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Valdés-Albuernes JL, Díaz-Pico E, Alfaro S, Caballero J. Modeling of noncovalent inhibitors of the papain-like protease (PLpro) from SARS-CoV-2 considering the protein flexibility by using molecular dynamics and cross-docking. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1374364. [PMID: 38601323 PMCID: PMC11004324 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1374364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The papain-like protease (PLpro) found in coronaviruses that can be transmitted from animals to humans is a critical target in respiratory diseases linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Researchers have proposed designing PLpro inhibitors. In this study, a set of 89 compounds, including recently reported 2-phenylthiophenes with nanomolar inhibitory potency, were investigated as PLpro noncovalent inhibitors using advanced molecular modeling techniques. To develop the work with these inhibitors, multiple structures of the SARS-CoV-2 PLpro binding site were generated using a molecular sampling method. These structures were then clustered to select a group that represents the flexibility of the site. Subsequently, models of the protein-ligand complexes were created for the set of inhibitors within the chosen conformations. The quality of the complex models was assessed using LigRMSD software to verify similarities in the orientations of the congeneric series and interaction fingerprints to determine the recurrence of chemical interactions. With the multiple models constructed, a protocol was established to choose one per ligand, optimizing the correlation between the calculated docking energy values and the biological activities while incorporating the effect of the binding site's flexibility. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.922) was found when employing this flexible docking protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática, Simulación y Modelado (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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Shaik KM, Patibandla V, Nandi S. Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on COVID-19. Steroids 2024; 203:109361. [PMID: 38176451 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In the wake of the Novel Coronavirus arrival, the world witnessed the fragility of healthcare systems and the resilience of healthcare workers who stood on the front lines. SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome, first appeared in China in December 2019. The infection quickly spread across the nation and the world. All countries severely restricted social interaction to stop the virus's transmission, impacting all sporting, social, and recreational activities. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are frequently used illegally to enhance strength and physical attractiveness. However, they could hurt immune system health. Much research hasn't been done yet on the connection between Covid-19 and AASs. Synthetic testosterone analogs known as anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) can have an immune-system-altering effect. Sportspeople and bodybuilders are vulnerable to AAS abuse. Governmental reactions to the coronavirus infection issue over the last year have drawn much attention and discussion regarding public services, the experience and lessons learned from different limitations, and strategies for dealing with potential future pandemics. Using AAS has the potential to cause a variety of adverse reactions, including cardiovascular issues (including high blood pressure, heart disease, and blood clots), liver damage, renal failure, mood swings, aggressiveness, and psychiatric disorders. Individuals already suffering from severe respiratory conditions like COVID-19 may have these risks increased. This review mainly highlights the anabolic androgen steroids use and its unseen effects on coronavirus patients and gymnastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moinuddin Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Patibandla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhendu Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India.
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Kim Y, Maltseva N, Tesar C, Jedrzejczak R, Endres M, Ma H, Dugan HL, Stamper CT, Chang C, Li L, Changrob S, Zheng NY, Huang M, Ramanathan A, Wilson P, Michalska K, Joachimiak A. Epitopes recognition of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid RNA binding domain by human monoclonal antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:108976. [PMID: 38327783 PMCID: PMC10847736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a central role in many functions important for virus proliferation including packaging and protecting genomic RNA. The protein shares sequence, structure, and architecture with nucleocapsid proteins from betacoronaviruses. The N-terminal domain (NPRBD) binds RNA and the C-terminal domain is responsible for dimerization. After infection, NP is highly expressed and triggers robust host immune response. The anti-NP antibodies are not protective and not neutralizing but can effectively detect viral proliferation soon after infection. Two structures of SARS-CoV-2 NPRBD were determined providing a continuous model from residue 48 to 173, including RNA binding region and key epitopes. Five structures of NPRBD complexes with human mAbs were isolated using an antigen-bait sorting. Complexes revealed a distinct complement-determining regions and unique sets of epitope recognition. This may assist in the early detection of pathogens and designing peptide-based vaccines. Mutations that significantly increase viral load were mapped on developed, full length NP model, likely impacting interactions with host proteins and viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Natalia Maltseva
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christine Tesar
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Heng Ma
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Christopher T. Stamper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Changsoo Chang
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
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Balasubramaniam S, Raju BP, Perumpallipatty Kumarasamy S, Ramasubramanian S, Srinivasan AK, Gopinath I, Shanmugam K, Kumar AS, Visakan Sivasakthi V, Srinivasan S. Lung Involvement Patterns in COVID-19: CT Scan Insights and Prognostic Implications From a Tertiary Care Center in Southern India. Cureus 2024; 16:e53335. [PMID: 38435896 PMCID: PMC10907113 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has presented an unparalleled challenge and a profound learning curve globally. Among the myriad of investigative tools, CT scans of the chest have become instrumental in assessing the magnitude of lung involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the distribution and patterns of lung involvement depicted in the CT chest scans of COVID-19 patients admitted to a specialized tertiary care center located in a southern state of India. Methods With clearance secured from the Institutional Ethics Committee, an analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. It encompassed CT chest images from all symptomatic COVID-19 patients within the designated study center during the specified study timeline. Subsequent data analysis ensued. Results Among the 1066 COVID-19 patients evaluated, ground-glass opacities (GGO) were the predominant lung involvement pattern. Distinct patterns, such as GGOs combined with solid consolidation or atelectasis, were noted, with the highest mortality linked to GGOs paired with pneumomediastinum (PM). Data underscored a direct correlation between the extent of lung involvement and patient prognosis, with specific lung regions, namely the right apical, right posterior, right superior basal, left superior lingular, and left inferior lingular segments, showing frequent involvement. Conclusion Amidst the pandemic, our study emphasizes that ground-glass opacities on CT scans are robust indicators of COVID-19 in RT-PCR-positive patients. Early identification can enhance patient management, with findings highlighting a strong link between lung involvement and prognosis. This insight aids in refining patient triage, while further research is warranted to delve deeper into variations in lung involvement and guide treatment advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharathi Priya Raju
