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Qiao M, Sun R, Wang Z, Dumack K, Xie X, Dai C, Wang E, Zhou J, Sun B, Peng X, Bonkowski M, Chen Y. Legume rhizodeposition promotes nitrogen fixation by soil microbiota under crop diversification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2924. [PMID: 38575565 PMCID: PMC10995168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria and rhizobial symbiosis with legumes plays a key role in sustainable crop production. Here, we study how different crop combinations influence the interaction between peanut plants and their rhizosphere microbiota via metabolite deposition and functional responses of free-living and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Based on a long-term (8 year) diversified cropping field experiment, we find that peanut co-cultured with maize and oilseed rape lead to specific changes in peanut rhizosphere metabolite profiles and bacterial functions and nodulation. Flavonoids and coumarins accumulate due to the activation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways in peanuts. These changes enhance the growth and nitrogen fixation activity of free-living bacterial isolates, and root nodulation by symbiotic Bradyrhizobium isolates. Peanut plant root metabolites interact with Bradyrhizobium isolates contributing to initiate nodulation. Our findings demonstrate that tailored intercropping could be used to improve soil nitrogen availability through changes in the rhizosphere microbiome and its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruibo Sun
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Nutrient Utilization, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- College of Land Resource and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Xingguang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chuanchao Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics and Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xinhua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str 47b, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Kleist TJ, Bortolazzo A, Keyser ZP, Perera AM, Irving TB, Venkateshwaran M, Atanjaoui F, Tang RJ, Maeda J, Cartwright HN, Christianson ML, Lemaux PG, Luan S, Ané JM. Stress-associated developmental reprogramming in moss protonemata by synthetic activation of the common symbiosis pathway. iScience 2022; 25:103754. [PMID: 35146383 PMCID: PMC8819110 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses between angiosperms and rhizobia or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are controlled through a conserved signaling pathway. Microbe-derived, chitin-based elicitors activate plant cell surface receptors and trigger nuclear calcium oscillations, which are decoded by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) and its target transcription factor interacting protein of DMI3 (IPD3). Genes encoding CCaMK and IPD3 have been lost in multiple non-mycorrhizal plant lineages yet retained among non-mycorrhizal mosses. Here, we demonstrated that the moss Physcomitrium is equipped with a bona fide CCaMK that can functionally complement a Medicago loss-of-function mutant. Conservation of regulatory phosphosites allowed us to generate predicted hyperactive forms of Physcomitrium CCaMK and IPD3. Overexpression of synthetically activated CCaMK or IPD3 in Physcomitrium led to abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and ectopic development of brood cells, which are asexual propagules that facilitate escape from local abiotic stresses. We therefore propose a functional role for Physcomitrium CCaMK-IPD3 in stress-associated developmental reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kleist
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Corresponding author
| | - Anthony Bortolazzo
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary P. Keyser
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adele M. Perera
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas B. Irving
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Fatiha Atanjaoui
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather N. Cartwright
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael L. Christianson
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peggy G. Lemaux
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Corresponding author
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Yuan P, Tanaka K, Poovaiah BW. Calcium/Calmodulin-Mediated Defense Signaling: What Is Looming on the Horizon for AtSR1/CAMTA3-Mediated Signaling in Plant Immunity. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:795353. [PMID: 35087556 PMCID: PMC8787297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.795353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling in plant cells is an essential and early event during plant-microbe interactions. The recognition of microbe-derived molecules activates Ca2+ channels or Ca2+ pumps that trigger a transient increase in Ca2+ in the cytoplasm. The Ca2+ binding proteins (such as CBL, CPK, CaM, and CML), known as Ca2+ sensors, relay the Ca2+ signal into down-stream signaling events, e.g., activating transcription factors in the nucleus. For example, CaM and CML decode the Ca2+ signals to the CaM/CML-binding protein, especially CaM-binding transcription factors (AtSRs/CAMTAs), to induce the expressions of immune-related genes. In this review, we discuss the recent breakthroughs in down-stream Ca2+ signaling as a dynamic process, subjected to continuous variation and gradual change. AtSR1/CAMTA3 is a CaM-mediated transcription factor that represses plant immunity in non-stressful environments. Stress-triggered Ca2+ spikes impact the Ca2+-CaM-AtSR1 complex to control plant immune response. We also discuss other regulatory mechanisms in which Ca2+ signaling activates CPKs and MAPKs cascades followed by regulating the function of AtSR1 by changing its stability, phosphorylation status, and subcellular localization during plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - B. W. Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Liu L, Xiang Y, Yan J, Di P, Li J, Sun X, Han G, Ni L, Jiang M, Yuan J, Zhang A. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 phosphorylating CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE functions in drought tolerance in maize. New Phytol 2021; 231:695-712. [PMID: 33864702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress seriously limits crop productivity. Although studies have been carried out, it is still largely unknown how plants respond to drought stress. Here we find that drought treatment can enhance the phosphorylation activity of brassinosteroid-signaling kinase 1 (ZmBSK1) in maize (Zea mays). Our genetic studies reveal that ZmBSK1 positively affects drought tolerance in maize plants. ZmBSK1 localizes in plasma membrane, interacts with calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+ /CaM)-dependent protein kinase (ZmCCaMK), and phosphorylates ZmCCaMK. Ser-67 is a crucial phosphorylation site of ZmCCaMK by ZmBSK1. Drought stress enhances not only the interaction between ZmBSK1 and ZmCCaMK but also the phosphorylation of Ser-67 in ZmCCaMK by ZmBSK1. Furthermore, Ser-67 phosphorylation in ZmCCaMK regulates its Ca2+ /CaM binding, autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation activity, and positively affects its function in drought tolerance in maize. Our results reveal an important role for ZmBSK1 in drought tolerance and suggest a direct regulatory mode of ZmBSK1 phosphorylating ZmCCaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Di
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiujuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gaoqiang Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Yuan
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Pi E, Xu J, Li H, Fan W, Zhu C, Zhang T, Jiang J, He L, Lu H, Wang H, Poovaiah BW, Du L. Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Rhizobia-inoculated Soybean Correlates with Decreased Phosphorylation of the Transcription Factor GmMYB183 and Altered Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2225-2243. [PMID: 31467032 PMCID: PMC6823849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is an important component of the human diet and animal feed, but soybean production is limited by abiotic stresses especially salinity. We recently found that rhizobia inoculation enhances soybean tolerance to salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unaddressed. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomic and metabonomic approaches to identify changes in phosphoproteins and metabolites in soybean roots treated with rhizobia inoculation and salt. Results revealed differential regulation of 800 phosphopeptides, at least 32 of these phosphoproteins or their homologous were reported be involved in flavonoid synthesis or trafficking, and 27 out of 32 are transcription factors. We surveyed the functional impacts of all these 27 transcription factors by expressing their phospho-mimetic/ablative mutants in the roots of composite soybean plants and found that phosphorylation of GmMYB183 could affect the salt tolerance of the transgenic roots. Using data mining, ChIP and EMSA, we found that GmMYB183 binds to the promoter of the soybean GmCYP81E11 gene encoding for a Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase which contributes to the accumulation of ononin, a monohydroxy B-ring flavonoid that negatively regulates soybean tolerance to salinity. Phosphorylation of GmMYB183 was inhibited by rhizobia inoculation; overexpression of GmMYB183 enhanced the expression of GmCYP81E11 and rendered salt sensitivity to the transgenic roots; plants deficient in GmMYB183 function are more tolerant to salt stress as compared with wild-type soybean plants, these results correlate with the transcriptional induction of GmCYP81E11 by GmMYB183 and the subsequent accumulation of ononin. Our findings provide molecular insights into how rhizobia enhance salt tolerance of soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxu Pi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Huihui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Wei Fan
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Chengmin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Tongyao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Jiachen Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Litao He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - B W Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Poovaiah
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6414, USA
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, China
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Jauregui E, Du L, Gleason C, Poovaiah BW. W342F Mutation in CCaMK Enhances Its Affinity to Calmodulin But Compromises Its Role in Supporting Root Nodule Symbiosis in Medicago truncatula. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1921. [PMID: 29201032 PMCID: PMC5696362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is regulated by free Ca2+ and Ca2+-loaded calmodulin. This dual binding is believed to be involved in its regulation and associated physiological functions, although direct experimental evidence for this is lacking. Here we document that site-directed mutations in the calmodulin-binding domain of CCaMK alters its binding capacity to calmodulin, providing an effective approach to study how calmodulin regulates CCaMK in terms of kinase activity and regulation of rhizobial symbiosis in Medicago truncatula. We observed that mutating the tryptophan at position 342 to phenylalanine (W342F) markedly increased the calmodulin-binding capability of the mutant. The mutant CCaMK underwent autophosphorylation and catalyzed substrate phosphorylation in the absence of calcium and calmodulin. When the mutant W342F was expressed in ccamk-1 roots, the transgenic roots exhibited an altered nodulation phenotype. These results indicate that altering the calmodulin-binding domain of CCaMK could generate a constitutively activated kinase with a negative role in the physiological function of CCaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard Jauregui
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Liqun Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - B. W. Poovaiah
