to study the association between single-nucleotide variants in genes encoding for efflux transporters of irinotecan (ABCG2, ABCB1, and ABCC2) and toxicity in real life. The source population was a cohort of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in Northern Israel, who had undergone genome-wide association study. From the source population we chose the patients with CRC prescribed irinotecan, and a comparative cohort of patients with CRC treated with other anticancer systemic therapies. Using Clalit Health Services electronic medical records (including laboratory results) we ascertained hematological and gastrointestinal adverse effects and mortality, within 90 days of the first dose, as a composite outcome. There were 601 patients with CRC who received irinotecan, and 756 patients with CRC treated with other anticancer regimens. The minor allele in rs2231142 (ABCG2) was associated with lower incidence of the composite outcome (odds ratio (OR) = 0.54 (0.33, 0.91); P = 0.02) in irinotecan-treated patients with CRC, but not in patients with CRC treated with other regimens. ABCB1 rs1045642 and ABCC2 rs3740066 were not associated with the composite outcome. In a sensitivity analysis, adjusted for UGT1A1 status and for possible demographic and clinical confounders, adjusted OR was 0.56 (0.33, 0.94) for the association between rs2231142 (ABCG2) and the composite outcome. In conclusion, we describe a novel association between the minor allele of rs2231142 in the efflux transporter gene ABCG2 and protection against severe side effects in CRC patients treating with irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofra Barnett-Griness
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Flavio Lejbkowicz
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mila Pinchev
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Walid Saliba
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naomi Gronich
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Duffel MW, Tuttle K, Lehmler HJ, Robertson LW. Human hepatic microsomal sulfatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyl sulfates: A potential mechanism for retention of hydroxylated PCBs. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 88:103757. [PMID: 34688910 PMCID: PMC8595862 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants that continue to be of concern due to their varied toxicities. Upon human exposure, many PCBs with lower numbers of chlorine atoms are metabolized to hydroxylated derivatives (OH-PCBs), and cytosolic sulfotransferases can subsequently catalyze the formation of PCB sulfates. Recent studies have indicated that PCB sulfates bind reversibly with a high affinity to human serum proteins, and that they are also taken up by cells and tissues. Since PCB sulfates might be hydrolyzed to the more toxic OH-PCBs, we have investigated the ability of human hepatic microsomal sulfatase to catalyze this reaction. Twelve congeners of PCB sulfates were substrates for the microsomal sulfatase with catalytic rates exceeding that of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as a comparison substrate for steroid sulfatase (STS). These results are consistent with an intracellular mechanism for sulfation and de-sulfation that may contribute to retention and increased time of exposure to OH-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, IA, USA.
| | - Kristopher Tuttle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Xu XL, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Resveratrol Targets a Variety of Oncogenic and Oncosuppressive Signaling for Ovarian Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111718. [PMID: 34829589 PMCID: PMC8614917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease and is also the major cause of death among women from gynecologic malignancies. A combination of surgery and chemotherapy is the major therapy for ovarian cancer. Unfortunately, despite good response rates to initial surgery and chemotherapy, most patients relapse and have a generally poor survival rate. The present research sheds light on the therapeutic effects of multiple natural products in patients with ovarian cancer. Notably, these natural ingredients do not have adverse effects on healthy cells and tissues, indicating that natural products can serve as a safe alternative therapy for ovarian cancer. Trans-3,4,5′-Trihydroxystibene (resveratrol) is a natural product that is commonly found in the human diet and that has been shown to have anticancer effects on various human cancer cells. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the progress of resveratrol against tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis induction, autophagy, sensitization, and antioxidation as well as anti-inflammation. It also provides information regarding the role of resveratrol analogues in ovarian cancer. A better understanding of the role of resveratrol in ovarian cancer may provide a new array for the prevention and therapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ling Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China; or
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.-X.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.-X.L.); (K.Y.)
