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Pang Y, He T, Liu S, Zhu X, Lee C. Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Enabled Digital Twins in Civil Engineering Infrastructure 4.0: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2306574. [PMID: 38520068 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of digital twins has ushered in a new era in civil engineering with a focus on achieving sustainable energy supply, real-time sensing, and rapid warning systems. These key development goals mean the arrival of Civil Engineering 4.0.The advent of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) demonstrates the feasibility of energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental elements comprising civil infrastructure, encompassing various structures such as buildings, pavements, rail tracks, bridges, tunnels, and ports. First, an elaboration is provided on smart engineering structures with digital twins. Following that, the paper examines the impact of using TENG-enabled strategies on smart civil infrastructure through the integration of materials and structures. The various infrastructures provided by TENGs have been analyzed to identify the key research interest. These areas encompass a wide range of civil infrastructure characteristics, including safety, efficiency, energy conservation, and other related themes. The challenges and future perspectives of TENG-enabled smart civil infrastructure are briefly discussed in the final section. In conclusion, it is conceivable that in the near future, there will be a proliferation of smart civil infrastructure accompanied by sustainable and comprehensive smart services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Pang
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
| | - Shuainian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xingyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS, National University of Singapore, Block E6 #05-11, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
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2
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Thakrar SK, Johnson JA, Polasky S. Land-Use Decisions Have Substantial Air Quality Health Effects. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:381-390. [PMID: 38101325 PMCID: PMC10785758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how best to use limited land without compromising food security, health, and beneficial ecosystem functions is a critical challenge of our time. Ecosystem service assessments increasingly inform land-use decisions but seldom include the effects of land use on air quality, the largest environmental health risk. Here, we estimate and value the air quality health effects of potential land-use policies and projected trends in the United States, alongside carbon sequestration and economic returns to land, until 2051. We show that air quality health effects are of first-order importance in land-use decisions, often larger in value than carbon sequestration and economic returns combined. When air quality is properly accounted for, policies that appeared beneficial are shown to be detrimental and vice versa. Land-use-driven air quality impacts are largely from agricultural emissions and biogenic forest emissions, although incentives for reduced deforestation remain beneficial overall. Without evaluating air quality, we are unable to determine whether land-use decisions make us better or worse off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumil K. Thakrar
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
| | - Justin A. Johnson
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department
of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota; St Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
- The
Natural Capital Project, University of Minnesota; St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1038, United
States
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3
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Pagadala T, Alam MA, Maxwell TMR, Curran TJ. Measuring flammability of crops, pastures, fruit trees, and weeds: A novel tool to fight wildfires in agricultural landscapes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167489. [PMID: 37778547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Fires on agricultural land account for 8-11 % of the total number of fires that occur globally. These fires burn through various crops, pastures, and native vegetation on farms, causing economic and environmental losses. Fire management on farms will be aided by understanding the flammability of plant species as this would allow the design of low-flammability agricultural landscapes, but flammability data on large numbers of agricultural species are lacking. Many crop and vegetable species are assumed to be low in flammability, but this has rarely been tested. Therefore, we examined the shoot and whole-plant flammability of 47 plant taxa commonly grown on farms in Canterbury, New Zealand, which included many globally common temperate agricultural crops. We demonstrated that most of the agricultural species were low to very low in flammability, with many of them (24 taxa; 51 %) not igniting in the experimental burning. Among different crop types, fruit crops and cereals had significantly higher flammability, while taxa categorized as vegetable crops, grazing herbs, pasture grasses, pasture legumes, and weeds were lower in flammability. We further showed that taxa with lower moisture content, higher retention of dead material and faster moisture loss rates were higher in flammability. The strong variation of flammability between the studied taxa suggests that the selection of suitable low flammability species and strategic redesign of agricultural landscapes with fire-retardant planting can be a useful tool to reduce fire hazards and impacts of wildfires in agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmayi Pagadala
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Md Azharul Alam
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647 Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas M R Maxwell
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Timothy J Curran
- Department of Pest-management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647 Christchurch, New Zealand
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4
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Lopes AA, Tasneem D, Viriyavipart A. Determinants of wheat residue burning: Evidence from India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296059. [PMID: 38157345 PMCID: PMC10756511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Postharvest crop residue burning (CRB) is a major policy issue in several developing countries because of harmful environmental and public health consequences. While the literature has extensively examined the reasons for rice CRB, much less is known about wheat residue management. This paper explores the drivers of CRB of wheat in India and relates it to farmers' prior decisions related to CRB of rice in the preceding season. Using primary data on residue management practices of 301 Indian farmers, whom we tracked over two consecutive harvests of rice (2018) and wheat (2019), we find that farmers are significantly more likely to burn wheat residue if they had previously burned rice residue. The possibility of this linkage or spillover increases the likelihood of wheat residue burning by 15.6 to 21 percent. Furthermore, farmers are undertaking wheat CRB despite the positive net benefit of choosing non-burning alternatives to manage crop residue. Our results suggest that ensuring well-functioning markets for crop residue, awareness campaigns, and recognition of spillover effects of residue management across crops over time can enable policies to promote pro-environmental postharvest choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A. Lopes