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
| | | | | | | | - Ishwar Gopinath
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | - Kamakshi Shanmugam
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | - Aravind S Kumar
- Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | - Varun Visakan Sivasakthi
- Orthopaedics, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, IND
| | - Srinidhi Srinivasan
- Radiodiagnosis, Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences College and Hospital, Eluru, IND
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Ramasauskaite D, Grinciute D. Review of short-term and long-term adverse effects of covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102667. [PMID: 37951411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The covid-19 pandemic sparked a debate about the safety of vaccines during pregnancy. However, pregnant women were excluded from the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine phase 3 trials. As two years have passed since the first Covid-19 vaccine and more studies have been conducted, we want to evaluate the scientific literature to determine any actual risks in taking the vaccine during pregnancy. METHODS We conducted literature research using PubMed and Google Scholar databases from January to April 2023. As the review considers short- and long-term adverse effects it was divided into two parts. The first part was conducted as a systematic review. The second concerning long-term negative effects due to lack of research is a literature review. The inclusion criteria for the systematic review part were singleton pregnancies, women vaccinated during pregnancy, and studies from 2020 and later. The most common short-term pregnancy adverse effects were included in the search: preterm delivery, small gestation age, intrauterine death, congenital defects, stillborn, fetal growth retardation, spontaneous abortion. Maternal immune activation was the primary concern for the long-term adverse effects and whether vaccination could cause it. The search terms included maternal immune activation, fetal neurodevelopment, neuropsychiatric disorders and the studies used were from 2019. RESULTS Most studies showed no significant difference in short-term adverse effects between vaccinated and non-vaccinated women and their fetuses. However, the literature is insufficient to evaluate possible long-term adverse effects. CONCLUSION Available evidence supports the safety of administering SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to pregnant women, but further systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential. Maternal immune activation caused by vaccination may impact a child's neurodevelopment and should be a concern for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ramasauskaite
- Center of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, PO: Santariškių 2, Vilnius, LT08661, Lithuania.
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Yang H, You M, Shu X, Zhen J, Zhu M, Fu T, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Zhang L, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Su H, Zhang Q, Shen J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of peptidomimetic benzothiazolyl ketones as 3CL pro inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115512. [PMID: 37253309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of peptidomimetic compounds containing benzothiazolyl ketone and [2.2.1] azabicyclic ring was designed, synthesized and evaluated in the hope of obtaining potent oral 3CLpro inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Among the target compounds, 11b had the best enzymatic potency (IC50 = 0.110 μM) and 11e had the best microsomal stability (t1/2 > 120 min) and good enzyme activity (IC50 = 0.868 μM). Therefore, compounds 11b and 11e were chosen for further evaluation of pharmacokinetics in ICR mice. The results exhibited that the AUC(0-t) of 11e was 5143 h*ng/mL following single-dose oral administration of 20 mg/kg, and the F was 67.98%. Further structural modification was made to obtain compounds 11g-11j based on 11e. Among them, 11j exhibited the best enzyme inhibition activity against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (IC50 = 1.646 μM), the AUC(0-t) was 32473 h*ng/mL (20 mg/kg, po), and the F was 48.1%. In addition, 11j displayed significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity (EC50 = 0.18 μM) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 50 μM) in Vero E6 cells. All of the above results suggested that compound 11j was a promising lead compound in the development of oral 3CLpro inhibitors and deserved further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexuedadao Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mengyuan You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jingyao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Mengwei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, An Hui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute and Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, 226133, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Pharmacy, An Hui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute and Yangtze Delta Pharmaceutical College, Nantong, 226133, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qiumeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Hao Y, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhou L, Shi J, Cao J, Wang D. The origins of COVID-19 pandemic: A brief overview. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3181-3197. [PMID: 36218169 PMCID: PMC9874793 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak that emerged at the end of 2019 has now swept the world for more than 2 years, causing immeasurable damage to the lives and economies of the world. It has drawn so much attention to discovering how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated and entered the human body. The current argument revolves around two contradictory theories: a scenario of laboratory spillover events and human contact with zoonotic diseases. Here, we reviewed the transmission, pathogenesis, possible hosts, as well as the genome and protein structure of SARS-CoV-2, which play key roles in the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe the coronavirus was originally transmitted to human by animals rather than by a laboratory leak. However, there still needs more investigations to determine the source of the pandemic. Understanding how COVID-19 emerged is vital to developing global strategies for mitigating future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Jian Hao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yu‐Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Mei‐Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jian‐Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Ji‐Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - De‐Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Department of PhysiologyShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
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