1
|
Song Y, Meyer E. Atomic Friction Processes of Two-Dimensional Materials. Langmuir 2023; 39:15409-15416. [PMID: 37880203 PMCID: PMC10634352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we present the recent advances in atomic friction measured of two-dimensional materials obtained by friction force microscopy. Starting with the atomic-scale stick-slip behavior, a beautiful highly nonequilibrium process, we discuss the main factors that contribute to determine sliding friction between single asperity and a two-dimensional sheet including chemical identity of material, thickness, external load, sliding direction, velocity/temperature, and contact size. In particular, we focus on the latest progress of the more complex friction behavior of moiré systems involving 2D layered materials. The underlying mechanisms of these frictional characteristics observed during the sliding process by theoretical and computational studies are also discussed. Finally, a discussion and outlook on the perspective of this field are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Song
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee D, Jeong H, Lee H, Kim YH, Park JY. Phase-dependent Friction on Exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Atomic Layers. Small 2023; 19:e2302713. [PMID: 37485739 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental aspects of energy dissipation on 2-dimensional (2D) atomic layers are extensively studied. Among various atomic layers, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exists in several phases based on their lattice structure, which give rise to the different phononic and electronic contributions in energy dissipation. 2H and 1T' (distorted 1T) phase MoS2 and MoTe2 atomic layers exfoliated on mica substrate are obtained and investigated their nanotribological properties with atomic force microscopy (AFM)/ friction force microscopy (FFM). Surprisingly, 1T' phase of both MoS2 and MoTe2 exhibits ≈10 times higher friction compared to 2H phase. With density functional theory analyses, the friction increase is attributed to enhanced electronic excitation, efficient phonon dissipation, and increased potential energy surface barrier at the tip-sample interface. This study suggests the intriguing possibility of tuning the friction of TMDs through phase transition, which can lead to potential application in tunable tribological devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dooho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hochan Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han T, Cao W, Xu Z, Adibnia V, Olgiati M, Valtiner M, Ma L, Zhang C, Ma M, Luo J, Banquy X. Hydration layer structure modulates superlubrication by trivalent La 3+ electrolytes. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadf3902. [PMID: 37436992 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-based lubricants provide lubrication of rubbing surfaces in many technical, biological, and physiological applications. The structure of hydrated ion layers adsorbed on solid surfaces that determine the lubricating properties of aqueous lubricants is thought to be invariable in hydration lubrication. However, we prove that the ion surface coverage dictates the roughness of the hydration layer and its lubricating properties, especially under subnanometer confinement. We characterize different hydration layer structures on surfaces lubricated by aqueous trivalent electrolytes. Two superlubrication regimes are observed with friction coefficients of 10-4 and 10-3, depending on the structure and thickness of the hydration layer. Each regime exhibits a distinct energy dissipation pathway and a different dependence to the hydration layer structure. Our analysis supports the idea of an intimate relationship between the dynamic structure of a boundary lubricant film and its tribological properties and offers a framework to study such relationship at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Vahid Adibnia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Matteo Olgiati
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - Liran Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Huang M, Klausen LH, Li Q, Li S, Dong M. Liquid-Phase Friction of Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide at the Atomic Scale. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:21595-21601. [PMID: 37070722 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tribological properties depend strongly on environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and operation liquid. However, the origin of the liquid effect on friction remains largely unexplored. Herein, taking molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a model system, we explored the nanoscale friction of MoS2 in polar (water) and nonpolar (dodecane) liquids through friction force microscopy. The friction force exhibits a similar layer-dependent behavior in liquids as in air; i.e., thinner samples have a larger friction force. Interestingly, friction is significantly influenced by the polarity of the liquid, and it is larger in polar water than in nonpolar dodecane. Atomically resolved friction images together with atomistic simulations reveal that the polarity of the liquid has a substantial effect on friction behavior, where liquid molecule arrangement and hydrogen-bond formation lead to a higher resistance in polar water in comparison to that in nonpolar dodecane. This work provides insights into the friction on two-dimensional layered materials in liquids and holds great promise for future low-friction technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingzheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | | | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Suzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jang DJ, Haidari MM, Kim JH, Ko JY, Yi Y, Choi JS. A Modified Wet Transfer Method for Eliminating Interfacial Impurities in Graphene. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13091494. [PMID: 37177039 PMCID: PMC10179892 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has immense potential as a material for electronic devices owing to its unique electrical properties. However, large-area graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) must be transferred from the as-grown copper substrate to an arbitrary substrate for device fabrication. The conventional wet transfer technique, which uses FeCl3 as a Cu etchant, leaves microscale impurities from the substrate, and the etchant adheres to graphene, thereby degrading its electrical performance. To address this limitation, this study introduces a modified transfer process that utilizes a temporary UV-treated SiO2 substrate to adsorb impurities from graphene before transferring it onto the final substrate. Optical microscopy and Raman mapping confirmed the adhesion of impurities to the temporary substrate, leading to a clean graphene/substrate interface. The retransferred graphene shows a reduction in electron-hole asymmetry and sheet resistance compared to conventionally transferred graphene, as confirmed by the transmission line model (TLM) and Hall effect measurements (HEMs). These results indicate that only the substrate effects remain in action in the retransferred graphene, and most of the effects of the impurities are eliminated. Overall, the modified transfer process is a promising method for obtaining high-quality graphene suitable for industrial-scale utilization in electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Jang
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin Hong Kim
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Ko
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsik Yi
- Superintelligent Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sik Choi
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dong G, Ding S, Peng Y. Ultraviolet-Sensitive Properties of Graphene Nanofriction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4462. [PMID: 36558317 PMCID: PMC9785420 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The friction characteristics of two-dimensional materials in the ultraviolet (UV) radiation environment are important to the reliability of two-dimensional material nano-structures of space equipment. A novel mechanism of UV light-sensitive nano-friction on graphene was proposed by ultraviolet vacuum irradiation modification using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The surface roughness, adhesion force, and friction of graphene were gradually reduced over a time of irradiation below 3 min. UV185 passes through graphene and causes photochemical reactions between its bottom layer and Si/SiO2 substrate, resulting in hydroxyl, carboxyl, and silanol suspension bonds and sp3-like bonds, which enhances the binding energy of graphene on the substrate and inhibits the out-of-plane deformation resulting in roughness and friction reduction. However, as the irradiation time increased to 5 min, the friction force increased rapidly with the aging effect and the breakdown of sp3-like bonds between the graphene-substrate interface. This study presents a new method of controlling nanofriction on graphene based on UV irradiation-sensitive posterities in vacuum conditions, which is essential to the application of two-dimensional materials in aerospace equipment, to improve anti-aging properties and wear reduction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pálinkás A, Kálvin G, Vancsó P, Kandrai K, Szendrő M, Németh G, Németh M, Pekker Á, Pap JS, Petrik P, Kamarás K, Tapasztó L, Nemes-Incze P. The composition and structure of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon contamination on van der Waals materials. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6770. [PMID: 36351922 PMCID: PMC9646725 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of single layer van der Waals (vdW) materials is profoundly influenced by the immediate atomic environment at their surface, a prime example being the myriad of emergent properties in artificial heterostructures. Equally significant are adsorbates deposited onto their surface from ambient. While vdW interfaces are well understood, our knowledge regarding atmospheric contamination is severely limited. Here we show that the common ambient contamination on the surface of: graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2 is composed of a self-organized molecular layer, which forms during a few days of ambient exposure. Using low-temperature STM measurements we image the atomic structure of this adlayer and in combination with infrared spectroscopy identify the contaminant molecules as normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. Through its ability to self-organize, the alkane layer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of vdW materials and possibly dominating their interaction with the environment. Here, the authors attribute the ambient surface contamination of van der Waals materials to a self-organized molecular layer of normal alkanes with lengths of 20-26 carbon atoms. The alkane adlayer displaces the manifold other airborne contaminant species, capping the surface of graphene, graphite, hBN and MoS2.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou X, Chen P, Xu RG, Zhang C, Zhang J. Interfacial friction of vdW heterostructures affected by in-plane strain. Nanotechnology 2022; 34:015708. [PMID: 36174390 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial properties of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures dominate the durability and function of their booming practical and potential applications such as opoelectronic devices, superconductors and even pandemics research. However, the strain engineering modulates of interlayer friction of vdW heterostructures consisting of two distinct materials are still unclear, which hinders the applications of vdW heterostructures, as well as the design of solid lubricant and robust superlubricity. In the present paper, a molecular model between a hexagonal graphene flake and a rectangular SLMoS2sheet is established, and the influence of biaxial and uniaxial strain on interlayer friction is explored by molecular dynamics. It is found that the interlayer friction is insensitive to applied strains. Strong robustness of superlubricity between distinct layers is owed to the structure's intrinsic incommensurate characteristics and the existence of Moiré pattern. In engineering practice, it is of potential importance to introduce two distinct 2D materials at the sliding contact interface to reduce the interfacial friction of the contact pair and serve as ideal solid lubricants. Our research provides a further basis to explore the nanotribology and strain engineering of 2D materials and vdW heterostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Guang Xu
- School of Engineering & Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington DC, WA-20052, United States of America
| | - Cun Zhang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antonov PV, Restuccia P, Righi MC, Frenken JWM. Attractive curves: the role of deformations in adhesion and friction on graphene. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:4175-4184. [PMID: 36285223 PMCID: PMC9514564 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00283c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Friction force microscopy measurements reveal a dramatic difference of a factor 3 between the friction forces experienced on single-monolayer graphene on top of oxidized and unoxidized copper substrates. We associate this difference with the strong and weak adhesion that the graphene experiences on these two substrates, respectively, but argue that it is too large to be ascribed either to a difference in contact area or to a difference in contact commensurability or even to a combination of these two effects. We use density functional theory to show a significant increase in the chemical reactivity of graphene when it is curved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P V Antonov
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography Science Park 106 1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - P Restuccia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - M C Righi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - J W M Frenken
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography Science Park 106 1098 XG Amsterdam Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng G, Jin Z, Zhao C, Zhou C, Li B, Wang J. Hexagonal Network of Photocurrent Enhancement in Few-Layer Graphene/InGaN Quantum Dot Junctions. Nano Lett 2022; 22:6964-6971. [PMID: 36006796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strain in two-dimensional (2D) materials has attracted particular attention because of the remarkable modification of electronic and optical properties. However, emergent electromechanical phenomena and hidden mechanisms, such as strain-superlattice-induced topological states or flexoelectricity under strain gradient, remain under debate. Here, using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we observe significant photocurrent enhancement in hybrid vertical junction devices made of strained few-layer graphene and InGaN quantum dots. Optoelectronic response and photoluminescence measurements demonstrate a possible mechanism closely tied to the flexoelectric effect in few-layer graphene, where the strain can induce a lateral built-in electric field and assist the separation of electron-hole pairs. Photocurrent mapping reveals an unprecedentedly ordered hexagonal network, suggesting the potential to create a superlattice by strain engineering. Our work provides insights into optoelectronic phenomena in the presence of strain and paves the way for practical applications associated with strained 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zijing Jin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chengjie Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Baikui Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiannong Wang
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zuo K, Zhang X, Huang X, Oliveira EF, Guo H, Zhai T, Wang W, Alvarez PJJ, Elimelech M, Ajayan PM, Lou J, Li Q. Ultrahigh resistance of hexagonal boron nitride to mineral scale formation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4523. [PMID: 35927249 PMCID: PMC9352771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of mineral scale on a material surface has profound impact on a wide range of natural processes as well as industrial applications. However, how specific material surface characteristics affect the mineral-surface interactions and subsequent mineral scale formation is not well understood. Here we report the superior resistance of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to mineral scale formation compared to not only common metal and polymer surfaces but also the highly scaling-resistant graphene, making hBN possibly the most scaling resistant material reported to date. Experimental and simulation results reveal that this ultrahigh scaling-resistance is attributed to the combination of hBN’s atomically-smooth surface, in-plane atomic energy corrugation due to the polar boron-nitrogen bond, and the close match between its interatomic spacing and the size of water molecules. The latter two properties lead to strong polar interactions with water and hence the formation of a dense hydration layer, which strongly hinders the approach of mineral ions and crystals, decreasing both surface heterogeneous nucleation and crystal attachment. Scale formation may have detrimental effects on the properties and functions of materials’ surfaces. Here the authors report the high scaling resistance of hexagonal boron nitride and relate it to the atomic level structure and interaction with water molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuichang Zuo
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education; College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 519, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 519, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Eliezer F Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,São Paulo State Department of Education, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tianshu Zhai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 519, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8286, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Jun Lou
- NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 519, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,NSF Nanosystems Engineering Research Center Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Rice University, MS 6398, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Go TW, Lee H, Lee H, Song HC, Park JY. Direct Observation of Atomic-Scale Gliding on Hydrophilic Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6612-6618. [PMID: 35834560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale friction behavior on hydrophilic surfaces (HS), influenced by a probe gliding on a confined water layer, has been investigated with friction force microscopy under various relative humidity (RH) conditions. The topographical and frictional responses of the mechanically exfoliated single-layer graphene (SLG) on native-oxide-covered silicon (SiO2/Si) and mica were both influenced by RH conditions. The ordinary phenomena at ambient conditions (i.e., higher friction on a HS than on a SLG due to different hydrophilicity), nondistinguishable height, friction of SLG with SiO2/Si at high RH (>98%), and the superlubricating behavior of friction on a HS were observed. Furthermore, the subdomain within SLG, consisting of an ice-like water layer intercalated between SLG and SiO2/Si, showed friction enhancement. These results suggest that the abundant water molecules at the interface of the probe and a HS can make a slippery surface that overcomes capillary and viscosity effects through the gliding motion of the probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Go
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Lee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhwa Lee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Song