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Lin XM, Shi XX, Xiong L, Nie JH, Ye HS, Du JZ, Liu J. Construction of IL-13 Receptor α2-Targeting Resveratrol Nanoparticles against Glioblastoma Cells: Therapeutic Efficacy and Molecular Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910622. [PMID: 34638961 PMCID: PMC8508707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common lethal primary brain malignancy without reliable therapeutic drugs. IL-13Rα2 is frequently expressed in GBMs as a molecular marker. Resveratrol (Res) effectively inhibits GBM cell growth but has not been applied in vivo because of its low brain bioavailability when administered systemically. A sustained-release and GBM-targeting resveratrol form may overcome this therapeutic dilemma. To achieve this goal, encapsulated Res 30 ± 4.8 nm IL-13Rα2-targeting nanoparticles (Pep-PP@Res) were constructed. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry revealed prolonged Res release (about 25%) from Pep-PP@Res in 48 h and fluorescent confocal microscopy showed the prolonged intracellular Res retention time of Pep-PP@Res (>24 h) in comparison with that of free Res (<4 h) and PP@Res (<4 h). MTT and EdU cell proliferation assays showed stronger suppressive effects of Pep-PP@Res on rat C6 GBM cells than that of PP@Res (p = 0.024) and Res (p = 0.009) when used twice for 4 h/day. Pep-PP@Res had little toxic effect on normal rat brain cells. The in vivo anti-glioblastoma effects of Res can be distinctly improved in the form of Pep-PP@Res nanoparticles via activating JNK signaling, upregulating proapoptosis gene expression and, finally, resulting in extensive apoptosis. Pep-PP@Res with sustained release and GBM-targeting properties would be suitable for in vivo management of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Lin
- Research Center, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-M.L.); (L.X.); (J.-H.N.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Xiao Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-X.S.); (J.-Z.D.)
| | - Le Xiong
- Research Center, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-M.L.); (L.X.); (J.-H.N.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Jun-Hua Nie
- Research Center, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-M.L.); (L.X.); (J.-H.N.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Hai-Shan Ye
- Research Center, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-M.L.); (L.X.); (J.-H.N.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Jin-Zi Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-X.S.); (J.-Z.D.)
| | - Jia Liu
- Research Center, South China University of Technology (SCUT) School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.-M.L.); (L.X.); (J.-H.N.); (H.-S.Y.)
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 610044, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +20-3938-1176
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Auxtero MD, Chalante S, Abade MR, Jorge R, Fernandes AI. Potential Herb-Drug Interactions in the Management of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:124. [PMID: 33478035 PMCID: PMC7835864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia represent a significant burden on healthcare systems and a unique challenge to medicine due to the currently limited treatment options. Plant phytochemicals have been considered in alternative, or complementary, prevention and treatment strategies. Herbals are consumed as such, or as food supplements, whose consumption has recently increased. However, these products are not exempt from adverse effects and pharmacological interactions, presenting a special risk in aged, polymedicated individuals. Understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions is warranted to avoid undesirable adverse drug reactions, which may result in unwanted side-effects or therapeutic failure. The present study reviews the potential interactions between selected bioactive compounds (170) used by seniors for cognitive enhancement and representative drugs of 10 pharmacotherapeutic classes commonly prescribed to the middle-aged adults, often multimorbid and polymedicated, to anticipate and prevent risks arising from their co-administration. A literature review was conducted to identify mutual targets affected (inhibition/induction/substrate), the frequency of which was taken as a measure of potential interaction. Although a limited number of drugs were studied, from this work, interaction with other drugs affecting the same targets may be anticipated and prevented, constituting a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Auxtero
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Susana Chalante
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Mário R. Abade
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
| | - Rui Jorge
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, School of Agriculture, Quinta do Galinheiro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- CIEQV, Life Quality Research Centre, IPSantarém/IPLeiria, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares, 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Fernandes
- CiiEM, Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; (M.D.A.); (S.C.); (M.R.A.); (R.J.)
