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Silva J, Rocha D, Cunha I, Rui Sales L, Neto F, Fontes M, Simões J. Serological profile of offspring on an intensive pig farm affected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2015; 4:317-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Drigo M, Franzo G, Gigli A, Martini M, Mondin A, Gracieux P, Ceglie L. The impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genetic heterogeneity on molecular assay performances. J Virol Methods 2014; 202:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee JA, Kwon B, Osorio FA, Pattnaik AK, Lee NH, Lee SW, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee JB. Protective humoral immune response induced by an inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressing the hypo-glycosylated glycoprotein 5. Vaccine 2014; 32:3617-22. [PMID: 24814552 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Although inactivated and live vaccines are commercially available for the control of PRRS, both types of vaccine have not always proven successful in terms of generating a protective immune response, particularly in the case of inactivated vaccines. In this study, we tested whether an inactivated vaccine could induce a humoral immune response to PRRS during a homologous challenge. Amino acid substitutions were introduced into glycoprotein (GP) 5 of the FL12 strain of the PRRS virus (PRRSV) using site-directed mutagenesis with a pFL12 infectious clone. The substitutions led to double deglycosylation in the putative glycosylation moieties on GP5. The mutant virus was subsequently inactivated with binary ethylenimine. The efficacy of the inactivated mutant virus was compared with that of the inactivated wild-type PRRSV. Only the inactivated mutant PRRSV induced serum neutralizing antibodies at six weeks post-vaccination. The group that was administered the inactivated mutant virus twice exhibited a significantly increased neutralizing antibody titer after a challenge with the virulent homologous strain and exhibited more rapid clearing of viremia compared to other groups, including the groups that were administered either the inactivated mutant or wild-type virus only once and the group that was administered the inactivated wild-type virus twice. Histopathological examination of lung tissue sections revealed that the group that was administered the inactivated mutant virus twice exhibited significantly thinner alveolar septa, whereas the thickness of the alveolar septa of the other groups were markedly increased due to lymphocyte infiltration. These results indicated that the deglycosylation of GP5 enhanced the immunogenicity of the inactivated mutant PRRSV and that twice administrations of the inactivated mutant virus conferred better protection against the homologous challenge. These findings suggest that the inactivated PRRSV that expresses a hypo-glycosylated GP5 is a potential inactivated vaccine candidate and a valuable tool for controlling PRRS for the swine industry.
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Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus that causes significant losses in the pig industry, is one of the most important animal pathogens of global significance. Since the discovery of the virus, significant progress has been made in understanding its epidemiology and transmission, but no adequate control measures are yet available to eliminate infection with this pathogen. The genome replication of PRRSV is required to reproduce, within a few hours of infection, the millions of progeny virions that establish, disseminate, and maintain infection. Replication of the viral RNA genome is a multistep process involving a replication complex that is formed not only from components of viral and cellular origin but also from the viral genomic RNA template; this replication complex is embedded within particular virus-induced membrane vesicles. PRRSV RNA replication is directed by at least 14 replicase proteins that have both common enzymatic activities, including viral RNA polymerase, and also unusual and poorly understood RNA-processing functions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PRRSV replication, which is important for developing a successful strategy for the prevention and control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Im Yun
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah Science Technology and Research, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815 USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah Science Technology and Research, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-4815 USA
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Corzo CA, Mondaca E, Wayne S, Torremorell M, Dee S, Davies P, Morrison RB. Control and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2010; 154:185-92. [PMID: 20837071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) can have a significant economic impact on swine herds due to reproductive failure, preweaning mortality and reduced performance in growing pigs. Control at the farm level is pursued through different management procedures (e.g. pig flow, gilt acclimation, vaccination). PRRSv is commonly eliminated from sow herds by a procedure called herd closure whereby the herd is closed to new introductions for a period of time during which resident virus dies out. However, despite thorough application of biosecurity procedures, many herds become re-infected from virus that is present in the area. Consequently, some producers and veterinarians are considering a voluntary regional program to involve all herds present within an area. Such a program was initiated in Stevens County in west central Minnesota in 2004. PRRSv has been eliminated from most sites within the region and the area involved has expanded to include adjacent counties. The program has been relatively successful and reflects local leadership, a cooperative spirit, and a will to eliminate virus from the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Martínez E, Riera P, Sitjà M, Fang Y, Oliveira S, Maldonado J. Simultaneous detection and genotyping of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by real-time RT-PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yang JS, Moon HJ, Lee CS, Park SJ, Song DS, Kang BK, Choi JU, Park BK. Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from a seedstock breeding farm and a supplying boar stud by a modified test and removal method. Vet Rec 2008; 162:333-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.11.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - H. J. Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - C. S. Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - S. J. Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - D. S. Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - B. K. Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - J. U. Choi
- Darby Genetics; 458 Songchun-ri Iljuk-myun Anseong-si Kyounggi-do 456-910 Korea
| | - B. K. Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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Mulupuri P, Zimmerman JJ, Hermann J, Johnson CR, Cano JP, Yu W, Dee SA, Murtaugh MP. Antigen-specific B-cell responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. J Virol 2008; 82:358-70. [PMID: 17942527 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01023-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.