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jung YS, Choi HJ, Park SH, Kim D, Park SH, Cho YS. Nanoampere-Level Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Performance of Lithography-Free Centimeter-Scale MoS 2 Monolayer Film Generators. Small 2022; 18:e2200184. [PMID: 35451217 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2D transition-metal dichalcogenides have been reported to possess piezoelectricity due to their lack of inversion symmetry; thus, they are potentially applicable as electromechanical energy harvesters. Herein, the authors propose a lithography-free piezoelectric energy harvester composed of centimeter-scale MoS2 monolayer films with an interdigitated electrode pattern that is enabled only by the large scale of the film. High-quality large-scale synthesis of the monolayer films is conducted by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition with the assistance of an unprecedented Na2 S promoter. The extra sulfur supplied by Na2 S critically passivates the sulfur vacancies. The energy harvester having a large active area of ≈18.3 mm2 demonstrates an unexpectedly high piezoelectric energy harvesting performance of ≈400.4 mV and ≈40.7 nA under a bending strain of 0.57%, with the careful adjustment of side electrodes along the zigzag atomic arrays in the two dominant domain structure. Nanoampere-level harvesting has not yet been reported with any 2D material-based harvester.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seul Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hong Je Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co. Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, 16674, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Daeyeon Kim
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Han Park
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yong Soo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eichhorn AL, Dietz C. Torsional and lateral eigenmode oscillations for atomic resolution imaging of HOPG in air under ambient conditions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8981. [PMID: 35643777 PMCID: PMC9148301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined in-plane and out-of-plane multifrequency atomic force microscopy techniques have been demonstrated to be important tools to decipher spatial differences of sample surfaces at the atomic scale. The analysis of physical properties perpendicular to the sample surface is routinely achieved from flexural cantilever oscillations, whereas the interpretation of in-plane sample properties via force microscopy is still challenging. Besides the torsional oscillation, there is the additional option to exploit the lateral oscillation of the cantilever for in-plane surface analysis. In this study, we used different multifrequency force microscopy approaches to attain better understanding of the interactions between a super-sharp tip and an HOPG surface focusing on the discrimination between friction and shear forces. We found that the lateral eigenmode is suitable for the determination of the shear modulus whereas the torsional eigenmode provides information on local friction forces between tip and sample. Based on the results, we propose that the full set of elastic constants of graphite can be determined from combined in-plane and out-of-plane multifrequency atomic force microscopy if ultrasmall amplitudes and high force constants are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Eichhorn
- Physics of Surfaces, Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Dietz
- Physics of Surfaces, Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim S, Moon D, Jeon BR, Yeon J, Li X, Kim S. Accurate Atomic-Scale Imaging of Two-Dimensional Lattices Using Atomic Force Microscopy in Ambient Conditions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:1542. [PMID: 35564252 PMCID: PMC9104726 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the rapid development of van der Waals materials and heterostructures, scanning probe methods capable of nondestructively visualizing atomic lattices and moiré superlattices are highly desirable. Lateral force microscopy (LFM), which measures nanoscale friction based on the commonly available atomic force microscopy (AFM), can be used for imaging a wide range of two-dimensional (2D) materials, but imaging atomic lattices using this technique is difficult. Here, we examined a number of the common challenges encountered in LFM experiments and presented a universal protocol for obtaining reliable atomic-scale images of 2D materials under ambient environment. By studying a series of LFM images of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), we have found that the accuracy and the contrast of atomic-scale images critically depended on several scanning parameters including the scan size and the scan rate. We applied this protocol to investigate the atomic structure of the ripped and self-folded edges of graphene and have found that these edges were mostly in the armchair direction. This finding is consistent with the results of several simulations results. Our study will guide the extensive effort on assembly and characterization of new 2D materials and heterostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (B.R.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Donghyeon Moon
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| | - Bo Ram Jeon
- Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (B.R.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jegyeong Yeon
- Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (S.K.); (B.R.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Suenne Kim
- Department of Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Oxidative Additions of C-F Bonds to the Silanide Anion [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116468. [PMID: 35107847 PMCID: PMC9310575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Compounds exhibiting main group elements in low oxidation states were found to mimic the reactivity of transition metal complexes. Like the latter, such main group species show a proclivity of changing their oxidation state as well as their coordination number by +2, therefore fulfilling the requirements for oxidative additions. Prominent examples of such main group compounds that undergo oxidative additions with organohalides R-X (R=alkyl, aryl, X=F, Cl, Br, I) are carbenes and their higher congeners. Aluminyl anions, which like carbenes and silylenes oxidatively add to strong σ-bonds in R-X species, have been recently discovered. We present the first anion based upon a Group 14 element, namely the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide anion, [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- , which is capable of oxidative additions towards C-F bonds. This enables the isolation of non-chelated tetraorganofluorosilicate salts, which to the best of our knowledge had only been observed as reactive intermediates before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Oxidative Addition von C−F‐Bindungen an das Silanid‐Anion [Si(C
2
F
5
)
3
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Xu R, Jia L, Huang Z, Hao X, Zhou J, Zhang T, Liu L, Xu Y, Gao HJ, Wang Y. Nanoscale Control of One-Dimensional Confined States in Strongly Correlated Homojunctions. Nano Lett 2022; 22:1190-1197. [PMID: 35043640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Construction of lateral junctions is essential to generate one-dimensional (1D) confined potentials that can effectively trap quasiparticles. A series of remarkable electronic phases in one dimension, such as Wigner crystallization, are expected to be realized in such junctions. Here, we demonstrate that we can precisely tune the 1D-confined potential with an in situ manipulation technique, thus providing a dynamic way to modify the correlated electronic states at the junctions. We confirm the existence of 1D-confined potential at the homojunction of two single-layer 1T-NbSe2 islands. Such potential is structurally sensitive and shows a nonmonotonic function of their interspacing. Moreover, there is a change of electronic properties from the correlated insulator to the generalized 1D Wigner crystallization while the confinement becomes strong. Our findings not only establish the capability to fabricate structures with dynamically tunable properties, but also pave the way toward more exotic correlated systems in low dimensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhen Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Runzhang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangguang Jia
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zeping Huang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang LQ, Yang SG, Zhang JH, Zhong KP, Zhao ZG, Chen YH, Lei J, Zhang QY, Li ZM. Insight into the Excellent Tribological Performance of Highly Oriented Poly(phenylene sulfide). Chin J Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Yang T, Jiang X, Huang Y, Tian Q, Zhang L, Dai Z, Zhu H. Mechanical sensors based on two-dimensional materials: Sensing mechanisms, structural designs and wearable applications. iScience 2022; 25:103728. [PMID: 35072014 PMCID: PMC8762477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with bulk materials, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals possess a range of unique mechanical properties, including relatively high in-plane stiffness and large bending flexibility. The atomic 2D building blocks can be reassembled into precisely designed heterogeneous composite structures of various geometries with customized mechanical sensing behaviors. Due to their small specific density, high flexibility, and environmental adaptability, mechanical sensors based on 2D materials can conform to soft and curved surfaces, thus providing suitable solutions for functional applications in future wearable devices. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in mechanical sensors based on 2D materials from the perspective of function-oriented applications. First, typical mechanical sensing mechanisms are introduced. Second, we attempt to establish a correspondence between typical structure designs and the performance/multi-functions of the devices. Afterward, several particularly promising areas for potential applications are discussed, following which we present perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities
