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Serrão VHB, Silva IR, da Silva MTA, Scortecci JF, de Freitas Fernandes A, Thiemann OH. The unique tRNASec and its role in selenocysteine biosynthesis. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1145-1167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Serrano A, Nogales F, Sobrino P, Murillo ML, Carreras O, Ojeda ML. Heart selenoproteins status of metabolic syndrome-exposed pups: A potential target for attenuating cardiac damage. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2633-2641. [PMID: 27520709 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cardiac hypertrophy is the greatest complication in metabolic syndrome (MS), in dams and in offspring. The most effective therapies to avoid the evolution of MS are anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatories, and insulin sensitizers. Among anti-oxidant elements, Selenium (Se) exerts its functions through selenoproteins, which are essential for the correct functioning of the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study is analyze selenoproteins' implication in the transmission of future cardiovascular problems to MS progeny. METHODS AND RESULTS Heart Se deposits, antioxidant enzymes' activities, biomolecular oxidation, and the expression of selenoproteins, AMPK, and NF-kB were measured in the offspring of dams exposed to a fructose-rich diet (65%) during gestation and lactation, with a normal Se content (0.1 ppm). Thyroid hormones and MCP-1 serum levels, as well as blood pressure and heart rate were also measured. Fructose-exposed pups have cardiomegaly, oxidation, and depletion in Se heart deposits, a decrease in selenoproteins' expression and in the p-AMPK/AMPKt energy ratio; an increase in NF-kB p65 expression, and a decrease of thyroid hormones and MCP-1. Heart rate and blood pressure were altered. CONCLUSION These data indicate that dietary Se supplementation could be an inexpensive therapy for avoiding future cardiovascular complication in the progeny of MS dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Serrano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Fátima Nogales
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Sobrino
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - María Luisa Murillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - Olimpia Carreras
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
| | - María Luisa Ojeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Seville University, Seville, Spain
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ZHOU XY, LIU LL, JIA WC, PAN CY. Methylation profile of bovine Oct4 gene coding region in relation to three germ layers. J Integr Agric 2016; 15:618-628. [PMID: 32288951 PMCID: PMC7128269 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) plays a significant role in early embryonic development of mammalian animals, and different Oct4 expression levels induce multi-lineage differentiation which are regulated by DNA methylation. To explore the relationship between the methylation pattern of Oct4 gene exon 1 and embryonic development, in this work, five different tissues (heart, liver, lung, cerebrum and cerebellum) from three germ layers were chosen from low age (50-60 d) and advanced age (60-70 d) of fetal cattle and the differences between tissues or ages were analyzed, respectively. The result showed that the DNA methylation level of Oct4 gene exon 1 was significant different (P<0.01) between any two of three germ layers in low age (<60 d), but kept steady of advanced age (P>0.05) (>60 d), suggesting that 60-d post coital was an important boundary for embryonic development. In addition, in ectoderm (cerebrum and cerebellum), there was no significant methylation difference of Oct4 gene exon 1 between low age and advanced age (P>0.05), but the result of endoderm (liver and lung) and mesoderm (heart) were on the contrary (P<0.01), which indicated the development of ectoderm was earlier than endoderm and mesoderm. The methylation differences from the 3rd, 5th and 9th CpG-dinucleotide loci of Oct4 gene exon 1 were significantly different between each two of three germ layers (P<0.05), indicating that these three loci may have important influence on bovine embryonic development. This study showed that bovine germ layers differentiation was significantly related to the DNA methylation status of Oct4 gene exon 1. This work firstly identified the DNA methylation profile of bovine Oct4 gene exon 1 and its association with germ layers development in fetus and adult of cattle. Moreover, the work also provided epigenetic information for further studying bovine embryonic development and cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu ZHOU
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Liang-liang LIU
- School of Computer Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, P.R. China
| | - Wen-chao JIA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-ying PAN
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling 712100, P.R. China
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Abstract
Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that exerts its biological effects through its incorporation into selenoproteins. This family of proteins contains several antioxidant enzymes such as the glutathione peroxidases, redox-regulating enzymes such as thioredoxin reductases, a methionine sulfoxide reductase, and others. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the roles these selenoproteins play in protecting the cardiovascular system from different types of stress including ischaemia-reperfusion, homocysteine dysregulation, myocardial hypertrophy, doxirubicin toxicity, Keshan disease, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R Hoffmann
- Peter R. Hoffmann, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Fax: +1 808 692 1968, E-mail:
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Nakajima H, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Tsujita T, Akiyama SI, Wakasa T, Mukaigasa K, Kaneko H, Tamaru Y, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi M. Tissue-restricted expression of Nrf2 and its target genes in zebrafish with gene-specific variations in the induction profiles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26884. [PMID: 22046393 PMCID: PMC3201981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2 system serves as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress and electrophilic toxicants by inducing more than one hundred cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidants and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Since induction profiles of Nrf2 target genes have been studied exclusively in cultured cells, and not in animal models, their tissue-specificity has not been well characterized. In this paper, we examined and compared the tissue-specific expression of several Nrf2 target genes in zebrafish larvae by whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Seven zebrafish genes (gstp1, mgst3b, prdx1, frrs1c, fthl, gclc and hmox1a) suitable for WISH analysis were selected from candidates for Nrf2 targets identified by microarray analysis. Tissue-restricted induction was observed in the nose, gill, and/or liver for all seven genes in response to Nrf2-activating compounds, diethylmaleate (DEM) and sulforaphane. The Nrf2 gene itself was dominantly expressed in these three tissues, implying that tissue-restricted induction of Nrf2 target genes is defined by tissue-specific expression of Nrf2. Interestingly, the induction of frrs1c and gclc in liver and nose, respectively, was quite low and that of hmox1a was restricted in the liver. These results indicate the existence of gene-specific variations in the tissue specificity, which can be controlled by factors other than Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakajima
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Wakasa
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Katsuki Mukaigasa
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamaru
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Environmental Response Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Rakovich T, Boland C, Bernstein I, Chikwana VM, Iwata-Reuyl D, Kelly VP. Queuosine deficiency in eukaryotes compromises tyrosine production through increased tetrahydrobiopterin oxidation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19354-63. [PMID: 21487017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.219576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Queuosine is a modified pyrrolopyrimidine nucleoside found in the anticodon loop of transfer RNA acceptors for the amino acids tyrosine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and histidine. Because it is exclusively synthesized by bacteria, higher eukaryotes must salvage queuosine or its nucleobase queuine from food and the gut microflora. Previously, animals made deficient in queuine died within 18 days of withdrawing tyrosine, a nonessential amino acid, from the diet (Marks, T., and Farkas, W. R. (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 230, 233-237). Here, we show that human HepG2 cells deficient in queuine and mice made deficient in queuosine-modified transfer RNA, by disruption of the tRNA guanine transglycosylase enzyme, are compromised in their ability to produce tyrosine from phenylalanine. This has similarities to the disease phenylketonuria, which arises from mutation in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or from a decrease in the supply of its cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Immunoblot and kinetic analysis of liver from tRNA guanine transglycosylase-deficient animals indicates normal expression and activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. By contrast, BH4 levels are significantly decreased in the plasma, and both plasma and urine show a clear elevation in dihydrobiopterin, an oxidation product of BH4, despite normal activity of the salvage enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Our data suggest that queuosine modification limits BH4 oxidation in vivo and thereby potentially impacts on numerous physiological processes in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Rakovich
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kawatani Y, Suzuki T, Shimizu R, Kelly VP, Yamamoto M. Nrf2 and selenoproteins are essential for maintaining oxidative homeostasis in erythrocytes and protecting against hemolytic anemia. Blood 2011; 117:986-96. [PMID: 20978266 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-285817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly destructive toward cellular macromolecules. However, moderate levels of ROS can contribute to normal cellular processes including signaling. Herein we evaluate the consequence of a pro-oxidant environment on hematopoietic homeostasis. The NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor regulates genes related to ROS scavenging and detoxification. Nrf2 responds to altered cellular redox status, such as occurs with loss of antioxidant selenoproteins after deletion of the selenocysteine-tRNA gene (Trsp). Conditional knockout of the Trsp gene using Mx1-inducible Cre-recombinase leads to selenoprotein deficiency and anemia on a wild-type background, whereas Trsp:Nrf2 double deficiency dramatically exacerbates the anemia and increases intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels in erythroblasts. Results indicate that Nrf2 compensates for defective ROS scavenging when selenoproteins are lost from erythroid cells. We also observed thymus atrophy in single Trsp-conditional knockout mice, suggesting a requirement for selenoprotein function in T-cell differentiation within the thymus. Surprisingly, no changes were observed in the myelomonocytic or megakaryocytic populations. Therefore, our results show that selenoprotein activity and the Nrf2 gene battery are particularly important for oxidative homeostasis in erythrocytes and for the prevention of hemolytic anemia.
