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Wells DH, Goularte NF, Barnett MJ, Cegelski L, Long SR. Identification of a Novel Pyruvyltransferase Using 13C Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To Analyze Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0040321. [PMID: 34606371 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00403-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti secretes two acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs), succinoglycan (EPSI) and galactoglucan (EPSII), which differentially enable it to adapt to a changing environment. Succinoglycan is essential for invasion of plant hosts and, thus, for the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Galactoglucan is critical for population-based behaviors such as swarming and biofilm formation and can facilitate invasion in the absence of succinoglycan on some host plants. The biosynthesis of galactoglucan is not as completely understood as that of succinoglycan. We devised a pipeline to identify putative pyruvyltransferase and acetyltransferase genes, construct genomic deletions in strains engineered to produce either succinoglycan or galactoglucan, and analyze EPS from mutant bacterial strains. EPS samples were examined by 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). CPMAS NMR is uniquely suited to defining chemical composition in complex samples and enables the detection and quantification of distinct EPS functional groups. Galactoglucan was isolated from mutant strains with deletions in five candidate acyl/acetyltransferase genes (exoZ, exoH, SMb20810, SMb21188, and SMa1016) and a putative pyruvyltransferase (wgaE or SMb21322). Most samples were similar in composition to wild-type EPSII by CPMAS NMR analysis. However, galactoglucan produced from a strain lacking wgaE exhibited a significant reduction in pyruvylation. Pyruvylation was restored through the ectopic expression of plasmid-borne wgaE. Our work has thus identified WgaE as a galactoglucan pyruvyltransferase. This exemplifies how the systematic combination of genetic analyses and solid-state NMR detection is a rapid means to identify genes responsible for modification of rhizobial exopolysaccharides. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are crucial for geochemical cycles and global nitrogen nutrition. Symbioses between legumes and rhizobial bacteria establish root nodules, where bacteria convert dinitrogen to ammonia for plant utilization. Secreted exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti (succinoglycan and galactoglucan) play important roles in soil and plant environments. The biosynthesis of galactoglucan is not as well characterized as that of succinoglycan. We employed solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to examine intact EPS from wild-type and mutant S. meliloti strains. NMR analysis of EPS isolated from a wgaE gene mutant revealed a novel pyruvyltransferase that modifies galactoglucan. Few EPS pyruvyltransferases have been characterized. Our work provides insight into the biosynthesis of an important S. meliloti EPS and expands the knowledge of enzymes that modify polysaccharides.
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Mann E, Kimber MS, Whitfield C. Bioinformatics analysis of diversity in bacterial glycan chain-termination chemistry and organization of carbohydrate-binding modules linked to ABC transporters. Glycobiology 2020; 29:822-838. [PMID: 31504498 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of bacterial cell surface glycans are remarkably diverse. In spite of this diversity, the general strategies used for their assembly are limited. In one of the major processes, found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the glycan is polymerized in the cytoplasm on a polyprenol lipid carrier and exported from the cytoplasm by an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The ABC transporter actively participates in determining the chain length of the glycan substrate, which impacts functional properties of the glycoconjugate products. A subset of these systems employs an additional elaborate glycan capping strategy that dictates the size distribution of the products. The hallmarks of prototypical capped glycan systems are a chain-terminating enzyme possessing a coiled-coil molecular ruler and an ABC transporter possessing a carbohydrate-binding module, which recognizes the glycan cap. To date, detailed investigations are limited to a small number of prototypes, and here, we used our current understanding of these processes for a bioinformatics census of other examples in available genome sequences. This study not only revealed additional instances of existing terminators but also predicted new chemistries as well as systems that diverge from the established prototypes. These analyses enable some new functional hypotheses and offer a roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Mann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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Hager FF, Sützl L, Stefanović C, Blaukopf M, Schäffer C. Pyruvate Substitutions on Glycoconjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4929. [PMID: 31590345 PMCID: PMC6801904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the most diverse biomolecules of life. Mostly located at the cell surface, they translate into cell-specific "barcodes" and offer a vast repertoire of functions, including support of cellular physiology, lifestyle, and pathogenicity. Functions can be fine-tuned by non-carbohydrate modifications on the constituting monosaccharides. Among these modifications is pyruvylation, which is present either in enol or ketal form. The most commonly best-understood example of pyruvylation is enol-pyruvylation of N-acetylglucosamine, which occurs at an early stage in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. Ketal-pyruvylation, in