Collapse
|
21
|
Mescola A, Paolicelli G, Ogilvie SP, Guarino R, McHugh JG, Rota A, Iacob E, Gnecco E, Valeri S, Pugno NM, Gadhamshetty V, Rahman MM, Ajayan P, Dalton AB, Tripathi M. Graphene Confers Ultralow Friction on Nanogear Cogs. Small 2021; 17:e2104487. [PMID: 34676978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Friction-induced energy dissipation impedes the performance of nanomechanical devices. Nevertheless, the application of graphene is known to modulate frictional dissipation by inducing local strain. This work reports on the nanomechanics of graphene conformed on different textured silicon surfaces that mimic the cogs of a nanoscale gear. The variation in the pitch lengths regulates the strain induced in capped graphene revealed by scanning probe techniques, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. The atomistic visualization elucidates asymmetric straining of CC bonds over the corrugated architecture resulting in distinct friction dissipation with respect to the groove axis. Experimental results are reported for strain-dependent solid lubrication which can be regulated by the corrugation and leads to ultralow frictional forces. The results are applicable for graphene covered corrugated structures with movable components such as nanoelectromechanical systems, nanoscale gears, and robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mescola
- CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze - Centro S3, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Guido Paolicelli
- CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze - Centro S3, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Sean P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Roberto Guarino
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Villigen PSI, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - James G McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Alberto Rota
- CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze - Centro S3, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Erica Iacob
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Sensors and Devices, via Sommarive 18, Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Enrico Gnecco
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Sergio Valeri
- CNR-Istituto Nanoscienze - Centro S3, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired, Bionic, Nano, Meta, Materials and Mechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, Trento, 38123, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 7705, USA
| | - Pulickel Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 7705, USA
| | - Alan B Dalton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Manoj Tripathi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang K, Li H, Guo Y. Interfacial Friction Anisotropy in Few-Layer Van der Waals Crystals. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:4717. [PMID: 34443239 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Friction anisotropy is one of the important friction behaviors for two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) crystals. The effects of normal pressure and thickness on the interfacial friction anisotropy in few-layer graphene, h-BN, and MoSe2 under constant normal force mode have been extensively investigated by first-principle calculations. The increase of normal pressure and layer number enhances the interfacial friction anisotropy for graphene and h-BN but weakens that for MoSe2. Such significant deviations in the interfacial friction anisotropy of few-layer graphene, h-BN and MoSe2 can be mainly attributed to the opposite contributions of electron kinetic energies and electrostatic energies to the sliding energy barriers and different interlayer charge exchanges. Our results deepen the understanding of the influence of external loading and thickness on the friction properties of 2D vdW crystals.
Collapse
|
23
|
Blundo E, Yildirim T, Pettinari G, Polimeni A. Experimental Adhesion Energy in van der Waals Crystals and Heterostructures from Atomically Thin Bubbles. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:046101. [PMID: 34355951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.046101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of gas-filled bubbles on the surface of van der Waals crystals provides an ideal platform whereby the interplay of the elastic parameters and interlayer forces can be suitably investigated. Here, we combine experimental and numerical efforts to study the morphology of the bubbles at equilibrium and highlight unexpected behaviors that contrast with the common assumptions. We exploit such observations to develop an accurate analytical model to describe the shape and strain of the bubbles and exploit it to measure the adhesion energy between a variety of van der Waals crystals, showing sizable material-dependent trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Blundo
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Center for Functional Sensor and Actuator (CFSN), Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Giorgio Pettinari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR-IFN), 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Polimeni
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jang JW. Direct curvature measurement of the compartments in bamboo-shaped multi-walled carbon nanotubes via scanning probe microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:701. [PMID: 33436727 PMCID: PMC7804926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bamboo-shaped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (BS-MWCNTs) have compartmented structures inherently obtained during their catalytic growth, and the curvature of the compartmented structure is known to be determined by the morphology of the metal catalysts. In this study, the inside curvature of the BS-MWCNTs was directly measured through scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The surface of the compartment structures of BS-MWCNTs has discontinuous graphene layers and different frictional force levels depending on the curvature direction. That of the inside curvature can be directly observed through tribological analysis by adding and subtracting the lateral force microscopy images obtained on opposite sides along the axial direction of the BS-MWCNT (diameter of 500 nm). This tells us the direction of the inside curvature of the BS-MWCNT, which was also confirmed by identifying the growth direction of the BS-MWCNTs via scanning electron microscopy. Our demonstration implies that SPM can give the same insight into the structural characterization of nanomaterials that is relatively inexpensive and more user-friendly than currently used methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Jang
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baig MMA, Samad MA. Epoxy\Epoxy Composite\Epoxy Hybrid Composite Coatings for Tribological Applications-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020179. [PMID: 33419106 PMCID: PMC7825423 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy composite coating systems generally find their usage in applications such as, fluid handling systems to protect components from corrosive media. However, their use in demanding tribological applications such as, in sliding components of machines, are known to be limited. This is often attributed to their low load bearing capacity combined with poor thermal stability under severe p-v regimes. Researchers have tried to enhance the tribological properties of the epoxy coatings using a combination of several types of micro/nano sized fillers to produce composite or hybrid composite coatings. Hence, this review paper aims to focus on the recent advances made in developing the epoxy coating systems. Special attention would be paid to the types and properties of nano-fillers that have been commonly used to develop these coatings, different dispersion techniques adopted and the effects that each of these fillers (and their combinations) have on the tribological properties of these coatings.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The exfoliation of graphene has opened a new frontier in material science with a focus on 2D materials. The unique thermal, physical and chemical properties of these materials have made them one of the choicest candidates in novel mechanical and nano-electronic devices. Notably, 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2, WS2, h-BN and black phosphorus have shown outstanding lowest frictional coefficients and wear rates, making them attractive materials for high-performance nano-lubricants and lubricating applications. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the tribological potentials of 2D materials. At first, the essential physical, wear and frictional characteristics of the 2D materials including their production techniques are discussed. Subsequently, the experimental explorations and theoretical simulations of the most common 2D materials are reviewed in regards to their tribological applications such as their use as solid lubricants and surface lubricant nano-additives. The effects of micro/nano textures on friction behavior are also reviewed. Finally, the current challenges in tribological applications of 2D materials and their prospects are discussed.