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Jauregui E, Du L, Gleason C, Poovaiah BW. Autophosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) at S343 or S344 generates an intramolecular interaction blocking the CaM-binding. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1343779. [PMID: 28696815 PMCID: PMC5586396 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1343779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is an important effector protein of Ca2+/calmodulin-mediated signaling, and in legumes, it is a critical regulator of plant-rhizobia and mycorrhizal symbioses. CCaMK contains a kinase domain, a calmodulin-binding/autoinhibitory domain and a visinin-like domain. Previous studies revealed the presence of 2 phosphorylation sites, S343 and S344, in the calmodulin-binding domain. Mutations at these sites affected the kinase activity and downstream rhizobium and mycorrhizal symbioses, which highlighted the importance of these residues in regulating protein activity. This addendum further clarifies the regulation of CCaMK by identifying an intramolecular interaction between residue(s) in the kinase domain and phosphorylation sites S343 and S344. This interaction turns off the substrate phosphorylation capacity of CCaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard Jauregui
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Liqun Du
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - B. W. Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Zeng H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Pi E, Zhu Y. Analysis of EF-Hand Proteins in Soybean Genome Suggests Their Potential Roles in Environmental and Nutritional Stress Signaling. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:877. [PMID: 28596783 PMCID: PMC5443154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger that plays a critical role in plant responses to diverse physiological and environmental stimuli. The stimulus-specific signals are perceived and decoded by a series of Ca2+ binding proteins serving as Ca2+ sensors. The majority of Ca2+ sensors possess the EF-hand motif, a helix-loop-helix structure which forms a turn-loop structure. Although EF-hand proteins in model plant such as Arabidopsis have been well described, the identification, classification, and the physiological functions of EF-hand-containing proteins from soybean are not systemically reported. In this study, a total of at least 262 genes possibly encoding proteins containing one to six EF-hand motifs were identified in soybean genome. These genes include 6 calmodulins (CaMs), 144 calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), 15 calcineurin B-like proteins, 50 calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), 13 CDPK-related protein kinases, 2 Ca2+- and CaM-dependent protein kinases, 17 respiratory burst oxidase homologs, and 15 unclassified EF-hand proteins. Most of these genes (87.8%) contain at least one kind of hormonal signaling- and/or stress response-related cis-elements in their -1500 bp promoter regions. Expression analyses by exploring the published microarray and Illumina transcriptome sequencing data revealed that the expression of these EF-hand genes were widely detected in different organs of soybean, and nearly half of the total EF-hand genes were responsive to various environmental or nutritional stresses. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm their responsiveness to several stress treatments. To confirm the Ca2+-binding ability of these EF-hand proteins, four CMLs (CML1, CML13, CML39, and CML95) were randomly selected for SDS-PAGE mobility-shift assay in the presence and absence of Ca2+. Results showed that all of them have the ability to bind Ca2+. This study provided the first comprehensive analyses of genes encoding for EF-hand proteins in soybean. Information on the classification, phylogenetic relationships and expression profiles of soybean EF-hand genes in different tissues and under various environmental and nutritional stresses will be helpful for identifying candidates with potential roles in Ca2+ signal-mediated physiological processes including growth and development, plant-microbe interactions and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yaxian Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xiajun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Erxu Pi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Wang JP, Munyampundu JP, Xu YP, Cai XZ. Phylogeny of Plant Calcium and Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases (CCaMKs) and Functional Analyses of Tomato CCaMK in Disease Resistance. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:1075. [PMID: 26697034 PMCID: PMC4672059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is a member of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase superfamily and is essential to microbe- plant symbiosis. To date, the distribution of CCaMK gene in plants has not yet been completely understood, and its function in plant disease resistance remains unclear. In this study, we systemically identified the CCaMK genes in genomes of 44 plant species in Phytozome and analyzed the function of tomato CCaMK (SlCCaMK) in resistance to various pathogens. CCaMKs in 18 additional plant species were identified, yet the absence of CCaMK gene in green algae and cruciferous species was confirmed. Sequence analysis of full-length CCaMK proteins from 44 plant species demonstrated that plant CCaMKs are highly conserved across all domains. Most of the important regulatory amino acids are conserved throughout all sequences, with the only notable exception being observed in N-terminal autophosphorylation site corresponding to Ser 9 in the Medicago truncatula CCaMK. CCaMK gene structures are similar, mostly containing six introns with a phase profile of 200200 and the exception was only noticed at the first exons. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CCaMK lineage is likely to have diverged early from a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) gene in the ancestor of all nonvascular plant species. The SlCCaMK gene was widely and differently responsive to diverse pathogenic stimuli. Furthermore, knock-down of SlCCaMK reduced tomato resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 and decreased H2O2 accumulation in response to Pst DC3000 inoculation. Our results reveal that SlCCaMK positively regulates disease resistance in tomato via promoting H2O2 accumulation. SlCCaMK is the first CCaMK gene proved to function in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Peng Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Munyampundu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Zhong Cai
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