contrast, is present in diverse classes of glycoconjugates, from bacteria to algae to yeast-but not in humans. Mild purification strategies preventing the loss of the acid-labile ketal-pyruvyl group have led to a collection of elucidated pyruvylated glycan structures. However, knowledge of involved pyruvyltransferases creating a ring structure on various monosaccharides is scarce, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of fingerprint motifs of these enzymes and the unavailability of genome sequences of the organisms undergoing pyruvylation. This review compiles the current information on the widespread but under-investigated ketal-pyruvylation of monosaccharides, starting with different classes of pyruvylated glycoconjugates and associated functions, leading to pyruvyltransferases, their specificity and sequence space, and insight into pyruvate analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Muthgasse 11, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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de Sousa BFS, Castellane TCL, Campanharo JC, de Macedo Lemos EG. Rhizobium spp exopolysaccharides production and xanthan lyase use on its structural modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:424-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mohite BV, Koli SH, Narkhede CP, Patil SN, Patil SV. Prospective of Microbial Exopolysaccharide for Heavy Metal Exclusion. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:582-600. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ficarra FA, Grandellis C, Galván EM, Ielpi L, Feil R, Lunn JE, Gottig N, Ottado J. Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri requires the outer membrane porin OprB for maximal virulence and biofilm formation. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:720-733. [PMID: 27226289 PMCID: PMC6638224 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc) causes canker disease in citrus, and biofilm formation is critical for the disease cycle. OprB (Outer membrane protein B) has been shown previously to be more abundant in Xcc biofilms compared with the planktonic state. In this work, we showed that the loss of OprB in an oprB mutant abolishes bacterial biofilm formation and adherence to the host, and also compromises virulence and efficient epiphytic survival of the bacteria. Moreover, the oprB mutant is impaired in bacterial stress resistance. OprB belongs to a family of carbohydrate transport proteins, and the uptake of glucose is decreased in the mutant strain, indicating that OprB transports glucose. Loss of OprB leads to increased production of xanthan exopolysaccharide, and the carbohydrate intermediates of xanthan biosynthesis are also elevated in the mutant. The xanthan produced by the mutant has a higher viscosity and, unlike wild-type xanthan, completely lacks pyruvylation. Overall, these results suggest that Xcc reprogrammes its carbon metabolism when it senses a shortage of glucose input. The participation of OprB in the process of biofilm formation and virulence, as well as in metabolic changes to redirect the carbon flux, is discussed. Our results demonstrate the importance of environmental nutrient supply and glucose uptake via OprB for Xcc virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia A. Ficarra
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Carolina Grandellis
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Estela M. Galván
- Laboratory of Bacterial GeneticsFundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA‐CONICET (C1405BWE)Ciudad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Luis Ielpi
- Laboratory of Bacterial GeneticsFundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA‐CONICET (C1405BWE)Ciudad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyWissenschaftspark Potsdam‐GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476 Potsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - John E. Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyWissenschaftspark Potsdam‐GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476 Potsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR‐CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y EsmeraldaRosario2000Argentina
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Sharma S, Erickson KM, Troutman JM. Complete Tetrasaccharide Repeat Unit Biosynthesis of the Immunomodulatory Bacteroides fragilis Capsular Polysaccharide A. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:92-101. [PMID: 28103676 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharide A (CPSA) is a four-sugar repeating unit polymer found on the surface of the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis that has therapeutic potential in animal models of autoimmune disorders. This therapeutic potential has been credited to its zwitterionic character derived from a positively charged N-acetyl-4-aminogalactosamine (AADGal) and a negatively charged 4,6-O-pyruvylated galactose (PyrGal). In this report, using a fluorescent polyisoprenoid chemical probe, the complete enzymatic assembly of the CPSA tetrasaccharide repeat unit is achieved. The proposed pyruvyltransferase, WcfO; galactopyranose mutase, WcfM; and glycosyltransferases, WcfP and WcfN, encoded by the CPSA biosynthesis gene cluster were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. Pyruvate modification, catalyzed by WcfO, was found to occur on galactose of the polyisoprenoid-linked disaccharide (AADGal-Gal), and did not occur on galactose linked to uridine diphosphate (UDP) or a set of nitrophenyl-galactose analogues. This pyruvate modification was also found to be required for the incorporation of the next sugar in the pathway N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) by the glycosyltransferase WcfP. The pyruvate acetal modification of a galactose has not been previously explored in the context of a polysaccharide biosynthesis pathway, and this work demonstrates the importance of this modification to repeat unit assembly. Upon production of the polyisoprenoid-linked AADGal-PyrGal-GalNAc, the proteins WcfM and WcfN were found to work in concert to form the final tetrasaccharide, where WcfM formed UDP-galactofuranose (Galf) and WcfN transfers Galf to the AADGal-PyrGal-GalNAc. This work demonstrates the first enzymatic assembly of the tetrasaccharide repeat unit of CPSA in a sequential single pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, §Department of Biological Sciences, ∥Nanoscale Science
Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University
City Blvd., Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Katelyn M. Erickson
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, §Department of Biological Sciences, ∥Nanoscale Science
Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University
City Blvd., Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, §Department of Biological Sciences, ∥Nanoscale Science
Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University
City Blvd., Charlotte, North
Carolina 28223, United States
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8
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Whitfield GB, Marmont LS, Howell PL. Enzymatic modifications of exopolysaccharides enhance bacterial persistence. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:471. [PMID: 26029200 PMCID: PMC4432689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-attached communities of bacterial cells embedded in a self-produced matrix that are found ubiquitously in nature. The biofilm matrix is composed of various extracellular polymeric substances, which confer advantages to the encapsulated bacteria by protecting them from eradication. The matrix composition varies between species and is dependent on the environmental niche that the bacteria inhabit. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) play a variety of important roles in biofilm formation in numerous bacterial species. The ability of bacteria to thrive in a broad range of environmental settings is reflected in part by the structural diversity of the EPS produced both within individual bacterial strains as well as by different species. This variability is achieved through polymerization of distinct sugar moieties into homo- or hetero-polymers, as well as post-polymerization modification of the polysaccharide. Specific enzymes that are unique to the production of each polymer can transfer or remove non-carbohydrate moieties, or in other cases, epimerize the sugar units. These modifications alter the physicochemical properties of the polymer, which in turn can affect bacterial pathogenicity, virulence, and environmental adaptability. Herein, we review the diversity of modifications that the EPS alginate, the Pel polysaccharide, Vibrio polysaccharide, cepacian, glycosaminoglycans, and poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine undergo during biosynthesis. These are EPS produced by human pathogenic bacteria for which studies have begun to unravel the effect modifications have on their physicochemical and biological properties. The biological advantages these polymer modifications confer to the bacteria that produce them will be discussed. The expanding list of identified modifications will allow future efforts to focus on linking these modifications to specific biosynthetic genes and biofilm phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsey S Marmont
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Schmid J, Sieber V. Enzymatic Transformations Involved in the Biosynthesis of Microbial Exo-polysaccharides Based on the Assembly of Repeat Units. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1141-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Troutman JM, Sharma S, Erickson KM, Martinez CD. Functional identification of a galactosyltransferase critical to Bacteroides fragilis Capsular Polysaccharide A biosynthesis. Carbohydr Res 2014; 395:19-28. [PMID: 24997288 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Capsular Polysaccharide A (CPSA), a polymer of a four-sugar repeating unit that coats the surface of the mammalian symbiont Bacteroides fragilis, has therapeutic potential in animal models of Multiple Sclerosis and other autoinflammatory diseases. Genetic studies have demonstrated that CPSA biosynthesis is dependent primarily on a single gene cluster within the B. fragilis genome. However, the precise functions of the individual glycosyltransferases encoded by this cluster have not been identified. In this report each of these glycosyltransferases (WcfQ, WcfP, and WcfN) have been expressed and tested for their function in vitro. Using a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay, WcfQ and WcfP were found to transfer galactose from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-linked galactose (Gal) to N-acetyl-4-amino-6-deoxy-galactosamine (AADGal) linked to a fluorescent mimic of bactoprenyl diphosphate, the native isoprenoid anchor for bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis. The incorporation of galactose to form a bactoprenyl-linked disaccharide was confirmed by radiolabel incorporation and mass spectrometry (MS) of purified product. Using varying concentrations of UDP-Gal and enzyme, WcfQ was found to be the most effective protein at transferring galactose, and is the most likely candidate for in vivo incorporation of the sugar. WcfQ also cooperated in the presence of three preceding biosynthetic enzymes to form an isoprenoid-linked disaccharide in a single-pot reaction. This work represents a critical step in understanding the biosynthetic pathway responsible for the formation of CPSA, an unusual and potentially therapeutic biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States; Center for Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States.