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Grain boundaries (GBs) are a kind of lattice imperfection widely existing in two-dimensional materials, playing a critical role in materials' properties and device performance. Related key issues in this area have drawn much attention and are still under intense investigation. These issues include the characterization of GBs at different length scales, the dynamic formation of GBs during the synthesis, the manipulation of the configuration and density of GBs for specific material functionality, and the understanding of structure-property relationships and device applications. This review will provide a general introduction of progress in this field. Several techniques for characterizing GBs, such as direct imaging by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, visualization techniques of GBs by optical microscopy, plasmon propagation, or second harmonic generation, are presented. To understand the dynamic formation process of GBs during the growth, a general geometric approach and theoretical consideration are reviewed. Moreover, strategies controlling the density of GBs for GB-free materials or materials with tunable GB patterns are summarized, and the effects of GBs on materials' properties are discussed. Finally, challenges and outlook are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Atomic-scale friction measured for a single asperity sliding on 2D materials depend on the direction of scanning relative to the material's crystal lattice. Here, nanoscale friction anisotropy of wrinkle-free bulk and monolayer MoS2 is characterized using atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Both techniques show 180° periodicity (2-fold symmetry) of atomic-lattice stick-slip friction vs. the tip's scanning direction with respect to the MoS2 surface. The 60° periodicity (6-fold symmetry) expected from the MoS2 surface's symmetry is only recovered in simulations where the sample is rotated, as opposed to the scanning direction changed. All observations are explained by the potential energy landscape of the tip-sample contact, in contrast with nanoscale topographic wrinkles that have been proposed previously as the source of anisotropy. These results demonstrate the importance of the tip-sample contact quality in determining the potential energy landscape and, in turn, friction at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Vazirisereshk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Kathryn Hasz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manzanares-Negro Y, Ares P, Jaafar M, López-Polín G, Gómez-Navarro C, Gómez-Herrero J. Improved Graphene Blisters by Ultrahigh Pressure Sealing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:37750-37756. [PMID: 32705868 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a very attractive material for nanomechanical devices and membrane applications. Graphene blisters based on silicon oxide microcavities are a simple but relevant example of nanoactuators. A drawback of this experimental setup is that gas leakage through the graphene-SiO2 interface contributes significantly to the total leak rate. Here, we study the diffusion of air from pressurized graphene drumheads on SiO2 microcavities and propose a straightforward method to improve the already strong adhesion between graphene and the underlying SiO2 substrate, resulting in reduced leak rates. This is carried out by applying controlled and localized ultrahigh pressure (>10 GPa) with an atomic force microscopy diamond tip. With this procedure, we are able to significantly approach the graphene layer to the SiO2 surface around the drumheads, thus enhancing the interaction between them, allowing us to better seal the graphene-SiO2 interface, which is reflected in up to ∼ 4 times lower leakage rates. Our work opens an easy way to improve the performance of graphene as a gas membrane on a technological relevant substrate such as SiO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Manzanares-Negro
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ares
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Polín
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez-Navarro
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gómez-Herrero
- Departamento de Fı́sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center IFIMAC. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yoon T, Wu Q, Yun DJ, Kim SH, Song YJ. Direct tuning of graphene work function via chemical vapor deposition control. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9870. [PMID: 32555377 PMCID: PMC7303148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its unprecedented physical and chemical characteristics, graphene is also well known for its formidable potential of being a next-generation device material. Work function (WF) of graphene is a crucial factor in the fabrication of graphene-based electronic devices because it determines the energy band alignment and whether the contact in the interface is Ohmic or Schottky. Tuning of graphene WF, therefore, is strongly demanded in many types of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Whereas study on work function tuning induced by doping or chemical functionalization has been widely conducted, attempt to tune the WF of graphene by controlling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) condition is not sufficient in spite of its simplicity. Here we report the successful WF tuning method for graphene grown on a Cu foil with a novel CVD growth recipe, in which the CH4/H2 gas ratio is changed. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) verifies that the WF-tuned regions, where the WF increases by the order of ~250 meV, coexist with the regions of intrinsic WF within a single graphene flake. By combining KPFM with lateral force microscopy (LFM), it is demonstrated that the WF-tuned area can be manipulated by pressing it with an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and the tuned WF returns to the intrinsic WF of graphene. A highly plausible mechanism for the WF tuning is suggested, in which the increased graphene-substrate distance by excess H2 gases may cause the WF increase within a single graphene flake. This novel WF tuning method via a simple CVD growth control provides a new direction to manipulate the WF of various 2-dimensional nanosheets as well as graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taegeun Yoon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Qinke Wu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR, China
| | - Dong-Jin Yun
- Analytical Engineering Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Physics, Myongji University, Yongin, 17058, Korea.
| | - Young Jae Song
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea. .,Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea. .,Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fan N, Guo J, Jing G, Liu C, Wang Q, Wu G, Jiang H, Peng B. A hillock-like phenomenon with low friction and adhesion on a graphene surface induced by relative sliding at the interface of graphene and the SiO 2 substrate using an AFM tip. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:2548-2557. [PMID: 36133360 PMCID: PMC9418518 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00660e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene demonstrates high potential as an atomically thin solid lubricant for sliding interfaces in industry. However, graphene as a coating material does not always exhibit strong adhesion to any substrates. When the adhesion of graphene to its substrate weakens, it remains unknown whether relative sliding at the interface exists and how the tribological properties of the graphene coating changes. In this work, we first designed a method to weaken the adhesion between graphene and its SiO2 substrate. Then the graphene with weakened adhesion to its substrate was rubbed using an AFM tip, where we found a novel phenomenon: the monolayer graphene not only no longer protected the SiO2 substrate from deformation and damage, but also prompted the formation of hillock-like structures with heights of approximately tens of nanometers. Moreover, the surface of the hillock-like structure exhibited very low adhesion and a continuously decreasing friction force versus sliding time. Comparing the hillock-like structure on the bare SiO2 surface and the proposed force model, we demonstrated that the emergence of the hillock-like structure (with very low adhesion and continuously decreasing friction) was ascribed to the relative sliding at the graphene/substrate interface caused by the mechanical shear of the AFM tip. Our findings reveal a potential failure of the graphene coating when the adhesion strength between graphene and its substrate is damaged or weakened and provide a possibility for in situ fabrication of a low friction and adhesion micro/nanostructure on a SiO2/graphene surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Fan
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China Hengyang 421001 China
| | - Guangyin Jing
- National Key Laboratory and Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, School of Physics, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Guiyong Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Hai Jiang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Bei Peng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
BUSSETTI G, CAMPIONE M, BOSSI A, YIVLIALIN R, DUÒ L, CICCACCI F. Anion intercalated graphite: a combined electrochemical and tribological investigation by
in situ
AFM. J Microsc 2020; 280:222-228. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. BUSSETTI
- Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy
| | - M. CAMPIONE
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca Milano Italy
| | - A. BOSSI
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ‘G. Natta’ of the CNR (CNR‐SCITEC) Milano Italy
| | - R. YIVLIALIN
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin Germany
| | - L. DUÒ
- Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy
| | - F. CICCACCI