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Wu X, Li M, Xiao Z, Daglia M, Dragan S, Delmas D, Vong CT, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Shen J, Nabavi SM, Sureda A, Cao H, Simal-gandara J, Wang M, Sun C, Wang S, Xiao J. Dietary polyphenols for managing cancers: What have we ignored? Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 101:150-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jarosova V, Vesely O, Doskocil I, Tomisova K, Marsik P, Jaimes JD, Smejkal K, Kloucek P, Havlik J. Metabolism of cis- and trans-Resveratrol and Dihydroresveratrol in an Intestinal Epithelial Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030595. [PMID: 32106482 PMCID: PMC7146108 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol, a well-known plant phenolic compound, has been intensively investigated due to its association with the so-called French paradox. However, despite its high pharmacological potential, trans-resveratrol has shown relatively low bioavailability. Trans-resveratrol is intensively metabolized in the intestine and liver, yielding metabolites that may be responsible for its high bioactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the metabolism of trans-resveratrol (tRes), cis-resveratrol (cRes) and dihydroresveratrol (dhRes) in an in vitro epithelial model using Caco-2 cell lines. Obtained metabolites of tRes, cRes and dhRes were analyzed by LC/MS Q-TOF, and significant differences in the metabolism of each compound were observed. The majority of tRes was transported unchanged through the Caco-2 cells, while cRes was mostly metabolized. The main metabolite of both cis- and trans-resveratrol observed as a result of colon microbial metabolism, dhRes, was metabolized almost completely, with only traces of the unchanged molecule being found. A sulphate conjugate was identified as the main metabolite of tRes in our model, while a glucuronide conjugate was the major metabolite of cRes and dhRes. Since metabolism of simple phenolics and polyphenols plays a crucial role in their bioavailability, detailed knowledge of their transformation is of high scientific value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Jarosova
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondrej Vesely
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Ivo Doskocil
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Katerina Tomisova
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Petr Marsik
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Jose D. Jaimes
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Karel Smejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Kloucek
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Havlik
- Department of Food Science, The Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, The Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.J.); (O.V.); (K.T.); (P.M.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777-558-468
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11
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Cione E, La Torre C, Cannataro R, Caroleo MC, Plastina P, Gallelli L. Quercetin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Curcumin, and Resveratrol: From Dietary Sources to Human MicroRNA Modulation. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010063. [PMID: 31878082 PMCID: PMC6983040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary polyphenol intake is associated with a lower incidence of several non-communicable diseases. Although several foods contain complex mixtures of polyphenols, numerous factors can affect their content. Besides the well-known capability of these molecules to act as antioxidants, they are able to interact with cell-signaling pathways, modulating gene expression, influencing the activity of transcription factors, and modulating microRNAs. Here we deeply describe four polyphenols used as nutritional supplements: quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (ECGC), and curcumin, summarizing the current knowledge about them, spanning from dietary sources to the epigenetic capabilities of these compounds on microRNA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Chiara La Torre
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Caroleo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Pierluigi Plastina
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Mater Domini Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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12
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Qiu Z, Liu Q, Yu J, Dai Y, Li X, Huang F, Li N. Insulin resistance accelerated the clearance of resveratrol: A note of caution. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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13
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Renaud J, Martinoli MG. Considerations for the Use of Polyphenols as Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081883. [PMID: 30995776 PMCID: PMC6514961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases due to the increasingly ageing population has resulted in a major social and economic burden. At present, a large body of literature supports the potential use of functional nutrients, which exhibit potential neuroprotective properties to mitigate these diseases. Among the most studied dietary molecules, polyphenols stand out because of their multiple and often overlapping reported modes of action. However, ambiguity still exists as to the significance of their influence on human health. This review discusses the characteristics and functions of polyphenols that shape their potential therapeutic actions in neurodegenerative diseases while the less-explored gaps in knowledge of these nutrients will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renaud
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC G9A5H7, Canada.
| | - Maria-Grazia Martinoli
- Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Québec, QC G9A5H7, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Université Laval and CHU Research Center, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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14
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Springer M, Moco S. Resveratrol and Its Human Metabolites-Effects on Metabolic Health and Obesity. Nutrients 2019; 11:E143. [PMID: 30641865 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is one of the most widely studied polyphenols and it has been assigned a plethora of metabolic effects with potential health benefits. Given its low bioavailability and extensive metabolism, clinical studies using resveratrol have not always replicated in vitro observations. In this review, we discuss human metabolism and biotransformation of resveratrol, and reported molecular mechanisms of action, within the context of metabolic health and obesity. Resveratrol has been described as mimicking caloric restriction, leading to improved exercise performance and insulin sensitivity (increasing energy expenditure), as well as having a body fat-lowering effect by inhibiting adipogenesis, and increasing lipid mobilization in adipose tissue. These multi-organ effects place resveratrol as an anti-obesity bioactive of potential therapeutic use.