- Department of Economics, School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dina Tasneem
- Department of Economics, School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ajalavat Viriyavipart
- Department of Economics, School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Sharma S, Singh P, Ali HM, Hussain Siddiqui M, Iqbal J. Tillage, green manuring and crop residue management impacts on crop productivity, potassium use efficiency and potassium fractions under rice-wheat system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17828. [PMID: 37483775 PMCID: PMC10359882 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional crop production practices including intensive tillage and open field crop residue burning in world' largest rice-wheat system (RWS) are adversely affecting crop productivity besides deteriorating natural resources and ecosystems' sustainability. In order to improve system productivity, potassium (K) use efficiency and apparent K balance, adoption of conservation tillage in a RWS with residue management is considered highly effective. We therefore, studied the effect of wheat straw retention and green manure (GM) in rice (main plot treatment), and tillage and rice residue management in subsequent wheat (sub-plot treatments) on crop productivity, K use efficiency and its transformation amongst different fractions of variable solubility. These results revealed that rice straw retention along with GM significantly (p < 0.05) increased the rice yields by ∼5.3-6.7% and wheat yields by ∼10.2-16.9%, compared to the conventional tillage (CT) without GM. Green manuring during the intervening period (CTRW0+GM) significantly increased the rice grain K uptake by ∼36.2% than in plots with no-GM (CTRW0). However, it increased by ∼29.8% under CTRW25+GM, compared with CTRW25-GM treatment. As compared with CTRW0, CTRW0+GM significantly increased the reciprocal internal use efficiency of K of rice by 3.8 kg Mg-1 grain yield (∼29.5%). However, CTRW25+GM increased the RIUEK of rice by 3.3 kg Mg-1 grain yield (∼22.4%), compared with no-GM (CTRW25). Although, apparent K balance was net negative for CTRW25, ZTWR100 treatments, yet there was decreased K mining of 56-262 kg K ha-1 (∼11.9-61.2%) for CTRW25 and ZTWR100 over CTRW0 and ZTWR0. The increased crop yield, K uptake and K use efficiency were significantly related to K enrichment in water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable-K, hydrochloric acid extractable-K, lattice-K and total K fractions by ∼1.3, 3.4, 18.6, 11.0 and 34.1%, respectively due to residue retention, compared with no residue. Therefore, conventional tillage with puddled transplanted rice (CTR) with wheat residue and green manure during intervening period (CTRW25+GM), and zero tillage wheat with rice residue retention (ZTWR100) were emerged as highly valuable technological options for mitigating soil degradation effects under intensive RWS for food grains in north-western India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Pritpal Singh
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer Hussain Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA
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Sawhney D, Vaid S, Bangotra R, Sharma S, Dutt HC, Kapoor N, Mahajan R, Bajaj BK. Proficient bioconversion of rice straw biomass to bioethanol using a novel combinatorial pretreatment approach based on deep eutectic solvent, microwave irradiation and laccase. Bioresour Technol 2023; 375:128791. [PMID: 36871702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Current study is the first report of the combined application of chemical (deep eutectic solvent), physical (microwave irradiation) and biological (laccase) pretreatment strategies for enhancing the enzymatic digestibility of rice straw biomass. Pretreated rice straw biomass was saccharified by cellulase/xylanase from Aspergillus japonicus DSB2 to get a sugar yield of 252.36 mg/g biomass. Design of Experiment based optimization of pretreatment and saccharification variables increased the total sugar yield by 1.67 times (421.5 mg/g biomass, saccharification efficiency 72.6%). Sugary hydrolysate was ethanol-fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis to achieve an ethanol yield of 214 mg/g biomass (bioconversion efficiency 72.5%). Structural/chemical aberrations induced in the biomass due to pretreatment were elucidated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques to unravel the pretreatment mechanisms. Combined application of various physico-chemical/biological pretreatment may be a promising approach for proficient bioconversion of rice straw biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Sawhney
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Surbhi Vaid
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Ridhika Bangotra
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Surbhi Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | | | - Nisha Kapoor
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
| | - Ritu Mahajan
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India
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7
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Fagodiya RK, Singh A, Singh R, Rani S, Kumar S, Rai AK, Sheoran P, Chandra P, Yadav RK, Sharma PC, Biswas AK, Chaudhari SK. The food-energy-water-carbon nexus of the rice-wheat production system in the western Indo-Gangetic Plain of India: An impact of irrigation system, conservational tillage and residue management. Sci Total Environ 2023; 860:160428. [PMID: 36436645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The conventional rice-wheat system in the western Indo-Gangetic plain of India is energy and water intensive with high carbon footprint. The transition towards resource-efficient eco-friendly production technologies with lower footprint is required for inclusive ecological sustenance. A five-year (2016-17 to 2020-21) field experiment was conducted in RWS with hypothesis that pressurized irrigation systems [drip (DRIP) and mini-sprinkler (MSIS)] in conservation tillage [reduced (RT)/zero (ZT)] and crop residue management [incorporation (RI)/mulch (RM)] might result in higher resource use efficiency with lesser carbon footprint compared to conventional system. Experiment consisted five treatments namely (1) puddled transplanted rice followed by conventionally tilled wheat (PTR/CTW), (2) DRIP irrigated reduced till direct seeded rice (RTDSR) followed by zero-till wheat with 100 % rice residue mulching (ZTW + RM) (DRIP-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), (3) surface irrigated RTDSR followed by ZTW + RM (SIS-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), (4) MSIS irrigated RTDSR followed by ZTW + RM (MSIS-RTDSR/ZTW + RM), and (5) MSIS irrigated RTDSR with 1/3rd wheat residue incorporation followed by ZTW + RM (MSIS-RTDSR + RI/ZTW + RM). The pressurized irrigation system in RWS established under conservational tillage and residue management (DRIP-RTDSR/ZTW + RM and MSIS-DSR + RI/ZTW + RM) produced at par system productivity compared to PTR/CTW. Substantial nitrogen (79-114 ka ha-1) and irrigation water (536-680 mm) savings under pressurized irrigation systems resulted in 41-64 % higher partial factor productivity of nitrogen with 48-61 % lower water footprint. These systems had lower energy consumption attaining 15-21 % higher net energy, 44-61 % higher energy use efficiency, and 31-38 % lower specific energy. Efficient utilization of farm inputs caused lower greenhouse gas emission (39-44 %) and enhanced carbon sequestration (35-62 %) resulting 63-76 % lower carbon footprint over PTR/CTW. The information generated here might useful in developing policies for resource and climate-smart food production system aiming livelihood security and ecological sustainability in the region. Further, trials are needed for wider adaptability under different climate, soil and agronomic practices to develop site-specific climate smart practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Fagodiya