- Department of Physics Politecnico di Milano Milano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Androulidakis C, Koukaras EN, Paterakis G, Trakakis G, Galiotis C. Tunable macroscale structural superlubricity in two-layer graphene via strain engineering. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1595. [PMID: 32221301 PMCID: PMC7101365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving structural superlubricity in graphitic samples of macroscale size is particularly challenging due to difficulties in sliding large contact areas of commensurate stacking domains. Here, we show the presence of macroscale structural superlubricity between two randomly stacked graphene layers produced by both mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapour deposition. By measuring the shifts of Raman peaks under strain we estimate the values of frictional interlayer shear stress (ILSS) in the superlubricity regime (mm scale) under ambient conditions. The random incommensurate stacking, the presence of wrinkles and the mismatch in the lattice constant between two graphene layers induced by the tensile strain differential are considered responsible for the facile shearing at the macroscale. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations show that the stick-slip behaviour does not hold for incommensurate chiral shearing directions for which the ILSS decreases substantially, supporting the experimental observations. Our results pave the way for overcoming several limitations in achieving macroscale superlubricity using graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Androulidakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Emmanuel N Koukaras
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, Patras, 26504, Greece
- Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, Patras, 26504, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - George Trakakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, Patras, 26504, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Street, Platani, Patras, 26504, Greece.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, 26504, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ma Y, Liu Z, Gao L, Yan Y, Qiao L. Effects of substrate and tip characteristics on the surface friction of fluorinated graphene. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10888-10896. [PMID: 35492954 PMCID: PMC9050434 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the superior lubricating properties of graphene under chemical modification requires a deep understanding of the origin of its friction enhancement. In this study, the DFT calculations were performed to investigate the effects of substrate and tip characteristics on the frictional properties of fluorinated graphene (FGr) on Cu(111) and Pt(111) substrates. The calculation results indicate that the fluorination will increase the geometrical corrugation of graphene and a stronger reactivity between graphene and substrate could confine the geometrical corrugation. The indentation calculations of an Ar atom on the FGr on Cu(111) and Pt(111) illustrate that geometrical corrugation contributes dominantly to the sliding potential energy corrugation. With respect to a reactive 10-atom Ir tip sliding on the FGr on Pt(111), the F atom transfers from graphene to the tip and the friction evolves into a fluorinated Ir tip sliding on the FGr. As a result, the work against the normal load to lift the tip over the geometrical corrugation starts to play a crucial role in contributing to the surface friction. Thus, reducing the geometrical corrugation of graphene after fluorination through a stronger reactive substrate provides a feasible avenue to preserve the lubricating properties of graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zugang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lei Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yu Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Lijie Qiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang S, Hou Y, Li S, Liu L, Zhang Z, Feng XQ, Li Q. Tuning friction to a superlubric state via in-plane straining. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24452-6. [PMID: 31659028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907947116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling, and in many cases minimizing, friction is a goal that has long been pursued in history. From the classic Amontons-Coulomb law to the recent nanoscale experiments, the steady-state friction is found to be an inherent property of a sliding interface, which typically cannot be altered on demand. In this work, we show that the friction on a graphene sheet can be tuned reversibly by simple mechanical straining. In particular, by applying a tensile strain (up to 0.60%), we are able to achieve a superlubric state (coefficient of friction nearly 0.001) on a suspended graphene. Our atomistic simulations together with atomically resolved friction images reveal that the in-plane strain effectively modulates the flexibility of graphene. Consequently, the local pinning capability of the contact interface is changed, resulting in the unusual strain-dependent frictional behavior. This work demonstrates that the deformability of atomic-scale structures can provide an additional channel of regulating the friction of contact interfaces involving configurationally flexible materials.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ptak F, Almeida CM, Prioli R. Velocity-dependent friction enhances tribomechanical differences between monolayer and multilayer graphene. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14555. [PMID: 31601937 PMCID: PMC6787015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of sliding speed in the nanoscale friction forces between a silicon tip and monolayer and multilayer graphene were investigated with the use of an atomic force microscope. We found that the friction forces increase linearly with the logarithm of the sliding speed in a highly layer-dependent way. The increase in friction forces with velocity is amplified at the monolayer. The amplification of the friction forces with velocity results from the introduction of additional corrugation in the interaction potential driven by the tip movement. This effect can be interpreted as a manifestation of local thermally induced surface corrugations in nanoscale influencing the hopping dynamics of the atoms at the contact. These experimental observations were explained by modeling the friction forces with the thermally activated Prandtl-Tomlinson model. The model allowed determination of the interaction potential between tip and graphene, critical forces, and attempt frequencies of slip events. The latter was observed to be dominated by the effective contact stiffness and independent of the number of layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ptak
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Marques de São Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro, 22453-900, Brazil
| | - C M Almeida
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, 25250-020, Brazil
| | - R Prioli
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Marques de São Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro, 22453-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang J, Yang Y, Yang S, Song J, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang Q, Shen Y, Wang S, Yang H, Lü J, Li B, Fang H, Lal R, Czajkowsky DM, Hu J, Shi G, Zhang Y. Unconventional Atomic Structure of Graphene Sheets on Solid Substrates. Small 2019; 15:e1902637. [PMID: 31468738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The atomic structure of free-standing graphene comprises flat hexagonal rings with a 2.5 Å period, which is conventionally considered the only atomic period and determines the unique properties of graphene. Here, an unexpected highly ordered orthorhombic structure of graphene is directly observed with a lattice constant of ≈5 Å, spontaneously formed on various substrates. First-principles computations show that this unconventional structure can be attributed to the dipole between the graphene surface and substrates, which produces an interfacial electric field and induces atomic rearrangement on the graphene surface. Further, the formation of the orthorhombic structure can be controlled by an artificially generated interfacial electric field. Importantly, the 5 Å crystal can be manipulated and transformed in a continuous and reversible manner. Notably, the orthorhombic lattice can control the epitaxial self-assembly of amyloids. The findings reveal new insights about the atomic structure of graphene, and open up new avenues to manipulate graphene lattices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Yizhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resources Chemistry of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Bin Li
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Haiping Fang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Guosheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Park DH, Cho YJ, Lee JH, Choi I, Jhang SH, Chung HJ. The evolution of surface cleanness and electronic properties of graphene field-effect transistors during mechanical cleaning with atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:394003. [PMID: 31242472 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2cf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of surface cleanliness and the electronic properties-Dirac voltage(V Dirac), hysteresis and mobility (μ) of a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET)-were monitored by measuring lateral force microscopy and drain current (I D) as a function of gate voltage (V G), after mechanically cleaning the surface, scan-by-scan, with contact-mode atomic force microscopy. Both the surface cleanliness and the electronic properties evolved, showing a sudden improvement and then saturation for a mobility of around 2200 cm2 V-1 s-1. We found that the mobility suppression of the as-fabricated GFET deviated from a randomly distributed impurities model, which predicted a greater mobility than obtained from the measured V Dirac. Therefore, the substrate impurities are excluded from the origins of the extraordinary suppression of the mobility, and the possible origin will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Park
