1
|
Donkers JM, van der Vaart JI, van de Steeg E. Gut-on-a-Chip Research for Drug Development: Implications of Chip Design on Preclinical Oral Bioavailability or Intestinal Disease Studies. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:226. [PMID: 37366821 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut plays a key role in drug absorption and metabolism of orally ingested drugs. Additionally, the characterization of intestinal disease processes is increasingly gaining more attention, as gut health is an important contributor to our overall health. The most recent innovation to study intestinal processes in vitro is the development of gut-on-a-chip (GOC) systems. Compared to conventional in vitro models, they offer more translational value, and many different GOC models have been presented over the past years. Herein, we reflect on the almost unlimited choices in designing and selecting a GOC for preclinical drug (or food) development research. Four components that largely influence the GOC design are highlighted, namely (1) the biological research questions, (2) chip fabrication and materials, (3) tissue engineering, and (4) the environmental and biochemical cues to add or measure in the GOC. Examples of GOC studies in the two major areas of preclinical intestinal research are presented: (1) intestinal absorption and metabolism to study the oral bioavailability of compounds, and (2) treatment-orientated research for intestinal diseases. The last section of this review presents an outlook on the limitations to overcome in order to accelerate preclinical GOC research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie I van der Vaart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schmitz R, Tweed K, Walsh C, Walsh AJ, Skala MC. Extracellular pH affects the fluorescence lifetimes of metabolic co-factors. J Biomed Opt 2021; 26:JBO-210047LR. [PMID: 34032035 PMCID: PMC8144436 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.5.056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Autofluorescence measurements of the metabolic cofactors NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) provide a label-free method to quantify cellular metabolism. However, the effect of extracellular pH on flavin lifetimes is currently unknown. AIM To quantify the relationship between extracellular pH and the fluorescence lifetimes of FAD, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H]. APPROACH Human breast cancer (BT474) and HeLa cells were placed in pH-adjusted media. Images of an intracellular pH indicator or endogenous fluorescence were acquired using two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging. Fluorescence lifetimes of FAD and FMN in solutions were quantified over the same pH range. RESULTS The relationship between intracellular and extracellular pH was linear in both cell lines. Between extracellular pH 4 to 9, FAD mean lifetimes increased with increasing pH. NAD(P)H mean lifetimes decreased with increasing pH between extracellular pH 5 to 9. The relationship between NAD(P)H lifetime and extracellular pH differed between the two cell lines. Fluorescence lifetimes of FAD, FAD-cholesterol oxidase, and FMN solutions decreased, showed no trend, and showed no trend, respectively, with increasing pH. CONCLUSIONS Changes in endogenous fluorescence lifetimes with extracellular pH are mostly due to indirect changes within the cell rather than direct pH quenching of the endogenous molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Schmitz
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kelsey Tweed
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christine Walsh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Alex J. Walsh
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fereidouni F, Gorpas D, Ma D, Fatakdawala H, Marcu L. Rapid fluorescence lifetime estimation with modified phasor approach and Laguerre deconvolution: a comparative study. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:035003. [PMID: 28644150 PMCID: PMC6043162 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa7b62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging has been shown to serve as a valuable tool for interrogating and diagnosis of biological tissue at a mesoscopic level. The ability to analyze fluorescence decay curves to extract lifetime values in real-time is crucial for clinical translation and applications such as tumor margin delineation or intracoronary imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. In this work, we compare the performance of two popular non-parametric (fit-free) methods for determining lifetime values from fluorescence decays in real-time-the Phasor approach and Laguerre deconvolution. We demonstrate results from simulated and experimental data to compare the accuracy and speed of both methods and their dependence on noise and model parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Fereidouni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 4400 V Street, CA 95817, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kazokaitė J, Ames S, Becker HM, Deitmer JW, Matulis D. Selective inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase IX in Xenopus oocytes and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:38-44. [PMID: 27557419 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1217854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is overexpressed in the most aggressive and invasive tumors. Therefore, CA IX has become the promising antitumor drug target. Three inhibitors have been shown to selectively and with picomolar affinity inhibit human recombinant CA IX. Their inhibitory potencies were determined for the CA IX, CA II, CA IV and CA XII in Xenopus oocytes and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The inhibition IC50 value of microelectrode-monitored intracellular and extracellular acidification reached 15 nM for CA IX, but with no effect on CA II expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Results were confirmed by mass spectrometric gas analysis of lysed oocytes, when an inhibitory effect on CA IX catalytic activity was found after the injection of 1 nM VD11-4-2. Moreover, VD11-4-2 inhibited CA activity in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations. This combination of high selectivity and potency renders VD11-4-2, an auspicious therapeutic drug for target-specific tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justina Kazokaitė
- a Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design , Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania and
| | - Samantha Ames
- b Division of General Zoology , FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Holger M Becker
- b Division of General Zoology , FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Joachim W Deitmer
- b Division of General Zoology , FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern , Germany