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Ajay Singh
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ranbir Singh
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sonia Rani
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S Kumar
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Rai
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Parvender Sheoran
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Chandra
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - R K Yadav
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - A K Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal 462038, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - S K Chaudhari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110001, Delhi, India
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Hoque MA, Gathala MK, Timsina J, Ziauddin M, Hossain M, Krupnik TJ. Reduced tillage and crop diversification can improve productivity and profitability of rice-based rotations of the Eastern Gangetic Plains. Field Crops Res 2023; 291:108791. [PMID: 36742349 PMCID: PMC9846111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intensive rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in south Asia provide much of the calorie and protein requirements of low to middle-income rural and urban populations. Intensive tillage practices demand more resources, damage soil quality, and reduce crop yields and profit margins. Crop diversification along with conservation agriculture (CA)-based management practices may reduce external input use, improve resource-use efficiency, and increase the productivity and profitability of intensive cropping systems. A field study was conducted on loamy soil in a sub-tropical climate in northern Bangladesh to evaluate the effects of three tillage options and six rice-based cropping sequences on grain, calorie, and protein yields and gross margins (GM) for different crops and cropping sequences. The three tillage options were: (1) conservation agriculture (CA) with all crops in sequences untilled, (2) alternating tillage (AT) with the monsoon season rice crop tilled but winter season crops untilled, and (3) conventional tillage (CT) with all crops in sequences tilled. The six cropping sequences were: rice-rice (R-R), rice-mung bean (Vigna radiata) (R-MB), rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R-W), rice-maize (Zea mays) (R-M), rice-wheat-mung bean (R-W-MB), and rice-maize-mung bean (R-M-MB). Over three years of experimentation, the average monsoon rice yield was 8% lower for CA than CT, but the average winter crops yield was 13% higher for CA than CT. Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT; additionally, AT added approximately 1% more to these benefits. The systems productivity gain under CA and AT resulted in higher GM by 16% while reducing the labor and total production cost under CA than CT. The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation. The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY (30%) and second highest (118%) GM. Considering the combined effect of tillage and cropping system, CA with R-M rotation showed superior performance in terms of SREY, protein yield, and GM. The distribution of labor use and GM across rotations was grouped into four categories: R-W in low-low (low labor use and low GM), R-M in low-high (low labor use and high GM), R-W-MB and R-M-MB in high-high (high labor use and high GM) and R-R and R-MB in high-low (high labor use and low GM). In conclusion, CA performed better than CT in different winter crops and cropping systems but not in monsoon rice. Our results demonstrate the multiple benefits of partial and full CA-based tillage practices employed with appropriate crop diversification to achieve sustainable food security with greater calorie and protein intake while maximizing farm profitability of intensive rice-based rotational systems.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AT, alternate tillage
- Alternate tillage
- BARC, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Centre
- BARI, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute
- CA, conservation agriculture
- CSISA, Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia
- CT, conventional tillage
- Calorie and protein yields
- Conservation agriculture
- Cropping systems diversification
- DFAT, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- EGP, Eastern Gangetic Plains
- GM, gross margin
- GR, gross return
- Gross margin
- Labor use
- R-M, rice-maize
- R-M-MB, rice-maize-mung bean
- R-R, rice-rice
- R-W, rice-wheat
- R-W-MB, rice-wheat-mung bean
- REY, rice equivalent yield
- Relative yield change
- SOC, soil organic carbon
- SREY, system rice equivalent yield
- SRFSI, Sustainable and Resilient Farming Systems Intensification
- ST, strip tillage
- TAFSSA, Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia
- TVC, total variable cost
- ZT, zero tillage
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arshadul Hoque
- Farm Machinery and Post-Harvest Process Engineering Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Mahesh K. Gathala
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Sustainable Agrifood Systems, House 10/B, Road 53, Gulshan-2, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Jagadish Timsina
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Sustainable Agrifood Systems, House 10/B, Road 53, Gulshan-2, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Global Evergreening Alliance, Burwood East, Melbourne, VIC 3151, Australia
| | - Md.A.T.M. Ziauddin
- Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mosharraf Hossain
- Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Timothy J. Krupnik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Sustainable Agrifood Systems, House 10/B, Road 53, Gulshan-2, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
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Lan R, Eastham SD, Liu T, Norford LK, Barrett SRH. Air quality impacts of crop residue burning in India and mitigation alternatives. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6537. [PMID: 36376316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop residue burning contributes to poor air quality and imposes a health burden on India. Despite government bans and other interventions, this practice remains widespread. Here we estimate the impact of changes in agricultural emissions on air quality across India and quantify the potential benefit of district-level actions using an adjoint modeling approach. From 2003 to 2019, we find that agricultural residue burning caused 44,000-98,000 particulate matter exposure-related premature deaths annually, of which Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh contribute 67-90%. Due to a combination of relatively high downwind population density, agricultural output, and cultivation of residue-intensive crops, six districts in Punjab alone contribute to 40% of India-wide annual air quality impacts from residue burning. Burning two hours earlier in Punjab alone could avert premature deaths up to 9600 (95% CI: 8000-11,000) each year, valued at 3.2 (95% CI: 0.49-7.3) billion US dollars. Our findings support the use of targeted and potentially low-cost interventions to mitigate crop residue burning in India, pending further research regarding cost-effectiveness and feasibility.