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Carlson BA, Yoo MH, Tsuji PA, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. Mouse models targeting selenocysteine tRNA expression for elucidating the role of selenoproteins in health and development. Molecules 2009; 14:3509-27. [PMID: 19783940 PMCID: PMC3459062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) deficiency has been known for many years to be associated with disease, impaired growth and a variety of other metabolic disorders in mammals. Only recently has the major role that Se-containing proteins, designated selenoproteins, play in many aspects of health and development begun to emerge. Se is incorporated into protein by way of the Se-containing amino acid, selenocysteine (Sec). The synthesis of selenoproteins is dependent on Sec tRNA for insertion of Sec, the 21st amino acid in the genetic code, into protein. We have taken advantage of this dependency to modulate the expression of Sec tRNA that in turn modulates the expression of selenoproteins by generating transgenic, conditional knockout, transgenic/standard knockout and transgenic/conditional knockout mouse models, all of which involve the Sec tRNA gene, to elucidate the intracellular roles of this protein class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. Carlson
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;E-mails: (M-H.Y.); (P.A.T.); (D.L.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
| | - Min-Hyuk Yoo
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;E-mails: (M-H.Y.); (P.A.T.); (D.L.H.)
| | - Petra A. Tsuji
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;E-mails: (M-H.Y.); (P.A.T.); (D.L.H.)
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vadim N. Gladyshev
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; E-mail: (V.N.G.)
| | - Dolph L. Hatfield
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;E-mails: (M-H.Y.); (P.A.T.); (D.L.H.)
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Castets P, Maugenre S, Gartioux C, Rederstorff M, Krol A, Lescure A, Tajbakhsh S, Allamand V, Guicheney P. Selenoprotein N is dynamically expressed during mouse development and detected early in muscle precursors. BMC Dev Biol 2009; 9:46. [PMID: 19698141 PMCID: PMC2739516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Background In humans, mutations in the SEPN1 gene, encoding selenoprotein N (SelN), are involved in early onset recessive neuromuscular disorders, referred to as SEPN1-related-myopathies. The mechanisms behind these pathologies are poorly understood since the function of SelN remains elusive. However, previous results obtained in humans and more recently in zebrafish pointed to a potential role for SelN during embryogenesis. Using qRT-PCR, Western blot and whole mount in situ hybridization, we characterized in detail the spatio-temporal expression pattern of the murine Sepn1 gene during development, focusing particularly on skeletal muscles. Results In whole embryos, Sepn1 transcripts were detected as early as E5.5, with expression levels peaking at E12.5, and then strongly decreasing until birth. In isolated tissues, only mild transcriptional variations were observed during development, whereas a striking reduction of the protein expression was detected during the perinatal period. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Sepn1 is expressed early in somites and restricted to the myotome, the sub-ectodermal mesenchyme and the dorsal root ganglia at mid-gestation stages. Interestingly, Sepn1 deficiency did not alter somitogenesis in embryos, suggesting that SelN is dispensable for these processes in mouse. Conclusion We characterized for the first time the expression pattern of Sepn1 during mammalian embryogenesis and we demonstrated that its differential expression is most likely dependent on major post-transcriptional regulations. Overall, our data strongly suggest a potential role for selenoprotein N from mid-gestation stages to the perinatal period. Interestingly, its specific expression pattern could be related to the current hypothesis that selenoprotein N may regulate the activity of the ryanodine receptors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer RNA (tRNA) gene predictions are complicated by challenges such as structural variation, limited sequence conservation and the presence of highly reiterated short interspersed sequences (SINEs) that originally derived from tRNA genes or tRNA-like transcription units. Annotation of "tRNA genes" in sequenced genomes generally have not been accompanied by experimental verification of the expression status of predicted sequences. RESULTS To address this for mouse tRNA genes, we have employed