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Katelyn M Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
| | - Christina D Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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Yoritsune KI, Matsuzawa T, Ohashi T, Takegawa K. The fission yeast Pvg1p has galactose-specific pyruvyltransferase activity. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:917-21. [PMID: 23422075 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycan from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains outer-chain pyruvic acid 4,6-ketal-linked galactose (PvGal). Here, we characterized a putative S. pombe pyruvyltransferase, Pvg1p, reported to be essential for biosynthesis of PvGal. When p-nitrophenyl-β-Gal (pNP-β-Gal) was used as a substrate, the structure of the recombinant Pvg1p product was determined to be pNP-PvGal by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The recombinant Pvg1p transferred pyruvyl residues from phosphoenolpyruvate specifically to β-linked galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Yoritsune
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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Faria S, de Oliveira Petkowicz CL, de Morais SAL, Terrones MGH, de Resende MM, de França FP, Cardoso VL. Characterization of xanthan gum produced from sugar cane broth. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ivashina TV, Fedorova EE, Ashina NP, Kalinchuk NA, Druzhinina TN, Shashkov AS, Shibaev VN, Ksenzenko VN. Mutation in the pssM gene encoding ketal pyruvate transferase leads to disruption of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae-Pisum sativum symbiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:731-742. [PMID: 20233262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the question whether acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) modification, e.g. pyruvylation, plays any role in the development of Rhizobium leguminosarum/Pisum sativum symbiosis. METHOD AND RESULTS The amino acid sequence deduced from the pssM gene, localized within the pss (polysaccharide synthesis) gene locus, was shown to be homologous to several known and putative ketal pyruvate transferases, including ExoV from Sinorhizobium meliloti and GumL from Xanthomonas campestris. Rh. l. bv. viciae strain VF39 carrying a Km-cassette insertion into the pssM gene was obtained by the gene replacement technique. Knock-out of pssM led to the absence of the pyruvic acid ketal group at the subterminal glucose in the repeating unit of EPS as it was shown by (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Complementation in trans restored the EPS modification in the pssM mutant. Disruption of the pssM gene resulted also in the formation of aberrant non-nitrogen-fixing nodules on peas. Ultrastructural studies of mutant nodules revealed normal nodule invasion and release of bacteria into the plant cell cytoplasm, but further differentiation of bacteroids was impaired, and the existing symbiosomes underwent lysis. CONCLUSION PssM encodes ketal pyruvate transferase involved in the modification of the Rh. l. bv. viciae EPS. The absence of subterminal glucose pyruvylation in the EPS repeating units negatively influences (directly or indirectly) the formation of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with peas. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our finding that the absence of modification even at the single position of EPS is likely to be crucial for establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis argues in favour of the idea concerning their specific signalling role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Ivashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Micro-organisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - E E Fedorova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N P Ashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Micro-organisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - N A Kalinchuk
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T N Druzhinina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Shashkov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Shibaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Ksenzenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Bosco M, Machtey M, Iglesias A, Aleanzi M. UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase from Xanthomonas spp. Characterization of the enzyme kinetics, structure and inactivation related to oligomeric dissociation. Biochimie 2009; 91:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Andreishcheva EN, Kunkel JP, Gemmill TR, Trimble RB. Five Genes Involved in Biosynthesis of the Pyruvylated Galβ1,3-Epitope in Schizosaccharomyces pombe N-Linked Glycans. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35644-55. [PMID: 15173185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403574200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-linked galactomannans of Schizosaccharomyces pombe have pyruvylated Galbeta1,3-(PvGal) caps on a portion of the Galalpha1,2-residues in their outer chains (Gemmill, T. R., and Trimble, R. B. (1998) Glycobiology 8, 1087-1095). PvGal biosynthesis was investigated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis of S. pombe, followed by the isolation of cells devoid of negatively charged N-glycans by Q-Sepharose exclusion and failure to bind human serum amyloid P component, which acts as a lectin for terminal PvGal residues. Mutant glycans were characterized by lectin binding, saccharide composition, exoglycosidase sensitivity, and NMR spectroscopy. Restoration of the cell surface negative charge by complementation with an S. pombe genomic library led to the identification of five genes involved in PvGal biosynthesis, which we designated pvg1-pvg5. Pvg1p may be a pyruvyltransferase, since NMR of pvg1(-) mutant N-glycans revealed the absence of only the pyruvyl moiety. Pvg2p-Pvg5p are crucial for attachment of the Galbeta1,3-residue that becomes pyruvylated. Pvg3p is predicted to be a member of the beta1,3-galactosyltransferase family, and Pvg3p-green fluorescent protein labeling was consistent with Golgi localization. Predicted Pvg1p and Pvg3p functions imply that Galbeta1,3-is added to the galactomannans and is then pyruvylated in situ, rather than by an en bloc addition of PvGalbeta1,3-caps to the outer chain. Pvg4p-green fluorescent protein targeted to the nucleus, and its sequence contains a MADS-box DNA-binding and dimerization domain; however, it does not appear to solely control transcription of the other identified genes. Pvg2p and/or Pvg5p may contribute to an enzyme complex. Whereas a functional role for the PvGal epitope in S. pombe remains unclear, it is nonessential for either cell growth or mating under laboratory conditions.
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Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Xanthomonas are important pathogens of many plants, and their virulence appears to be due primarily to secreted and surface compounds that could increase host nutrient loss, or avoid or suppress unfavorable conditions in the host. Type II and III secretory pathways are essential for virulence. Some individual extracellular enzymes (type II-secretion dependent) affect final bacterial population levels, whereas some avirulence gene products (type III-secretion dependent) affect virulence by altering host metabolism. Avr proteins, probably secreted via a pilus, can also be recognized by host resistance gene products. Virulence is also associated with bacterial surface polysaccharides, which may help to avoid host defense responses, and regulatory gene systems, which can control virulence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chan
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada
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17
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Abstract
In Xanthomonas campestris the genes involved in polysaccharide (xanthan) biosynthesis are located in a gene cluster (gum) of 16 kb. A Tn5 insertion mutant with a reduced slimy phenotype has been characterized. This mutant failed to produce the pentasaccharide repeating-unit of xanthan. Only three sugars were transferred to the prenyl phosphate intermediate. Several lines of evidence suggested that the lipid-associated saccharide was the trisaccharide reducing end of the pentasaccharide from the wild-type strain. This trisaccharide was built up from UDP-Glc and GDP-Man, and a glucose residue was at the reducing end, linked to an allylic prenol through a diphosphate bridge. Results from one- or two-stage reactions showed that the trisaccharide-P-P-polyprenol was the precursor of the polymer. This new polymer, a polytrisaccharide, was detected also in vivo. The transposon responsible for the mutation was located within gumK gene. Therefore, this gene encodes for the glycosyltransferase IV, which catalyses the transfer of glucuronic acid to the lipid-linked beta-D-Manp-(1-->3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp trisaccharide. A recombinant plasmid with the whole gum cluster restored the wild type phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián A Vojnov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquijmicas Fundacion Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientijficas y Tecnicas, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, a pathogen of citrus, is the first plant pathogenic bacterium for which the complete genome sequence has been published. Inspection of the sequence reveals high relatedness to many genes of other pathogens, notably Xanthomonas campestris. Based on this, we suggest that Xylella possesses certain easily testable properties that contribute to pathogenicity. We also present some general considerations for deriving information on pathogenicity from bacterial genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Dow
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkColneyNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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19