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15
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Matin B, Sherbini AA, Alam N, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ. Resveratrol glucuronidation in vitro: potential implications of inhibition by probenecid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:371-378. [PMID: 30417385 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resveratrol is a naturally occurring antioxidant with therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of neoplastic disease and other human disorders. However, net clearance of resveratrol in humans is very high, mainly due to glucuronide conjugation. This leads to extensive presystemic extraction and low plasma concentrations after oral dosage. The present study evaluated the effect of probenecid, an inhibitor of glucuronide conjugation, on resveratrol metabolism in vitro. METHODS Biotransformation of resveratrol to its 3-O-glucuronide and 4'-O-glucuronide conjugates was studied in vitro using human liver microsomal preparations. The mechanism and inhibitory potency of probenecid were evaluated based on a mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibition model. KEY FINDINGS Probenecid inhibition of resveratrol 3-O-glucuronidation was predominantly noncompetitive, with an inhibition constant (Ki ) averaging 3.1 mm. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of in vivo maximum concentration of probenecid [I] during usual clinical use to the in vitro Ki value ([I]/Ki ) exceeds the boundary value of 0.1, used by regulatory agencies to identify the possibility of clinical drug interactions. This finding, together with the known property of probenecid as an inhibitor of glucuronide conjugation in humans, suggests that probenecid could serve as a pharmacokinetic boosting agent to enhance systemic exposure to resveratrol in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Matin
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmad A Sherbini
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Novera Alam
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerold S Harmatz
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Greenblatt
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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de Athayde Moncorvo Collado A, Salazar PB, Minahk C. Enterodiol is Actively Transported by Rat Liver Cell Membranes. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:593-600. [PMID: 29728709 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of enterodiol and the well-described polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) with hepatic membranes has been matter of interest in the last few years. On one hand, EGCG is only able to bind to the phospholipid polar head groups, as it has been already described in synthetic lipid bilayers and erythrocyte membranes but cannot get inserted into the hydrophobic core or be transported into the lumen of membrane vesicles. On the other, enterodiol has no interaction with non-energized membranes either, but it is able to interact and even be transported upon addition of ATP. In fact, the ATPase activity undergoes a twofold increase in the presence of enterodiol but not in the presence of EGCG. This is the first report on the transport of enterodiol by liver membranes, and it may help explain the rather high blood concentrations of this estrogenic enterolignan compared to EGCG, which is extensively metabolized by the intestine and the liver. The present results suggest that a fraction of enterodiol may escape the liver inactivation by being pumped out from the hepatocytes to the bloodstream.
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17
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Abstract
Beneficial properties of resveratrol and pterostilbene, a dimethyl ether analog of resveratrol, have attracted increasing interest in recent years. Resveratrol and pterostilbene exhibit many pharmacological similarities and both of them are generally considered to be safe for human consumption. Beyond the structural and general bioactivity similarities between them, large amounts of data are now available to reveal the metabolic fate and pharmacological differences between them. Pterostilbene was found to be more metabolically stable and usually exhibited stronger pharmacological activities than that of resveratrol. As a contribution to clarify and compare aspects like metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics of resveratrol and pterostilbene, as well as explain the pharmacological similarities and differences between them, this review presents and compares recent data on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of resveratrol and pterostilbene. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(1):16-25, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC
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18
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Caro M, Sansone A, Amezaga J, Navarro V, Ferreri C, Tueros I. Wine lees modulate lipid metabolism and induce fatty acid remodelling in zebrafish. Food Funct 2017; 8:1652-1659. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the ability of a polyphenolic extract obtained from a wine lees by-product to modulate zebrafish lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Caro
- New Foods
- AZTI
- 48160 Derio
- Spain
| | | | | | - V. Navarro
- Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences
- University of the Basque Country
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz
- Spain
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19