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Lin M, Begho T. Crop residue burning in South Asia: A review of the scale, effect, and solutions with a focus on reducing reactive nitrogen losses. J Environ Manage 2022; 314:115104. [PMID: 35462257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on crop residue burning - a widespread practice in many regions in South Asia. Specifically, we examine evidence from studies highlighting the scale of the practice in South Asia, the environmental implications, the drivers of the practice and the remedies to the problem. The studies provide evidence that the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a hot-spot for atmospheric pollutants, with seasonal crop residue burning being a major contributor. The burning of crop residue is reported to degrade the soil, increase the risk of erosion, and increase the soil temperature, consequently decimating soil microorganisms. This subsequently impacts the monetary cost involved in recovering the soil fertility and the potential for further pollution through the increased use of fertilizer. The review shows that farmers' reasons for burning crop residues are mainly the high cost of incorporating, collecting, transporting, and processing crop residues in South Asia. Labour shortages, the marketability of the crop residue and the short time interval between harvest and next cropping seasons also influence farmers decision to burn crop residue. To address this problem, there is the need to encourage the use of agricultural machines capable of sowing crops in standing stubble, adopting in-situ practices and changing crop varieties to those with short duration. In addition, education and awareness are needed to change beliefs and perceptions on crop residue burning. Crucially, when promoting alternative sustainable uses of crop residue, the economic benefits should be prioritized, and support towards initial investments that accompany the adoption of alternative practices should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Lin
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Toritseju Begho
- Rural Economy, Environment & Society, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom.
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McDonald AJ, Keil A, Srivastava A, Craufurd P, Kishore A, Kumar V, Paudel G, Singh S, Singh AK, Sohane RK, Malik RK. Time management governs climate resilience and productivity in the coupled rice-wheat cropping systems of eastern India. Nat Food 2022; 3:542-551. [PMID: 37117949 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
India will need to produce 30% more wheat by 2050, and these gains must principally come from intensification in eastern India where low productivity is common. Through a dense network of on-farm surveys for the rice-wheat system in this region, we show that contemporary wheat sowing dates have a central influence on achieved and attainable yields, superseding all other crop management, soil and varietal factors. We estimate that untapped wheat production potential will increase by 69% with achievable adjustments to wheat sowing dates without incurring undesirable trade-offs with rice productivity, irrigation requirements or profitability. Our findings also indicate that transformative gains in wheat yields are only possible in eastern India if rice and wheat are managed as a coupled system. Steps taken to 'keep time' through better management of the annual cropping calendar will pay dividends for food security, profitability and climate resilience now and as a foundation for adaptation to progressive climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDonald
- Soil and Crops Sciences-School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Amit Srivastava
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)-South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - Peter Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - Avinash Kishore
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), New Delhi, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Gokul Paudel
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - Sudhanshu Singh
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)-South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - R K Sohane
- Bihar Agricultural University (BAU), Sabour, India
| | - R K Malik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), New Delhi, India
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12
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Koul B, Yakoob M, Shah MP. Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability. Environ Res 2022; 206:112285. [PMID: 34710442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, abundant agricultural wastes (AWs) are being generated each day to fulfil the increasing demands of the fast-growing population. The limited and/or improper management of the same has created an urgent need to devise strategies for their timely utilization and valorisation, for agricultural sustainability and human-food and health security. The AWs are generated from different sources including crop residue, agro-industries, livestock, and aquaculture. The main component of the crop residue and agro-industrial waste is cellulose, (the most abundant biopolymer), followed by lignin and hemicellulose (lignocellulosic biomass). The AWs and their processing are a global issue since its vast majority is currently burned or buried in soil, causing pollution of air, water and global warming. Traditionally, some crop residues have been used in combustion, animal fodder, roof thatching, composting, soil mulching, matchsticks and paper production. But, lignocellulosic biomass can also serve as a sustainable source of biofuel (biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen) and bioenergy in order to mitigate the fossil fuel shortage and climate change issues. Thus, valorisation of lignocellulosic residues has the potential to influence the bioeconomy by producing value-added products including biofertilizers, bio-bricks, bio-coal, bio-plastics, paper, biofuels, industrial enzymes, organic acids etc. This review encompasses circular bioeconomy based various AW management strategies, which involve 'reduction', 'reusing' and 'recycling' of AWs to boost sustainable agriculture and minimise environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Mohammad Yakoob
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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13
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Raza MH, Abid M, Faisal M, Yan T, Akhtar S, Adnan KMM. Environmental and Health Impacts of Crop Residue Burning: Scope of Sustainable Crop Residue Management Practices. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19084753. [PMID: 35457622 PMCID: PMC9032433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The burning of crop residue in the open field has become a significant concern for climate change mitigation efforts worldwide. This practice has led to air quality impairment, smog, haze, heat waves, and different health problems. These could be avoided by adopting sustainable crop residue management practices (SCRMPs) and enabling farmers to engage in SCRMPs. Assessing the health effects at the household level is critical for understanding this problem and finding a solution. Using the primary dataset of 420 farmers from Punjab, Pakistan, we estimated the incurred impacts and costs of crop residue burning. We calculated the health and environmental benefits associated with adopting SCRMPs by comparing the two groups of farmers (adopters and non-adopters). Furthermore, we used a propensity score matching technique to measure the causal impact of SCRMPs adoption on health costs. The findings showed that a surprisingly large number of farmers are all aware of the adverse effects of residue burning, and many do not burn crop residues and instead use SCRMPs. This study found that households with chronic and non-chronic diseases become acute, and the severity increases during the burning period. They spend USD 13.37 to USD 8.79 on chronic and non-chronic diseases during the burning season, respectively. Consequently, the use of SCRMPs has a positive effect on healthcare costs. Our study findings highlight the meaningful implications for developing a new policy to promote the sustainable utilization of crop residues and enhance their adoption in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haseeb Raza
- Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) Level 2, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Tingwu Yan
- College of Economics & Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Rural Development Research Centre, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Shoaib Akhtar
- Centre of Excellence for Olive Research & Training (CEFORT), Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal 48800, Pakistan;
| | - K. M. Mehedi Adnan
- Department of Agricultural Finance & Banking, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
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14
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Dixon JM, Weerahewa J, Hellin J, Rola-Rubzen MF, Huang J, Kumar S, Das A, Qureshi ME, Krupnik TJ, Shideed K, Jat ML, Prasad PVV, Yadav S, Irshad A, Asanaliev A, Abugalieva A, Karimov A, Bhattarai B, Balgos CQ, Benu F, Ehara H, Pant J, Sarmiento JMP, Newby JC, Pretty J, Tokuda H, Weyerhaeuser H, Digal LN, Li L, Sarkar MAR, Abedin MZ, Schreinemachers P, Grafton Q, Sharma RC, Saidzoda S, Lopez-Ridaura S, Coffey S, Kam SP, Win SS, Praneetvatakul S, Maraseni T, Touch V, Liang WL, Saharawat YS, Timsina J. Response and resilience of Asian agrifood systems to COVID-19: An assessment across twenty-five countries and four regional farming and food systems. Agric Syst 2021; 193:103168. [PMID: 36284566 PMCID: PMC9584831 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The COVID-19 pandemic has been affecting health and economies across the world, although the nature of direct and indirect effects on Asian agrifood systems and food security has not yet been well understood. OBJECTIVES This paper assesses the initial responses of major farming and food systems to COVID-19 in 25 Asian countries, and considers the implications for resilience, food and nutrition security and recovery policies by the governments. METHODS A conceptual systems model was specified including key pathways linking the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 to the resilience and performance of the four principal Asian farming and food systems, viz, lowland rice based; irrigated wheat based; hill mixed; and dryland mixed systems. Based on this framework, a systematic survey of 2504 key informants (4% policy makers, 6% researchers or University staff, 6% extension workers, 65% farmers, and 19% others) in 20 Asian countries was conducted and the results assessed and analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The principal Asian farming and food systems were moderately resilient to COVID-19, reinforced by government policies in many countries that prioritized food availability and affordability. Rural livelihoods and food security were affected primarily because of disruptions to local labour markets (especially for off-farm work), farm produce markets (notably for perishable foods) and input supply chains (i.e., seeds and fertilisers). The overall effects on system performance were most severe in the irrigated wheat based system and least severe in the hill mixed system, associated in the latter case with greater resilience and diversification and less dependence on external inputs and long market chains. Farming and food systems' resilience and sustainability are critical considerations for recovery policies and programmes, especially in relation to economic performance that initially recovered more slowly than productivity, natural resources status and social capital. Overall, the resilience of Asian farming and food systems was strong because of inherent systems characteristics reinforced by public policies that prioritized staple food production and distribution as well as complementary welfare programmes. With the substantial risks to plant- and animal-sourced food supplies from future zoonoses and the institutional vulnerabilities revealed by COVID-19, efforts to improve resilience should be central to recovery programmes. SIGNIFICANCE This study was the first Asia-wide systems assessment of the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems, differentiating the effects of the pandemic across the four principal regional farming and food systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dixon
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeevika Weerahewa
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jon Hellin
- Sustainable Impact Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shalander Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anup Das
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region, Tripura, India
| | - Muhammad Ejaz Qureshi
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kamil Shideed
- Sustainable Agricultural Development and Food Security, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, New Delhi, India
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Sustainable Impact Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Aamer Irshad
- Food and Agriculture Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aigul Abugalieva
- Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aziz Karimov
- Regional Office for Central Asia and the South Caucasus, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Carol Q Balgos
- University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Fred Benu
- Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Ehara
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Jon M P Sarmiento
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Newby
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Jules Pretty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromi Tokuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Larry N Digal
- University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Lingling Li
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Md Abdur Rouf Sarkar
- Agricultural Economics Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Quentin Grafton
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ram C Sharma
- International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | | | - Suan Pheng Kam
- 18, Lorong Geh Chong Keat, Tanjung Bungah, 11200 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Su Su Win
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yezin, Myanmar
| | | | - Tek Maraseni
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Van Touch
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Li Liang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | | | - Jagadish Timsina
- Global Evergreening Alliance, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Study and Development Worldwide, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Hellin J, McDonald A, Jat ML, Shyamsundar P, Singh AK. Mitigating agriculture's contribution to air pollution in India. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e186. [PMID: 33838731 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hellin
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Andrew McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | | | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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16