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Tseng YH, Choy KT, Hung CH, Lin NT, Liu JY, Lou CH, Yang BY, Wen FS, Weng SF, Wu JR. Chromosome map of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17 with locations of genes involved in xanthan gum synthesis and yellow pigmentation. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:117-25. [PMID: 9864320 PMCID: PMC103539 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.1.117-125.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No plasmid was detected in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 17, a strain of the causative agent of black rot in cruciferous plants isolated in Taiwan. Its chromosome was cut by PacI, PmeI, and SwaI into five, two, and six fragments, respectively, and a size of 4.8 Mb was estimated by summing the fragment lengths in these digests. Based on the data obtained from partial digestion and Southern hybridization using probes common to pairs of the overlapping fragments or prepared from linking fragments, a circular physical map bearing the PacI, PmeI, and SwaI sites was constructed for the X. campestris pv. campestris 17 chromosome. Locations of eight eps loci involved in exopolysaccharide (xanthan gum) synthesis, two rrn operons each possessing an unique I-CeuI site, one pig cluster required for yellow pigmentation, and nine auxotrophic markers were determined, using mutants isolated by mutagenesis with Tn5(pfm)CmKm. This transposon contains a polylinker with sites for several rare-cutting restriction endonucleases located between the chloramphenicol resistance and kanamycin resistance (Kmr) genes, which upon insertion introduced additional sites into the chromosome. The recA and tdh genes, with known sequences, were mapped by tagging with the polylinker-Kmr segment from Tn5(pfm)CmKm. This is the first map for X. campestris and would be useful for genetic studies of this and related Xanthomonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Botany, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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20
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Katzen F, Ferreiro DU, Oddo CG, Ielmini MV, Becker A, Pühler A, Ielpi L. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum mutants: effects on xanthan biosynthesis and plant virulence. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:1607-17. [PMID: 9537354 PMCID: PMC107069 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.7.1607-1617.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthan is an industrially important exopolysaccharide produced by the phytopathogenic, gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It is composed of polymerized pentasaccharide repeating units which are assembled by the sequential addition of glucose-1-phosphate, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose on a polyprenol phosphate carrier (L. Ielpi, R. O. Couso, and M. A. Dankert, J. Bacteriol. 175:2490-2500, 1993). A cluster of 12 genes in a region designated xpsI or gum has been suggested to encode proteins involved in the synthesis and polymerization of the lipid intermediate. However, no experimental evidence supporting this suggestion has been published. In this work, from the biochemical analysis of a defined set of X. campestris gum mutants, we report experimental data for assigning functions to the products of the gum genes. We also show that the first step in the assembly of the lipid-linked intermediate is severely affected by the combination of certain gum and non-gum mutations. In addition, we provide evidence that the C-terminal domain of the gumD gene product is sufficient for its glucosyl-1-phosphate transferase activity. Finally, we found that alterations in the later stages of xanthan biosynthesis reduce the aggressiveness of X. campestris against the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Katzen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Fundación Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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22
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Chou FL, Chou HC, Lin YS, Yang BY, Lin NT, Weng SF, Tseng YH. The Xanthomonas campestris gumD gene required for synthesis of xanthan gum is involved in normal pigmentation and virulence in causing black rot. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:265-9. [PMID: 9144435 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cloned 4.1-kb EcoRI fragment from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris was previously shown to complement the non-mucoid mutant P22 and increase xanthan gum production after being transformed into the wild-type strain Xc17. The gene responsible for these effects was identified, sequenced, and shown to be the gumD gene which has previously been proposed to encode glucose transferase activity, an enzyme required for adding the first glucose residue to the isoprenoid glycosyl carrier lipid during xanthan synthesis. A gumD mutant, isolated from Xc17 by gene replacement, was shown to possess altered pigment xanthomonadin profiles and exhibit reduced virulence in causing black rot in broccoli. This study appears to be the first to demonstrate that interruption of a gene required for xanthan synthesis can lead to reduced virulence of X. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Chou
- Department of Botany and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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23
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Wei C, Choy K, Lin N, Tseng Y. Increase of xanthan production by self-cloning of a 3.0-kb EcoRI-KpnI chromosomal fragment in Xanthomonas campestris. Biotechnol Lett 1996; 18:1301-4. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Katzen F, Becker A, Zorreguieta A, Pühler A, Ielpi L. Promoter analysis of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris gum operon directing biosynthesis of the xanthan polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:4313-8. [PMID: 8763965 PMCID: PMC178194 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.14.4313-4318.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xanthomonas campestris gum gene cluster is composed of 12 genes designated gumB, -C, -D, -E, -F, -G, -H, -I, -J, -K, -L, and -M. The transcriptional organization of this gene cluster was analyzed by the construction of gum-lacZ transcriptional fusions in association with plasmid integration mutagenesis. This analysis, coupled with primer extension assays, indicated that the gum region was mainly expressed as an operon from a promoter located upstream of the first gene, gumB.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Katzen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Fundación Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Martin