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Vacca RA, Valenti D, Caccamese S, Daglia M, Braidy N, Nabavi SM. Plant polyphenols as natural drugs for the management of Down syndrome and related disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:865-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Djurica D, Ren J, Holt RR, Feng X, Carlson CR, Shindel AW, Keen CL, Hackman RM. A single intake of a resveratrol-arginine conjugate improves microvascular function compared to trans-resveratrol in postmenopausal women. PharmaNutrition 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Ali MHH, Messiha BAS, Abdel-Latif HAT. Protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid, resveratrol, and N-acetylcysteine on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Pharm Biol 2016; 54:1198-1208. [PMID: 26134756 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1060247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. Resveratrol (RSV) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are safe representatives of natural and synthetic antioxidants, respectively. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effects of RSV and NAC, compared with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), on experimental NAFLD. MATERIALS AND METHODS NAFLD was induced by feeding rats a methionine choline-deficient diet (MCDD) for four cycles, each of 4 d of MCDD feeding and 3 d of fasting. Animals were divided into normal control, steatosis control, and five treatment groups, receiving UDCA (25 mg/kg/d), RSV (10 mg/kg/d), NAC (20 mg/kg/d), UDCA + RSV, and UDCA + NAC orally for 28 d. Liver integrity markers (liver index and serum transaminases), serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glucose, albumin, renal functions (urea, creatinine), lipid profile (total cholesterol; TC, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins; LDL-C, very low density lipoproteins, leptin), and oxidative stress markers (hepatic malondialdehyde; MDA, glutathione; GSH, glutathione-S-transferase; GST) were measured using automatic analyzer, colorimetric kits, and ELISA kits, supported by a liver histopathological study. RESULTS RSV and NAC administration significantly improved liver index (RSV only), alanine transaminase (52, 52%), TNF-α (70, 70%), glucose (69, 80%), albumin (122, 114%), MDA (55, 63%), GSH (160, 152%), GST (84, 84%), TC (86, 86%), LDL-C (83, 81%), and leptin (59, 70%) levels compared with steatosis control values. A combination of RSV or NAC with UDCA seems to ameliorate their effects. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION RSV and NAC are effective on NAFLD through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering potentials, where as RSV seems better than UDCA or NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Hussein Hassan Ali
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Sueif University , Beni-Sueif , Egypt and
| | - Basim Anwar Shehata Messiha
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Sueif University , Beni-Sueif , Egypt and
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Falomir E, Lucas R, Peñalver P, Martí-Centelles R, Dupont A, Zafra-Gómez A, Carda M, Morales JC. Cytotoxic, Antiangiogenic and Antitelomerase Activity of Glucosyl- and Acyl- Resveratrol Prodrugs and Resveratrol Sulfate Metabolites. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1343-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Falomir
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University Jaume I; Avda Sos Baynat, sn 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla; Avda Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Pablo Peñalver
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”; CSIC; Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud; Avenida del Conocimiento, 17 18016 Armilla Granada Spain
| | - Rosa Martí-Centelles
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University Jaume I; Avda Sos Baynat, sn 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Alexia Dupont
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla; Avda Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; C/ Severo Ochoa, s/n 18001 Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Carda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; University Jaume I; Avda Sos Baynat, sn 12071 Castellón Spain
| | - Juan C. Morales
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla; Avda Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”; CSIC; Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud; Avenida del Conocimiento, 17 18016 Armilla Granada Spain
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Schroeter A, Groh IAM, Del Favero G, Pignitter M, Schueller K, Somoza V, Marko D. Inhibition of topoisomerase II by phase II metabolites of resveratrol in human colon cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2448-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schroeter
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Isabel Anna Maria Groh
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina Schueller
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Ge S, Yin T, Xu B, Gao S, Hu M. Curcumin Affects Phase II Disposition of Resveratrol Through Inhibiting Efflux Transporters MRP2 and BCRP. Pharm Res 2016; 33:590-602. [PMID: 26502886 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of curcumin on the disposition of resveratrol phase II metabolites in vivo, and explain the observations by performing in vitro studies in transporter-overexpressed cells. METHODS Pharmacokinetic studies of resveratrol with and without the co-administration of curcumin were performed in both FVB wild-type and Bcrp1 (-/-) mice. Human UGT1A9-overexpressing HeLa cells and human MRP2-overexpressing MDCK II-UGT1A1 cells were used as in vitro tools to further determine the impact of curcumin as a transporter inhibitor on resveratrol metabolites. RESULTS We observed higher exposure of resveratrol conjugates in Bcrp1 (-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, curcumin increased the AUC of resveratrol glucuronide by 4-fold compared to the mice treated without curcumin. The plasma levels of resveratrol and its sulfate conjugate also increased moderately. In Bcrp1 (-/-) mice, there was a further increase (6-fold increase) in AUC of resveratrol glucuronide observed when curcumin was co-administered compared to AUC values obtained in wild-type mice without curcumin treatment. In the presence of 50 nM curcumin, the clearance of resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and resveratrol-3-O-sulfate reduced in both MRP2-overexpressing MDCKII-UGT1A1 cells and Human UGT1A9-overexpressing HeLa cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that curcumin alters the phase II distribution of resveratrol through inhibiting efflux transporters including MRP2 and BCRP.