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- a Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design , Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University , Vilnius , Lithuania and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shirmanova MV, Druzhkova IN, Lukina MM, Matlashov ME, Belousov VV, Snopova LB, Prodanetz NN, Dudenkova VV, Lukyanov SA, Zagaynova EV. Intracellular pH imaging in cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo using the new genetically encoded sensor SypHer2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1905-11. [PMID: 25964069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
6
|
Prasad P, Gordijo CR, Abbasi AZ, Maeda A, Ip A, Rauth AM, DaCosta RS, Wu XY. Multifunctional albumin-MnO₂ nanoparticles modulate solid tumor microenvironment by attenuating hypoxia, acidosis, vascular endothelial growth factor and enhance radiation response. ACS Nano 2014; 8:3202-12. [PMID: 24702320 DOI: 10.1021/nn405773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient oxygenation (hypoxia), acidic pH (acidosis), and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2, are characteristic abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment (TME). These abnormalities promote tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. To date, there is no treatment available for comprehensive modulation of the TME. Approaches so far have been limited to regulating hypoxia, acidosis, or ROS individually, without accounting for their interdependent effects on tumor progression and response to treatments. Hence we have engineered multifunctional and colloidally stable bioinorganic nanoparticles composed of polyelectrolyte-albumin complex and MnO2 nanoparticles (A-MnO2 NPs) and utilized the reactivity of MnO2 toward peroxides for regulation of the TME with simultaneous oxygen generation and pH increase. In vitro studies showed that these NPs can generate oxygen by reacting with H2O2 produced by cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. A-MnO2 NPs simultaneously increased tumor oxygenation by 45% while increasing tumor pH from pH 6.7 to pH 7.2 by reacting with endogenous H2O2 produced within the tumor in a murine breast tumor model. Intratumoral treatment with NPs also led to the downregulation of two major regulators in tumor progression and aggressiveness, that is, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumor. Combination treatment of the tumors with NPs and ionizing radiation significantly inhibited breast tumor growth, increased DNA double strand breaks and cancer cell death as compared to radiation therapy alone. These results suggest great potential of A-MnO2 NPs for modulation of the TME and enhancement of radiation response in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preethy Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
We report a spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging system based on time gated single photon detection with a fixed gate width of 200 ps and 7 spectral channels. Time gated systems can operate at high count rates but usually have large gate widths and sample only part of the fluorescence decay curve. In the system presented in this work, the fluorescence signal is sampled using a high speed transceiver. An error analysis is carried out to characterize the performance of both lifetime and spectral detection. The effect of gate width and spectral channel width on the accuracy of estimated lifetimes and spectral widths is described. The performance of the whole instrument is evaluated at count rates of up to 12 MHz. Accurate fluorescence lifetimes (error < 2%) are recorded at count rates as high as 5 MHz. This is limited by the PMT performance, not by the electronics. Analysis of the large spectral lifetime image sets is challenging and time-consuming. Here, we demonstrate the use of lifetime and spectral phasors for analyzing images of fibroblast cells with 2 different labeled components. The phasor approach provides a fast and intuitive way of analyzing the results of spectrally resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Fereidouni
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tia SQ, Brown K, Chen D, Herr AE. Protein Post-Translational Modification Analyses Using On-Chip Immunoprobed Isoelectric Focusing. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2882-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3035053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Q. Tia
- The UC Berkeley−UCSF
Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katharine Brown
- Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Danica Chen
- Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amy E. Herr
- The UC Berkeley−UCSF
Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 342 Stanley Hall, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Loja MN, Luo Z, Greg Farwell D, Luu QC, Donald PJ, Amott D, Truong AQ, Gandour-Edwards RF, Nitin N. Optical molecular imaging detects changes in extracellular pH with the development of head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1613-23. [PMID: 22965462 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive localized measurement of extracellular pH in cancer tissues can have a significant impact on the management of cancer. Despite its significance, there are limited approaches for rapid and noninvasive measurement of local pH in a clinical environment. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of noninvasive topical delivery of Alexa-647 labeled pHLIP (pH responsive peptide conjugated with Alexa Fluor(®) 647) to image changes in extracellular pH associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using widefield and high resolution imaging. We report a series of preclinical analyses to evaluate the optical contrast achieved after topical delivery of Alexa-647 labeled pHLIP in intact fresh human tissue specimens using widefield and high-resolution fluorescence imaging. Using topical delivery, Alexa-647 labeled pHLIP can be rapidly delivered throughout the epithelium of intact tissues with a depth exceeding 700 µm. Following labeling with Alexa-647 labeled pHLIP, the mean fluorescent contrast increased four to eight fold higher in clinically abnormal tissues as compared to paired clinically normal biopsies. Furthermore, the imaging approach showed significant differences in fluorescence contrast between the cancer and the normal biopsies across diverse patients and different anatomical sites (unpaired comparison). The fluorescence contrast differences between clinically abnormal and normal tissues were in agreement with the pathologic evaluation. Topical application of fluorescently labeled pHLIP can detect and differentiate normal from cancerous tissues using both widefield and high resolution imaging. This technology will provide an effective tool to assess tumor margins during surgery and improve detection and prognosis of head and neck cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Loja
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus M. Seemann
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Research Center Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | | | - Uwe Jacob
- Westend-Innovation GmbH, 80339 München, Germany
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Department of Membrane and Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried,
Germany
- Optical Neuroimaging
Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0412, Japan
| |
Collapse
|