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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26
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Kingsley MT, Gabriel DW, Marlow GC, Roberts PD. The opsX locus of Xanthomonas campestris affects host range and biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide and extracellular polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:5839-50. [PMID: 8376331 PMCID: PMC206663 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.18.5839-5850.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. citrumelo strain 3048 is the causal agent of citrus bacterial leaf spot disease and has a wide host range that includes rutaceous and leguminous plants. A spontaneous prototrophic mutant of strain 3048 (strain M28) that had lost virulence on citrus but retained virulence on bean plants was recovered. Growth studies in planta showed that M28 cells died rapidly in citrus leaves but grew normally in bean leaves. In addition to the loss of citrus-specific virulence, M28 displayed the following mutant phenotypes in culture: decreased growth rate, reduction of the amount of exopolysaccharide (to ca. 25% of the amount in 3048), loss of capsules, and significant alterations of the two 3048 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bands visualized by silver stain on polyacrylamide gels, consistent with a defect(s) in LPS assembly. A 38-kb DNA fragment from a 3048 total DNA library that complemented the mutant phenotypes of M28 was identified. The 38-kb fragment did not hybridize to two similarly sized fragments carrying different hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes cloned from 3048. Subcloning, DNA sequence analyses, and gene disruption experiments were used to identify a single gene, opsX (for outer-membrane polysaccharide), responsible for the mutant phenotypes of M28. At least one other gene downstream from opsX also affected the same phenotypes and may be part of a gene cluster. We report here the DNA sequence and transcriptional start site of opsX. A search of protein sequence data bases with the predicted 31.3-kDa OpsX sequence found strong similarity to Lsi-1 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and RfaQ of Escherichia coli (both are involved in LPS core assembly). The host-specific virulence function of opsX appears to involve biosynthesis of the extracellular polysaccharide and a complete LPS. Both may be needed in normal amounts for protection from citrus, but not bean, defense compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kingsley
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680
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27
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Ielpi L, Couso RO, Dankert MA. Sequential assembly and polymerization of the polyprenol-linked pentasaccharide repeating unit of the xanthan polysaccharide in Xanthomonas campestris. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:2490-500. [PMID: 7683019 PMCID: PMC204549 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.9.2490-2500.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-linked intermediates are involved in the synthesis of the exopolysaccharide xanthan produced by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris (L. Ielpi, R. O. Couso, and M. A. Dankert, FEBS Lett. 130:253-256, 1981). In this study, the stepwise assembly of the repeating pentasaccharide unit of xanthan is described. EDTA-treated X. campestris cells were used as both enzyme preparation and lipid-P acceptor, and UDP-Glc, GDP-Man, and UDP-glucuronic acid were used as sugar donors. A linear pentasaccharide unit is assembled on a polyprenol-P lipid carrier by the sequential addition of glucose-1-P, glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose. The in vitro synthesis of pentasaccharide-P-P-polyprenol was also accompanied by the incorporation of radioactivity into a polymeric product, which was characterized as xanthan, on the basis of gel filtration and permethylation studies. Results from two-stage reactions showed that essentially pentasaccharide-P-P-polyprenol is polymerized. In addition, the direction of chain elongation has been studied by in vivo experiments. The polymerization of lipid-linked repeat units occurs by the successive transfer of the growing chain to a new pentasaccharide-P-P-polyprenol. The reaction involves C-1 of glucose at the reducing end of the polyprenol-linked growing chain and C-4 of glucose at the nonreducing position of the newly formed polyprenol-linked pentasaccharide, generating a branched polymer with a trisaccharide side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ielpi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Fundación Campomar, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- C Whitfield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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