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Mattarei A, Azzolini M, Zoratti M, Biasutto L, Paradisi C. N-Monosubstituted Methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycol) Carbamate Ester Prodrugs of Resveratrol. Molecules 2015; 20:16085-102. [PMID: 26404221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with many interesting biological activities. Its pharmacological exploitation in vivo is, however, hindered by its rapid elimination via phase II conjugative metabolism at the intestinal and, most importantly, hepatic levels. One approach to bypass this problem relies on prodrugs. We report here the synthesis, characterization, hydrolysis, and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of resveratrol prodrugs in which the OH groups are engaged in an N-monosubstituted carbamate ester linkage. As promoiety, methoxy-oligo(ethylene glycol) groups (m-OEG) (CH3–[OCH2CH2]n–) of defined chain length (n = 3, 4, 6) were used. These are expected to modulate the chemico-physical properties of the resulting derivatives, much like longer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, while retaining a relatively low MW and, thus, a favorable drug loading capacity. Intragastric administration to rats resulted in the appearance in the bloodstream of the prodrug and of the products of its partial hydrolysis, confirming protection from first-pass metabolism during absorption.
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Foti RS, Tyndale RF, Garcia KLP, Sweet DH, Nagar S, Sharan S, Rock DA. "Target-Site" Drug Metabolism and Transport. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1156-68. [PMID: 25986849 PMCID: PMC11024933 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent symposium on "Target-Site" Drug Metabolism and Transport that was sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at the 2014 Experimental Biology meeting in San Diego is summarized in this report. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter activity at the site of therapeutic action can affect the efficacy, safety, and metabolic properties of a given drug, with potential outcomes including altered dosing regimens, stricter exclusion criteria, or even the failure of a new chemical entity in clinical trials. Drug metabolism within the brain, for example, can contribute to metabolic activation of therapeutic drugs such as codeine as well as the elimination of potential neurotoxins in the brain. Similarly, the activity of oxidative and conjugative drug-metabolizing enzymes in the lung can have an effect on the efficacy of compounds such as resveratrol. In addition to metabolism, the active transport of compounds into or away from the site of action can also influence the outcome of a given therapeutic regimen or disease progression. For example, organic anion transporter 3 is involved in the initiation of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and may have a role in how uremic toxins enter pancreatic β-cells and ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes. Finally, it is likely that a combination of target-specific metabolism and cellular internalization may have a significant role in determining the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates, a finding which has resulted in the development of a host of new analytical methods that are now used for characterizing the metabolism and disposition of antibody-drug conjugates. Taken together, the research summarized herein can provide for an increased understanding of potential barriers to drug efficacy and allow for a more rational approach for developing safe and effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Foti
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Kristine L P Garcia
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Douglas H Sweet
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Swati Nagar
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Satish Sharan
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
| | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington (R.S.F., D.A.R.); Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T., K.L.P.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (D.H.S.); School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.N.); and College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (S.S.)