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lu W, Qin F, Wang Y, Luo Y, Wang H, Scarpa F, Li J, Sesana R, Cura F, Peng HX. Engineering Graphene Wrinkles for Large Enhancement of Interlaminar Friction Enabled Damping Capability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:30278-30289. [PMID: 31347353 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoplates are hoped-for solid lubricants to reduce friction and energy dissipation in micro and nanoscale devices benefiting from their interface slips to reach an expected superlubricity. On the contrary, we propose here by introducing engineered wrinkles of graphene nanoplates to exploit and optimize the interfacial energy dissipation mechanisms between the nanoplates in graphene-based composites for enhanced vibration damping performance. Polyurethane (PU) beams with designed sandwich structures have been successfully fabricated to activate the interlaminar slips of wrinkled graphene-graphene, which significantly contribute to the dissipation of vibration energy. These engineered composite materials with extremely low graphene content (∼0.08 wt %) yield a significant increase in quasi-static and dynamic damping compared to the baseline PU beams (by 71% and 94%, respectively). Friction force images of wrinkled graphene oxide (GO) nanoplates detected via an atomic force microscope (AFM) indicate that wrinkles with large coefficients of friction (COFs) indeed play a dominant role in delaying slip occurrences. Reduction of GO further enhances the COFs of the interacting wrinkles by 7.8%, owing to the increased effective contact area and adhesive force. This work provides a new insight into how to design graphene-based composites with optimized damping properties from the microstructure perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Scarpa
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS) , University of Bristol , BS8 1TR Bristol , U.K
| | | | - Raffaella Sesana
- Politecnico di Torino , corso duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 Torino , Italy
| | - Francesca Cura
- Politecnico di Torino , corso duca degli Abruzzi 24 , 10129 Torino , Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vazirisereshk MR, Ye H, Ye Z, Otero-de-la-Roza A, Zhao MQ, Gao Z, Johnson ATC, Johnson ER, Carpick RW, Martini A. Origin of Nanoscale Friction Contrast between Supported Graphene, MoS 2, and a Graphene/MoS 2 Heterostructure. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5496-5505. [PMID: 31267757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultralow friction can be achieved with 2D materials, particularly graphene and MoS2. The nanotribological properties of these different 2D materials have been measured in previous atomic force microscope (AFM) experiments sequentially, precluding immediate and direct comparison of their frictional behavior. Here, friction is characterized at the nanoscale using AFM experiments with the same tip sliding over graphene, MoS2, and a graphene/MoS2 heterostructure in a single measurement, repeated hundreds of times, and also measured with a slowly varying normal force. The same material systems are simulated using molecular dynamics (MD) and analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In both experiments and MD simulations, graphene consistently exhibits lower friction than the MoS2 monolayer and the heterostructure. In some cases, friction on the heterostructure is lower than that on the MoS2 monolayer. Quasi-static MD simulations and DFT calculations show that the origin of the friction contrast is the difference in energy barriers for a tip sliding across each of the three surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Vazirisereshk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Merced , California 95343 , United States
| | - Han Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Zhijiang Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing , Miami University , Oxford , Ohio 45056 , United States
| | - Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza
- Departamento de Quı́mica Fı́sica y Analı́tica, Facultad de Quı́mica , Universidad de Oviedo , 33006 Oviedo , Spain
| | - Meng-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - A T Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Merced , California 95343 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ludwig J, Mehta AN, Mascaro M, Celano U, Chiappe D, Bender H, Vandervorst W, Paredis K. Effects of buried grain boundaries in multilayer MoS 2. Nanotechnology 2019; 30:285705. [PMID: 30921772 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have been the focus of intense research for their potential application in novel electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, growth of large area two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides invariably leads to the formation of grain boundaries that can significantly degrade electrical transport by forming large electrostatic barriers. It is therefore critical to understand their effect on the electronic properties of two-dimensional semiconductors. Using MoS2 as an example material, we are able to probe grain boundaries in top and buried layers using conductive atomic force microscopy. We find that the electrical radius of the grain boundary extends approximately 2 nm from the core into the pristine material. The presence of grain boundaries affects electrical conductivity not just within its own layer, but also in the surrounding layers. Therefore, electrical grain size is always smaller than the physical size, and decreases with increasing thickness of the MoS2. These results signify that the number of layers in synthetically grown 2D materials must ideally be limited for device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ludwig
- IMEC, Leuven, Belgium. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most broadly utilized solid lubricants with a wide range of applications, including but not limited to those in the aerospace/space industry. Here we present a focused review of solid lubrication with MoS2 by highlighting its structure, synthesis, applications and the fundamental mechanisms underlying its lubricative properties, together with a discussion of their environmental and temperature dependence. The review also includes an extensive overview of the structure and tribological properties of doped MoS2, followed by a discussion of potential future research directions.
Collapse
|
44
|
Sun J, Chang K, Mei D, Lu Z, Pu J, Xue Q, Huang Q, Wang L, Du S. Mutual Identification between the Pressure-Induced Superlubricity and the Image Contrast Inversion of Carbon Nanostructures from AFM Technology. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1498-1504. [PMID: 30835469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies predict pressure-induced superlubricity, but that is still undetermined due to the absence of a probing technique. Here, we present unprecedented mutual identification between the superlubricity and atomic-scale image from atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement by the first-principles simulation of metallic Cu tip scanning on carbon nanostructures. With decreasing tip height, the sliding potential evolves from anticorrugated, to substantially flattened, and eventually to corrugated patterns, inducing superlubricity of the flattened potential at the critical height. Correspondingly, both the normal forces and the contrast of atomic image patterns also undergo similar inversions at the respective critical tip heights, in accordance with recent experimental observation. On the basis of the underlying mechanism elucidated, the mutual identification between the image contrast inversion and the superlubricity is confirmed. This may advance AFM technology to stimulate the experimental observation of superlubricity from its theoretical studies and may thus promote the development of theory systems of superlubticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
- Engineering Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Keke Chang
- Engineering Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Daohong Mei
- School of Science , East China University of Technology , Nanchang 330044 , China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jibin Pu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Qunji Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Shiyu Du
- Engineering Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Materials , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim JH, Kim SY, Cho Y, Park HJ, Shin HJ, Kwon SY, Lee Z. Interface-Driven Partial Dislocation Formation in 2D Heterostructures. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1807486. [PMID: 30785234 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy allows the fabrication of various heterostructures with dramatically released lattice matching conditions. This study demonstrates interface-driven stacking boundaries in WS2 using epitaxially grown tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) on wrinkled graphene. Graphene wrinkles function as highly reactive nucleation sites on WS2 epilayers; however, they impede lateral growth and induce additional stress in the epilayer due to anisotropic friction. Moreover, partial dislocation-driven in-plane strain facilitates out-of-plane buckling with a height of 1 nm to release in-plane strain. Remarkably, in-plane strain relaxation at partial dislocations restores the bandgap to that of monolayer WS2 due to reduced interlayer interaction. These findings clarify significant substrate morphology effects even in vdW epitaxy and are potentially useful for various applications involving modifying optical and electronic properties by manipulating extended 1D defects via substrate morphology control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwa Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yang Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonchoo Cho
