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Li X, Mohanty I, Chai P, Niyonsenga T. Healthcare utilization and its association with socioeconomic status in China: Evidence from the 2011-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297025. [PMID: 38483924 PMCID: PMC10939203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare utilization often favors the higher-socioeconomic status (SES) and having chronic diseases may exacerbate this inequality. This study aims to examine the trends in health service use over time, the effect of SES on healthcare utilization, and the role of chronic diseases in this association. METHODS Data used in this study were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018, which is the first nationally representative survey of the middle-aged and older. The sample included people aged 45 years and older who responded to all the waves. A total of 10,922 adults were included in this study. Healthcare utilization was categorized into outpatient and inpatient service use and SES was measured by per-capita household expenditure. A multilevel zero-inflated negative binomial regression model was performed to analyze outpatient and inpatient service use, separately. RESULTS The rates of outpatient service use in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 were 19.11%, 21.45%, 20.12%, and 16.32%, respectively, while the rates of inpatient service use were 8.40%, 13.04%, 14.17%, and 18.79%, respectively. Compared to individuals in the lowest quintile of per-capita household expenditure, those in higher quintiles had higher odds of outpatient service use (Q2: odds ratio = 1.233, p < 0.0001; Q3: 1.416, p < 0.0001; Q4: 1.408, p < 0.0001; or Q5: 1.439, p < 0.0001) and higher rates of inpatient service use (Q2: incidence rate ratio = 1.273, p < 0.0001; Q3: 1.773, p < 0.0001; Q4: 2.071, p < 0.0001; or Q5: 1.992, p < 0.0001). Additionally, having morbidity generally increased healthcare utilization, but did not play a significant role in moderating the relationship between SES and healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare utilization rates were overall low in China, but relatively high for people in higher quintiles of per-capita household expenditure or those with morbidity, compared to their counterparts. Policy actions are required to provide more health education to the public, to further optimize health insurance schemes targeting outpatient services, especially for the low-SES, and to establish new health delivery models for NCD management in the primary health care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Health Research Institute (HRI), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Itismita Mohanty
- Health Research Institute (HRI), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Peipei Chai
- Department of Health Economics and National Health Accounts Research, China National Health Development Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Theo Niyonsenga
- Health Research Institute (HRI), Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Pergeline J, Lesuffleur T, Rey S, Fresson J, Rachas A, Tuppin P. Long-term chronic diseases and 1-year use of healthcare services by children under 18 years of age during 2018-2019: A French nationwide observational study. Arch Pediatr 2023; 30:48-58. [PMID: 36481163 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among children younger than 18 years, the prevalence of long-term chronic diseases (LTDs) is not well known in France, nor the frequency of the use of healthcare services. This nationwide observational study focused on both topics over a 1-year period following the birth or birthday of French children in 2018 and compared the LTD status and use of healthcare. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected children living in mainland France from the national health data system (SNDS). It includes data concerning the LTD status, which guarantees 100% reimbursement for related healthcare expenditures. We calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) for the prevalence of LTDs and the rate of children using healthcare services at least once during the year. RESULTS We included 13.211 million children (51.2% boys), of whom 4% had at least one LTD (boys: 4.6%, girls: 3.3%). Mental and behavioral disorders were the most frequent cause (1.6%). At least one visit to a general practitioner (GP) or pediatrician was found for 88% of children (median: 3, IQR: 2-6): 98% for children under 1 year of age and 81% for children aged 14-17 years. A pediatrician was visited by 17% of children, another specialist by 39%, a dentist by 37%, with peaks of about 60% at the ages of 6, 9, and 12 years; 8% visited a nurse and 7% visited a physiotherapist. At least one emergency department visit was recorded for 24% of children (42% <1 year) and one short-stay hospitalization (SSH) for 9%. Regional variations were observed. Children with LTDs more frequently used all services, such as specialist visits (50% vs. 40%), ED visits (32% vs. 23%), SSHs (26% vs. 8% and 15% vs. 4.0% for one night or more), and psychiatric hospital admissions (5% vs. 0.1%). CONCLUSION Most children saw a GP or pediatrician during the year and children with an LTD showed more frequent use. Nevertheless, outpatient visits appeared to be underutilized with respect to recommendations or free-of-charge prevention visits, such as for dentists. More detailed studies are required to identify factors associated with the use of healthcare services in France, for example, studies including the deprivation index and regional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pergeline
- Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie, Direction de la Stratégie des Études et des Statistiques, 26-50, Avenue du Professeur André Lemierre 20, Paris F-75986 CEDEX, France
| | - T Lesuffleur
- Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie, Direction de la Stratégie des Études et des Statistiques, 26-50, Avenue du Professeur André Lemierre 20, Paris F-75986 CEDEX, France
| | - S Rey
- Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques (Drees), Paris 75015, France
| | - J Fresson
- Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques (Drees), Paris 75015, France
| | - A Rachas
- Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie, Direction de la Stratégie des Études et des Statistiques, 26-50, Avenue du Professeur André Lemierre 20, Paris F-75986 CEDEX, France
| | - P Tuppin
- Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie, Direction de la Stratégie des Études et des Statistiques, 26-50, Avenue du Professeur André Lemierre 20, Paris F-75986 CEDEX, France.