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Singh P, Roy A, Bhasin D, Kapoor M, Ravi S, Dey S. Crop Fires and Cardiovascular Health - A Study from North India. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100757. [PMID: 33869720 PMCID: PMC8040334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the impact of exposure to biomass burning events (primarily crop burning) on the prevalence of hypertension in four North Indian states. We use data from the National Family Health Survey-IV for 2015-16 and employ a multivariate logistic and linear model to estimate the effect of exposure to biomass burning on the prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio of hypertension among individuals living in areas with high intensity of biomass (HIB) burning (defined as exposure to > 100 fire-events during the past 30 days) is 1.15 [95% CI: 1.003–1.32]. The odds ratios further increase at a higher intensity of biomass burning and downwind fires are found to be responsible for the negative effect of fires on cardiovascular health. We also find that the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for older cohorts is significantly higher due to exposure to HIB. We estimate that elimination of HIB would prevent loss of 70–91 thousand DALYs every year and 1.73 to 2.24 Billion USD (in PPP terms) over 5 years by reducing the prevalence of hypertension. Therefore, curbing biomass burning will be associated with significant health and economic benefits in North India. Exposure to biomass burning is associated with a higher chance of being hypertensive in states of North India. The population of age 40 years and above are more vulnerable to adverse effects of exposure to biomass burning. Estimated benefit from elimination of biomass burning would be 1.73 Billion (in PPP $) over 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Singh
- Ashoka University, India.,Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi, India
| | - Ambuj Roy
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Bhasin
- Department of Cardiology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sagnik Dey
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India & Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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17
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Batrancea I, Batrancea L, Maran Rathnaswamy M, Tulai H, Fatacean G, Rus M. Greening the Financial System in USA, Canada and Brazil: A Panel Data Analysis. Mathematics 2020; 8:2217. [DOI: 10.3390/math8122217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Each country designs its own scheme to achieve green financing and, in general, credit is considered to be a fundamental source of greening financial systems. The novelty of this study resides in that we examined green financing initiatives in USA, Canada and Brazil by focusing on major components of the financial systems before, during and after the 2008 world financial crisis. By means of panel data analysis conducted on observations ranging across the period 1970–2018, we investigated variables such as domestic credit from banks, domestic credit from the financial sector, GDP, N2O emissions, CO2 emissions and the value added from agriculture, forest and fishing activities. According to our findings, domestic credit from banks was insufficient to achieve green financing. Namely, in order to increase economic growth while reducing global warming and climate change, the financial sector should assume a bigger role in funding green investments. Moreover, our results showed that domestic credit from the financial sector contributed to green financing, while CO2 emissions remained a challenge in capping global warming at the 1.5 °C level. Our empirical study supports the idea that economic growth together with policies targeting climate change and global warming can contribute to green financing. Over and above that, governments should strive to design sustainable fiscal and monetary policies that promote green financing.
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18
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Härri A, Levänen J, Koistinen K. Marginalized Small-Scale Farmers as Actors in Just Circular-Economy Transitions: Exploring Opportunities to Circulate Crop Residue as Raw Material in India. Sustainability 2020; 12:10355. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Facing substantial sustainability challenges, sustainable transitions to circular systems are increasingly called for. The use of biomass to produce textile fibers is a niche that could contribute to a circular textile system. In this niche, farmers supplying biomass would play a crucial role. Through a literature review, we argue in this article that farmers are important actors in this context, but their agency is limited by numerous institutional factors, such as cultivation practices, labor markets, and information systems. These factors together can create an institutional void, which can hamper both the agency of farmers and their ability to participate, as well as the justness of the niche. The void’s strength depends on the institutional interface a farmer is subjected to. Before just transitions to circular systems can occur, marginalized actors’ agency and ability to participate in the niche, in a just way, must be improved, by decreasing the strength of the institutional void.
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19
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Trushna T, Diwan V, Nandi SS, Aher SB, Tiwari RR, Sabde YD. A mixed-methods community-based participatory research to explore stakeholder's perspectives and to quantify the effect of crop residue burning on air and human health in Central India: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1824. [PMID: 33256650 PMCID: PMC7706198 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crop residue burning adversely affects air quality and consequently human health. India, being one of the largest agro-economies of the world, produces around 500 Million tonnes of crop residue annually most of which is burnt on-farm. However, integrated studies that simultaneously quantify the effects of crop residue burning while exploring the subjective determinants of the practice are lacking in India. This paper describes the protocol for a longitudinal mixed methods research study employing a community-based participatory approach to fill this gap. Methods Both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected in a rural setting of the central Indian province of Madhya Pradesh, over 1 year. A steering committee comprising of the research team and community representatives will be formed. The proportion of cultivable land burnt in one crop burning season will be estimated. The association between crop residue burning, level of ambient air pollutants, and pulmonary function of village residents will be determined. Focus groups, interviews, and participatory rural appraisal methods will be used to explore stakeholder perspectives about crop residue burning. Potential barriers and opportunities for substituting burning with an alternative crop residue management technique will be ascertained as the basis for future interventions. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (No: NIREH/BPL/IEC/2019–20/1494, dt 06/01/2020). Discussion This manuscript describes the protocol for a novel community-based participatory study to investigate thoroughly the phenomenon of crop residue burning from the perspective of the agricultural community through their active collaboration. The lack of comprehensive evidence regarding the factors responsible for crop residue burning in India underlines the importance of implementing this study protocol to fill in this critical gap in knowledge. While acknowledging that findings of this study will be not generalizable to agricultural communities other than the one studied, it is expected that the study will generate baseline evidence that might be beneficial in developing and implementing an appropriate intervention strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-020-09844-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Trushna
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Water and Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. .,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Subroto Shambhu Nandi
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Bhagwatrao Aher
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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20