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Murakami I, Chaleckis R, Pluskal T, Ito K, Hori K, Ebe M, Yanagida M, Kondoh H. Metabolism of skin-absorbed resveratrol into its glucuronized form in mouse skin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115359. [PMID: 25506824 PMCID: PMC4266648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RESV) is a plant polyphenol, which is thought to have beneficial metabolic effects in laboratory animals as well as in humans. Following oral administration, RESV is immediately catabolized, resulting in low bioavailability. This study compared RESV metabolites and their tissue distribution after oral uptake and skin absorption. Metabolomic analysis of various mouse tissues revealed that RESV can be absorbed and metabolized through skin. We detected sulfated and glucuronidated RESV metabolites, as well as dihydroresveratrol. These metabolites are thought to have lower pharmacological activity than RESV. Similar quantities of most RESV metabolites were observed 4 h after oral or skin administration, except that glucuronidated RESV metabolites were more abundant in skin after topical RESV application than after oral administration. This result is consistent with our finding of glucuronidated RESV metabolites in cultured skin cells. RESV applied to mouse ears significantly suppressed inflammation in the TPA inflammation model. The skin absorption route could be a complementary, potent way to achieve therapeutic effects with RESV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuo Murakami
- Geriatric unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Romanas Chaleckis
- Geriatric unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ken Ito
- Geriatric unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hori
- Geriatric unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebe
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yanagida
- G0 Cell Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (HK); (MY)
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Geriatric unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (HK); (MY)
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El-Sheikh AA, Morsy MA, Al-Taher AY. Multi-drug resistance protein (Mrp) 3 may be involved in resveratrol protection against methotrexate-induced testicular damage. Life Sci 2014; 119:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shin JA, Oh S, Ahn JH, Park EM. Estrogen receptor-mediated resveratrol actions on blood-brain barrier of ovariectomized mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:993-1006. [PMID: 25448605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To test whether resveratrol provides benefits via estrogen receptors (ERs) in the blood-brain barrier of estrogen-deficient females, ovariectomized mice were treated with resveratrol then were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Compared with vehicle treatment, resveratrol reduced infarct volume and neurologic deficits after MCAO. Basal tight junction (TJ) protein levels in the brain were increased by resveratrol. After MCAO, blood-brain barrier breakdown reduced levels of TJ proteins, and induction of HIF-1α and VEGF were attenuated by resveratrol. These effects were reversed by the ERs antagonist, ICI182,780. In mouse brain, endothelial cells (bEnd.3) exposed to hypoxia, resveratrol treatment protected the cells against cytotoxicity, increases of paracellular permeability and changes in levels of TJ protein and HIF-1α/VEGF proteins. These effects were reversed by ICI182,780 but not by specific ERα or ERβ antagonists, indicating nonspecific ER mediated effects. Altogether, these results showed that neuroprotective effects of resveratrol in ovariectomized mice were mediated by ERs and associated with tightening of blood-brain barrier, suggesting that resveratrol can be an alternative to estrogens to protect the brains of estrogen-deficient females against ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Neuroscience, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Riha J, Brenner S, Böhmdorfer M, Giessrigl B, Pignitter M, Schueller K, Thalhammer T, Stieger B, Somoza V, Szekeres T, Jäger W. Resveratrol and its major sulfated conjugates are substrates of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): impact on growth of ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1830-42. [PMID: 24996158 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with various pharmacological activities. These effects are observed despite its low bioavailability, which is particularly caused by extensive phase II metabolism. It is unknown whether resveratrol and its metabolites can accumulate to bioactive levels in organs and tissues through protein-mediated transport mechanisms. Because organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) mediate the uptake of many clinically important drugs, we investigated their role in the cellular transport of resveratrol and its major glucuronides and sulfates. METHODS AND RESULTS Uptake experiments were performed with resveratrol and its glucuronides and sulfates in OATP-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and breast cancer (ZR-75-1) cells. The uptake rates for resveratrol in OATP1B1-, OATP1B3-, and OATP2B1-transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells were four- to sixfold higher compared to wild-type cells. Resveratrol-3-O-4'-O-disulfate was transported by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, while resveratrol-3-O-sulfate was exclusively transported by OATP1B3. However, resveratrol-4'-O-sulfate, resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide, and resveratrol-4'-O-glucuronide did not show any affinity for these OATPs. OATP-dependent uptake of resveratrol was also confirmed in ZR-75-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that OATPs act as cellular uptake transporters for resveratrol and its major sulfates, which must be considered in humans following oral uptake of dietary resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Riha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Scicchitano P, Cameli M, Maiello M, Modesti PA, Muiesan ML, Novo S, Palmiero P, Saba PS, Pedrinelli R, Ciccone MM. Nutraceuticals and dyslipidaemia: Beyond the common therapeutics. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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