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Wang X, Eaton M, Mayer M, Li H, He D, Nelson E, Christopher-Hennings J. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus productively infects monocyte-derived dendritic cells and compromises their antigen-presenting ability. Arch Virol 2006; 152:289-303. [PMID: 17031757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in inducing primary antigen-specific immune responses. However, some viruses have evolved to specifically target DC to circumvent the host's immune responses for their persistence in the host. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a persistent infection in susceptible animals. Although it is generally believed that the existence of PRRSV quasispecies is partly responsible for the virus persistence, other mechanisms of immune evasion or immune suppression may also exist. Here, we studied the role of DC in PRRSV persistence and immune suppression. Our results showed that PRRSV underwent a productive replication in pig monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) as measured by both immunofluorescence staining of viral nucleocapsid protein and virus titration assays, leading to cell death via both apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms. Additionally, PRRSV infection of Mo-DC resulted in reduced expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD14 and CD11b/c. This was in agreement with the impaired mixed lymphocyte reaction of PRRSV-infected Mo-DC compared to that of mock-infected Mo-DC. We also examined the cytokine profiles of PRRSV-infected Mo-DC using a quantitative ELISA method. Results indicated that no apparent change in the levels of IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-gamma was detected. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PRRSV productively infects Mo-DC and impairs the normal antigen presentation ability of Mo-DC by inducing cell death, down-regulating the expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, CD11b/c and CD14 and by inducing minimal Th1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Liu YC, Huang GS, Wu MC, Hong MY, Hsiung KP. Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viral Genes Using Microarray Chip. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:191-204. [PMID: 16400604 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two viral pathogens, namely, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), were selected as models for multiple pathogen detection in a cDNA microarray. Two signature regions selected from ORF2 (around 500 bp) and ORF5 (around 600 bp) of PRRVS (America serotype), and one signature region from structural genes VP1 (around 500 bp) of FMDV type O were designed and spotted on a nylon membrane. For PCR sensitivity study, the cloned FMDV-VP1 template could be diluted to near one copy and its PCR product was still detectable in gel electrophoresis. In the microarray detection, the labelling FMDV probes (3 mg/ml) could be diluted 320 times and still maintained a visible colour when hybridized with the chip. Using the mixing primers, the microarray chip demonstrated rapid and accurate detection of the specific genes. To our knowledge, this preliminary study is the first example reported applying the long signature sequences to the multiple pathogen detection in cDNA microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Revilla-Fernández S, Wallner B, Truschner K, Benczak A, Brem G, Schmoll F, Mueller M, Steinborn R. The use of endogenous and exogenous reference RNAs for qualitative and quantitative detection of PRRSV in porcine semen. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:21-30. [PMID: 15847915 PMCID: PMC7112884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Semen is known to be a route of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) transmission. A method was developed for qualitative and quantitative detection of the seminal cell-associated PRRSV RNA in relation to endogenous and exogenous reference RNAs. As endogenous control for one-step real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR UBE2D2 mRNA was selected. Particularly for the analysis of persistent infections associated with low copy numbers of PRRSV RNA, UBE2D2 mRNA is an ideal control due to its low expression in seminal cells and its detection in all samples analysed (n = 36). However, the amount of UBE2D2 mRNA in porcine semen varied (up to 106-fold), thus its use is limited to qualitative detection of PRRSV RNA. For quantitation, a synthetic, non-metazoan RNA was added to the RNA isolation reaction at an exact copy number. The photosynthesis gene ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) from Arabidopsis thaliana was used as an exogenous spike. Unexpectedly, PRRSV RNA was detected in a herd of specific pathogen-free (SPF) boars which were tested ELISA-negative for anti-PRRSV antibodies. Therefore, RT-PCR for seminal cell-associated PRRSV is a powerful tool for managing the SPF status during quarantine programs and for routine outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Revilla-Fernández
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wallner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Truschner
- Traunkreis Vet Clinic, A-4551 Ried im Traunkreis, Helmbergerstrasse 10, Austria
| | - Alexandra Benczak
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Agrobiogen, D-86567 Hilgertshausen, Germany
- Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Immuno-, Cyto- and Molecular Genetic Research, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Schmoll
- Clinic for Swine, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Herd Managment, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Mueller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department for Animal Breeding and Reproduction, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Immuno-, Cyto- and Molecular Genetic Research, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 25077 5625; fax: +43 1 25077 5693.
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