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McDonald AJ, Balwinder-Singh, Jat ML, Craufurd P, Hellin J, Hung NV, Keil A, Kishore A, Kumar V, McCarty JL, Pearson P, Samaddar A, Shyamsundar P, Shirsath PB, Sidhu HS, Singh AK, Singh S, Srivastava AK, Urban E, Malik RK, Gerard B. Indian agriculture, air pollution, and public health in the age of COVID. World Dev 2020; 135:105064. [PMID: 32834377 PMCID: PMC7332940 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the intuitive link between chronic health conditions associated with air pollution and the vulnerability of individuals and communities to COVID-19. Poor air quality already imposes a highly significant public health burden in Northwest India, with pollution levels spiking to hazardous levels in November and early December when rice crop residues are burned. The urgency of curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating a potential resurgence later in the year provides even more justification for accelerating efforts to dramatically reduce open agricultural burning in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Balwinder-Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - P Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Khumultar, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - J Hellin
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - N V Hung
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - A Keil
- UNIQUE forestry and land use GmbH, Schnewlinstr. 10, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Kishore
- International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India
| | - V Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - J L McCarty
- Department of Geography and Geospatial Analysis Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - P Pearson
- International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), USA
| | - A Samaddar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - P Shyamsundar
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - P B Shirsath
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security (CCAFS), BISA, CIMMYT, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - H S Sidhu
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ladhowal, Ludhiana 141008, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhanshu Singh
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - E Urban
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R K Malik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - B Gerard
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
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21
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Balwinder-Singh, Shirsath PB, Jat ML, McDonald AJ, Srivastava AK, Craufurd P, Rana DS, Singh AK, Chaudhari SK, Sharma PC, Singh R, Jat HS, Sidhu HS, Gerard B, Braun H. Agricultural labor, COVID-19, and potential implications for food security and air quality in the breadbasket of India. Agric Syst 2020; 185:102954. [PMID: 32982021 PMCID: PMC7503070 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, India imposed a national lockdown at the end of March 2020, a decision that resulted in a massive reverse migration as many workers across economic sectors returned to their home regions. Migrants provide the foundations of the agricultural workforce in the 'breadbasket' states of Punjab and Haryana in Northwest India.There are mounting concerns that near and potentially longer-term reductions in labor availability may jeopardize agricultural production and consequently national food security. The timing of rice transplanting at the beginning of the summer monsoon season has a cascading influence on productivity of the entire rice-wheat cropping system. To assess the potential for COVID-related reductions in the agriculture workforce to disrupt production of the dominant rice-wheat cropping pattern in these states, we use a spatial ex ante modelling framework to evaluate four scenarios representing a range of plausible labor constraints on the timing of rice transplanting. Averaged over both states, results suggest that rice productivity losses under all delay scenarios would be low as compare to those for wheat, with total system productivity loss estimates ranging from 9%, to 21%, equivalent to economic losses of USD $674 m to $1.48 billion. Late rice transplanting and harvesting can also aggravate winter air pollution with concomitant health risks. Technological options such as direct seeded rice, staggered nursery transplanting, and crop diversification away from rice can help address these challenges but require new approaches to policy and incentives for change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder-Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Paresh B Shirsath
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security (CCAFS), BISA, CIMMYT, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - A J McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Peter Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Khumultar, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - D S Rana
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S K Chaudhari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- ICAR-Agriculture Technology Applications Research Institute (ATARI), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - H S Sidhu
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab 141008, India
| | - B Gerard
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Hans Braun
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
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Choudhary M, Jat HS, Datta A, Sharma PC, Rajashekar B, Jat ML. Topsoil Bacterial Community Changes and Nutrient Dynamics Under Cereal Based Climate-Smart Agri-Food Systems. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1812. [PMID: 32849419 PMCID: PMC7399647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms play a critical role in soil biogeochemical processes, nutrient cycling, and resilience of agri-food systems and are immensely influenced by agronomic management practices. Understanding soil bacterial community and nutrient dynamics under contrasting management practices is of utmost importance for building climate-smart agri-food systems. Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm soil depth from six management scenarios in long-term conservation agriculture (CA) and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices. These scenarios (Sc) involved; ScI-conventional tillage based rice-wheat rotation, ScII- partial CA based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIII- partial CSA based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIV is partial CSA based maize-wheat-mungbean, ScV and ScVI are CSA based scenarios, were similar to ScIII and ScIV respectively, layered with precision water & nutrient management. The sequencing of soil DNA results revealed that across the six scenarios, a total of forty bacterial phyla were observed, with Proteobacteria as dominant in all scenarios, followed by Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was 29% higher in rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV) and 16% higher in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared to conventional-till practice (ScI). The relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria was respectively 29% and 91% higher in CT than CSA based rice and 27% and 110% higher than maize-based scenarios. Some taxa are present relatively in very low abundance or exclusively in some scenarios, but these might play important roles there. Three phyla are exclusively present in ScI and ScII i.e., Spirochaetes, Thermi, and Euryarchaeota. Shannon diversity index was 11% higher in CT compared to CSA scenarios. Maize based CSA scenarios recorded higher diversity indices than rice-based CSA scenarios. Similar to changes in soil bacterial community, the nutrient dynamics among the different scenarios also varied significantly. After nine years of continuous cropping, the soil organic carbon was improved by 111% and 31% in CSA and CA scenarios over the CT scenario. Similarly, the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were improved by, respectively, 38, 70, and 59% in CSA scenarios compared to the CT scenario. These results indicate that CSA based management has a positive influence on soil resilience in terms of relative abundances of bacterial groups, soil organic carbon & available plant nutrients and hence may play a critical role in the sustainability of the intensive cereal based agri-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Choudhary