two programs, tRNAScan-SE and ARAGORN, to predict the tRNA genes in the nuclear genome, resulting in diverse but overlapping predicted gene sets. From these, we removed known SINE repeats and sorted the genes into predicted families and single-copy genes. In particular, four families of intron-containing tRNA genes were predicted for the first time in mouse, with introns in positions and structures similar to the well characterized intron-containing tRNA genes in yeast. We verified the expression of the predicted tRNA genes by microarray analysis. We then confirmed the expression of appropriately sized RNA for the four intron-containing tRNA gene families, as well as the other 30 tRNA gene families creating an index of expression-verified mouse tRNAs. CONCLUSIONS These confirmed tRNA genes represent all anticodons and all known mammalian tRNA structural groups, as well as a variety of predicted "rogue" tRNA genes within families with altered anticodon identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Coughlin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Carlson BA, Schweizer U, Perella C, Shrimali RK, Feigenbaum L, Shen L, Speransky S, Floss T, Jeong SJ, Watts J, Hoffmann V, Combs GF, Gladyshev VN, Hatfield DL. The selenocysteine tRNA STAF-binding region is essential for adequate selenocysteine tRNA status, selenoprotein expression and early age survival of mice. Biochem J 2009; 418:61-71. [PMID: 18973473 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
STAF [Sec (selenocysteine) tRNA gene transcription activating factor] is a transcription activating factor for a number of RNA Pol III- and RNA Pol II-dependent genes including the Trsp [Sec tRNA gene], which in turn controls the expression of all selenoproteins. Here, the role of STAF in regulating expression of Sec tRNA and selenoproteins was examined. We generated transgenic mice expressing the Trsp transgene lacking the STAF-binding site and made these mice dependent on the transgene for survival by removing the wild-type Trsp. The level of Sec tRNA was unaffected or slightly elevated in heart and testis, but reduced approximately 60% in liver and kidney, approximately 70% in lung and spleen and approximately 80% in brain and muscle compared with the corresponding organs in control mice. Moreover, the ratio of the two isoforms of Sec tRNA that differ by methylation at position 34 (Um34) was altered significantly, and the Um34-containing form was substantially reduced in all tissues examined. Selenoprotein expression in these animals was most affected in tissues in which the Sec tRNA levels were most severely reduced. Importantly, mice had a neurological phenotype strikingly similar to that of mice in which the selenoprotein P gene had been removed and their life span was substantially reduced. The results indicate that STAF influences selenoprotein expression by enhancing Trsp synthesis in an organ-specific manner and by controlling Sec tRNA modification in each tissue examined.
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Suzuki T, Kelly VP, Motohashi H, Nakajima O, Takahashi S, Nishimura S, Yamamoto M. Deletion of the Selenocysteine tRNA Gene in Macrophages and Liver Results in Compensatory Gene Induction of Cytoprotective Enzymes by Nrf2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2021-30. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708352200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Dieci G, Fiorino G, Castelnuovo M, Teichmann M, Pagano A. The expanding RNA polymerase III transcriptome. Trends Genet 2007; 23:614-22. [PMID: 17977614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of RNA polymerase (Pol) III in eukaryotic transcription is commonly thought of as being restricted to a small set of highly expressed, housekeeping non-protein-coding (nc)RNA genes. Recent studies, however, have remarkably expanded the set of known Pol III-synthesized ncRNAs, suggesting that gene-specific Pol III regulation is more common than previously appreciated. Newly identified Pol III transcripts include small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, short interspersed nuclear element-encoded or tRNA-derived RNAs and novel classes of ncRNA that can display significant sequence complementarity to protein-coding genes and might thus regulate their expression. The extent of the Pol III transcriptome, the complexity of its regulation and its influence on cell physiology, development and disease are emerging as new areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Dieci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 23/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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