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The super-high strength of single-layer graphene has attracted great interest. In practice, defects resulting from thermodynamics or introduced by fabrication, naturally or artificially, play a pivotal role in the mechanical behaviors of graphene. More importantly, high strength is just one aspect of the magnificent mechanical properties of graphene: its atomic-thin geometry not only leads to ultra-low bending rigidity, but also brings in many other unique properties of graphene in terms of mechanics in contrast to other carbon allotropes, including fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The out-of-plane deformation is of a 'soft' nature, which gives rise to rich morphology and is crucial for morphology control. In this review article, we aim to summarize current theoretical advances in describing the mechanics of defects in graphene and the theory to capture the out-of-plane deformation. The structure-mechanical property relationship in graphene, in terms of its elasticity, strength, bending and wrinkling, with or without the influence of imperfections, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ronggui Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sun J, Du S. Application of graphene derivatives and their nanocomposites in tribology and lubrication: a review. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40642-40661. [PMID: 35542635 PMCID: PMC9076246 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05679c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing friction and increasing lubrication are the goals that every tribologist pursues. Accordingly, layered graphene materials have attracted great research interest in tribology due to their anti-friction, anti-wear and excellent self-lubricating properties. However, recent studies have found that other forms of graphene derivatives not only perform better in tribological and lubricating applications, but also solve the problem of graphene being prone to agglomeration. Based on a large number of reports, herein, we review the research progress on graphene derivatives and their nanocomposites in tribology and lubrication. In the introduction, the topic of the article is introduced by highlighting the hazards and economic losses caused by frictional wear and the excellent performance of graphene materials in the field of lubrication. Then, by studying the classification of graphene materials, the research status of their applications in tribology and lubrication is introduced. The second chapter introduces the application of graphene derivatives in improving tribological properties. The main types of graphene are graphene oxide (GO), doped graphene (doped elements such as nitrogen, boron, phosphorus, and fluorine), graphene-based films, and graphene-based fibers. The third chapter summarizes the application of graphene-based nanocomposites in improving friction and anti-wear and lubrication properties. According to the different functional modifiers, they can be divided into three categories: graphene–inorganic nanocomposites (sulfides, metal oxides, nitrides, metal nanoparticles, and carbon-containing inorganic nanoparticles), graphene–organic nanocomposites (alkylation, amine functionalization, ionic liquids, and surface modifiers), and graphene–polymer nanocomposites (carbon chain polymers and heterochain polymers). Graphene not only exhibits an excellent performance in traditional processing and lubrication applications, but the fourth chapter proves that it has a good application prospect in the field of ultra-low friction and superlubricity. In the application part of the fifth chapter, the lubrication mechanism proposed by graphene as a nano-lubricant is introduced first; then, the main application research status is summarized, including micro-tribology applications, bio-tribology applications, and liquid lubrication additive applications. The last part is based on the following contents. Firstly, the advantages of graphene-based nanocomposites as lubricants and their current shortcomings are summarized. The challenges and prospects of the commercial applications of graphene-based nanocomposites in tribology and lubrication are further described. Recent studies have found that other forms of graphene derivatives perform better in tribological and lubricating applications. This paper reviews the research progress of graphene derivatives and their nanocomposites in tribology and lubrication.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
| | - Shaonan Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma S, Scaraggi M, Yan C, Wang X, Gorb SN, Dini D, Zhou F. Bioinspired 3D Printed Locomotion Devices Based on Anisotropic Friction. Small 2019; 15:e1802931. [PMID: 30444553 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic friction plays a key role in natural systems, particularly for realizing the purpose of locomotion and strong attachment for the survival of organisms. Of particular interest, here, is the observation that friction anisotropy is promoted numerous times by nature, for example, by wild wheat awn for its targeted and successful seed anchorage and dispersal. Such feature is, however, not fully exploited in man-made systems, such as microbots, due to technical limitations and lack of full understanding of the mechanisms. To unravel the complex dynamics occurring in the sliding interaction between anisotropic microstructured surfaces, the friction induced by asymmetric plant microstructures is first systematically investigated. Inspired by this, anisotropic polymer microactuators with three-dimensional (3D) printed microrelieves are then prepared. By varying geometric parameters, the capability of microactuators to generate strong friction anisotropy and controllable motion in remotely stretched cylindrical tubes is investigated. Advanced theoretical models are proposed to understand and predict the dynamic behavior of these synthetic systems and to shed light on the parameters and mechanisms governing their behavior. Finally, a microbot prototype is developed and cargo transportation functions are successfully realized. This research provides both in-depth understanding of anisotropic friction in nature and new avenues for developing intelligent actuators and microbots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Michele Scaraggi
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, Universitá del Salento, 73100 Monteroni-Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Changyou Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniele Dini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Boland MJ, Hempel JL, Ansary A, Nasseri M, Strachan DR. Graphene used as a lateral force microscopy calibration material in the low-load non-linear regime. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:113902. [PMID: 30501363 DOI: 10.1063/1.5044727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A lateral force microscopy (LFM) calibration technique utilizing a random low-profile surface is proposed that is successfully employed in the low-load non-linear frictional regime using a single layer of graphene on a supporting oxide substrate. This calibration at low loads and on low friction surfaces like graphene has the benefit of helping to limit the wear of the LFM tip during the calibration procedure. Moreover, the low-profiles of the calibration surface characteristic of these layered 2D materials, on standard polished oxide substrates, result in a nearly constant frictional, adhesive, and elastic response as the tip slides over the surface, making the determination of the calibration coefficient robust. Through a detailed calibration analysis that takes into account non-linear frictional response, it is found that the adhesion is best described by a nearly constant vertical orientation, rather than the more commonly encountered normally directed adhesion, as the single asperity passes over the low-profile graphene-coated oxide surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J Boland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Jacob L Hempel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Armin Ansary
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Mohsen Nasseri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Douglas R Strachan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xu X, Schultz T, Qin Z, Severin N, Haas B, Shen S, Kirchhof JN, Opitz A, Koch CT, Bolotin K, Rabe JP, Eda G, Koch N. Microstructure and Elastic Constants of Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers from Friction and Shear Force Microscopy. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803748. [PMID: 30133006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical and electrical properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are strongly determined by their microstructure. Consequently, the visualization of spatial structural variations is of paramount importance for future applications. This study demonstrates how grain boundaries, crystal orientation, and strain fields can unambiguously be identified with combined lateral force microscopy and transverse shear microscopy (TSM) for CVD-grown tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) monolayers, on length scales that are relevant for optoelectronic applications. Further, angle-dependent TSM measurements enable the fourth-order elastic constants of monolayer WS2 to be acquired experimentally. The results facilitate high-throughput and nondestructive microstructure visualization of monolayer TMDCs and insights into their elastic properties, thus providing an accessible tool to support the development of advanced optoelectronic devices based on such 2D semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziyu Qin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Nikolai Severin
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Haas
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumin Shen
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jan N Kirchhof
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Opitz
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph T Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill Bolotin
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goki Eda
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Bereich Solarenergieforschung, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|