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Hanuman S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India.,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashim Datta
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Parbodh C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | | | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
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23
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Jat HS, Choudhary KM, Nandal DP, Yadav AK, Poonia T, Singh Y, Sharma PC, Jat ML. Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Systems Leads to Energy Conservation, Higher Productivity and Farm Profitability. Environ Manage 2020; 65:774-786. [PMID: 32133539 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, the quadruple challenges of deteriorating soil quality, declining groundwater, energy shortages, and diminishing farm profitability threaten sustainability of conventional till (CT)-based cereal production systems. A 5-year study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conservation agriculture (CA)-based management (tillage, crop establishment, residue management, and system intensification through mungbean integration) on energy budget, water productivity, and economic profitability in cereal (rice-wheat, RW/maize-wheat, MW)-based systems compared with CT-based management. In CA systems, crop residues contributed the maximum (~76%) in total energy input (167,995 MJ ha-1); however, fertilizer application (nonrenewable energy source) contributed the maximum (43%) in total energy input (47,760 MJ ha-1) in CT-based systems. CA-based cereal (rice/maize) systems recorded higher net energy and energy-intensiveness (EI) levels of 251% and 300%, respectively, compared with those of the CT-based rice-wheat system (RW/CT) (295,217 MJ ha-1 and 46.05 MJ USD-1), irrespective of mungbean integration. MWMb/ZT+R utilized 204% more input energy, which resulted in 14% higher net energy and 229% higher EI compared with RW/CT. CA-based RW and MW systems enhanced the crop productivity by 10 and 16%, water productivity by 56 and 33%, and profitability by 34 and 36%, while saving in irrigation water by 38 and 32%, compared with their respective CT-based systems, respectively. CA-based system improved net energy, crop productivity, and profitability; therefore, it should be outscaled to improve the soil and environmental quality in north-west India.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - K M Choudhary
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - D P Nandal
- CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - A K Yadav
- SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanuja Poonia
- Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yadvinder Singh
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India.
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24
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Dey D, Gyeltshen T, Aich A, Naskar M, Roy A. Climate adaptive crop-residue management for soil-function improvement; recommendations from field interventions at two agro-ecological zones in South Asia. Environ Res 2020; 183:109164. [PMID: 32000007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of biomass energy from various agricultural wastes for local usages and its removal through open burning potentially increase emission of Green House Gases (GHGs), deteriorate air-quality, formation of tropospheric ozone and create trans-boundary health hazards in countries of South East Asia. The effect of common agro-waste management practices in soil quality and agricultural production system over this part of the world is not well documented. In the present three-years long study, spanning over two entirely different agro-ecological zones of India and Bhutan, highlights the impacts of the burning of agricultural waste in soil physio-chemical properties, biological properties and crop production. The current study also focuses on the alternative usage of crop residue to enhance soil organic carbon, soil moisture, soil nutrients and soil biological activity through the application of biochar and raw agricultural waste generated from the field. It was observed that crop residue used as raw mulch and biochar improved the agricultural production up to 36%-64% over the experimental fields of India and Bhutan. The results from the study disseminated among the local farmers and technological support were provided for practicing alternative crop residue management. Nearly 1450-1500 farmers in India and 100-125 farmers in Bhutan have adopted the agro-waste management practices of removal and re-application of agro-wastes in the field. A total of ~26000 t of CO2 emission has been reduced in two intervention sites during the study period. The present action-research helps to propose future guidelines for environmental friendly crop residue utilization and management and simultaneously help to improve agricultural yield along with soil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Dey
- South Asian Forum for Environment, Research & Planning Division, India
| | | | - Amitava Aich
- South Asian Forum for Environment, Research & Planning Division, India
| | - Mrinmoyee Naskar
- Department of Geography, Baruipur College, Calcutta University, India
| | - Arindam Roy
- South Asian Forum for Environment, Research & Planning Division, India.
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25
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Hurd-Kundeti G, Petersen AB, Somsamouth K, Singh PN. Air Pollution in a Nationally Representative Sample: Findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey of Lao PDR. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E3500. [PMID: 31546881 PMCID: PMC6765985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel use is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a risk which is compounded by exposure to other sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution including secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). The purpose of this study was to measure the individual and combined prevalence of exposure to household and community sources of air pollution in a national sample of adults in Lao PDR. We analyzed data from the 2012 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATSL) of Lao PDR-a multi-stage stratified cluster sample of 9706 subjects from 2822 households located in all 17 provinces. Our findings indicate a high prevalence of exposure to household air pollution from cooking fires (78%) and SHS exposure in the home (74.5%). More than a third (32.8%) reported exposure to both inside the home. Exposure to outdoor sources of smoke from cooking, trash, and crop fires was substantial (30.1% to 56.0%). The aggregation of exposures from multiple sources of household air pollution raises the need for initiatives that establish programmatic linkages in the health, environmental, and agricultural sectors to provide a comprehensive strategy to reduce risk factors for respiratory disease in Lao PDR and the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Berit Petersen
- Loma Linda University School of Nursing, 11262 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
- Center for Health Research, Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | | | - Pramil N Singh
- Center for Health Research, Loma Linda University School of Public Health, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Research Program, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, 11234 Anderson St, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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