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Khano S, Sanci L, Woolfenden S, Zurynski Y, Dalziel K, Liaw ST, Boyle D, Freed GL, Moore C, Hodgins M, Le J, Morris TM, Germano S, Wheeler K, Lingam R, Hiscock H. Strengthening Care for Children (SC4C): protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial of an integrated general practitioner-paediatrician model of primary care. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063449. [PMID: 36171040 PMCID: PMC9644360 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Australia's current healthcare system for children is neither sustainable nor equitable. As children (0-4 years) comprise the largest proportion of all primary care-type emergency department presentations, general practitioners (GPs) report feeling undervalued as an integral member of a child's care, and lacking in opportunities for support and training in paediatric conditions. This Strengthening Care for Children (SC4C) randomised trial aims to evaluate a novel, integrated GP-paediatrician model of care, that, if effective, will improve GP quality of care, reduce burden to hospital services and ensure children receive the right care, at the right time, closer to home. METHODS AND ANALYSIS SC4C is a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 22 general practice clinics in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. General practice clinics will provide control period data before being exposed to the 12-month intervention which will be rolled out sequentially each month (one clinic per state) until all 22 clinics receive the intervention. The intervention comprises weekly GP-paediatrician co-consultation sessions; monthly case discussions; and phone and email paediatrician support, focusing on common paediatric conditions. The primary outcome of the trial is to assess the impact of the intervention as measured by the proportion of children's (0-<18 years) GP appointments that result in a hospital referral, compared with the control period. Secondary outcomes include GP quality of care; GP experience and confidence in providing paediatric care; family trust in and preference for GP care; and the sustainability of the intervention. An implementation evaluation will assess the model to inform acceptability, adaptability, scalability and sustainability, while a health economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Human research ethics committee (HREC) approval was granted by The Royal Children's Hospital Ethics Committee in August 2020 (Project ID: 65955) and site-specific HRECs. The investigators (including Primary Health Network partners) will communicate trial results to stakeholders and participating GPs and general practice clinics via presentations and publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12620001299998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Khano
- Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lena Sanci
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Woolfenden
- Community Paediatrics, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- Australian Institute of Health Innnovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kim Dalziel
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siaw-Teng Liaw
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Fairfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas Boyle
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary L Freed
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cecilia Moore
- Clinical Sciences and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Hodgins
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Le
- Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stephanie Germano
- North Western Melbourne Primary Health Network, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Wheeler
- Central and Eastern Sydney Primary Health Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raghu Lingam
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Health Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Health Services Research Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Bull C, Howie P, Callander EJ. Inequities in vulnerable children’s access to health services in Australia. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007961. [PMID: 35346955 PMCID: PMC8961130 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children born into families at risk of becoming or remaining poor are at significant risk of experiencing childhood poverty, which can impair their start to life, and perpetuate intergenerational cycles of poverty. This study sought to quantify health service utilisation, costs and funding distribution amongst children born into vulnerable compared to non-vulnerable families. Methods This study used a large linked administrative dataset for all women giving birth in Queensland, Australia between July 2012 and July 2018. Health service use included inpatient, emergency department (ED), general practice, specialist, pathology and diagnostic imaging services. Costs included those paid by public hospital funders, private health insurers, Medicare and out-of-pocket costs. Results Vulnerable children comprised 34.1% of the study cohort. Compared with non-vulnerable children, they used significantly higher average numbers of ED services during the first 5 years of life (2.52±3.63 vs 1.97±2.77), and significantly lower average numbers of specialist, pathology and diagnostic imaging services. Vulnerable children incurred significantly greater costs to public hospital funders compared with non-vulnerable children over the first 5 years of life ($16 053 vs $10 247), and significantly lower private health insurer, Medicare and out-of-pocket costs. Conclusion There are clear inequities in vulnerable children’s health service utilisation in Australia. Greater examination of the uptake and cost-effectiveness of maternal and child services is needed, as these services support children’s development in the critical first 1000 days of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bull
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peta Howie
- Child & Youth Community Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily J Callander
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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