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Zhou E, Lui J. Physiological regulation of bone length and skeletal proportion in mammals. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:389-395. [PMID: 33369789 DOI: 10.1113/ep089086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions What advances does it highlight? The study of differential bone length between leg and finger bones, metatarsals of the Egyptian jerboa and genomic analysis of giraffes. ABSTRACT Among mammalian species, skeletal structures vary greatly in size and shape, leading to a dramatic variety of body sizes and proportions. How different bones grow to different lengths, whether among different species, different individuals of the same species, or even in different anatomical parts of our the body, has always been a fascinating subject of research in biology and physiology. In the current review, we focus on some of the recent advances in the field and discuss how these provided important new insights into the mechanisms regulating bone length and skeletal proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Zhou
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Groff E, Uday S, Zapata Vazquez R, Zainun K, Cohen MC. Abnormalities of the rib growth plate and the periphysis of previously healthy infants and toddlers dying suddenly and unexpectedly. J Clin Pathol 2020; 74:774-779. [PMID: 33293351 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Histological examination of the rib is of critical value in perinatal pathology and points to the health of the child preceding death. The rib is considered ideal because it is the most rapidly growing long bone in infants and demonstrates growth arrest at onset of the insult. We aimed to identify: (1) changes in the perichondrial ring (PR) in the rib of infants and children up to 16 months of age dying suddenly at our institution and (2) any association with presence of histological changes of vitamin D deficiency (VDD)/metabolic bone disease (MBD) in the growth plate. METHODS Retrospective review of the PR histology and comparison with the presence or absence of histological features of VDD in the growth plate of 167 cases. The cases were anonymised and divided in six age/gender categories. RESULTS Periphyseal abnormalities were only seen in 38% of the cases; of whom 33% had established and 67% had mild changes. Only 14.5% of cases with established histological appearance of VDD at the growth plate had significant PR abnormality; of whom majority (83%) were ≤3 months of age and none ≥9 months old, reflecting a temporal relation with birth and beyond the perinatal period. CONCLUSION The histological changes in the PR are significantly associated with histological changes of VDD/MBD at the rib growth plate with an OR of 3.04.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Groff
- Histopathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suma Uday
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Khairul Zainun
- Histopathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marta C Cohen
- Histopathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK .,Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone elongation is a complex process driven by multiple intrinsic (hormones, growth factors) and extrinsic (nutrition, environment) variables. Bones grow in length by endochondral ossification in cartilaginous growth plates at ends of developing long bones. This review provides an updated overview of the important factors that influence this process. RECENT FINDINGS Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the major hormone required for growth and a drug for treating pediatric skeletal disorders. Temperature is an underrecognized environmental variable that also impacts linear growth. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the interaction of IGF-1 and environmental factors on bone elongation. Understanding how internal and external variables regulate bone lengthening is essential for developing and improving treatments for an array of bone elongation disorders. Future studies may benefit from understanding how these unique relationships could offer realistic new approaches for increasing bone length in different growth-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Racine
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074, USA
| | - Maria A Serrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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Guevara-Morales JM, Frohbergh M, Castro-Abril H, Vaca-González JJ, Barrera LA, Garzón-Alvarado DA, Schuchman E, Simonaro C. Growth Plate Pathology in the Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI Rat Model-An Experimental and Computational Approach. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E360. [PMID: 32486376 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by impaired function or absence of lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, MPS are skeletal dysplasias, characterized by cartilage abnormalities and disturbances in the process of endochondral ossification. Histologic abnormalities of growth cartilage have been reported at advanced stages of the disease, but information regarding growth plate pathology progression either in humans or in animal models, as well as its pathophysiology, is limited. METHODS Histological analyses of distal femur growth plates of wild type (WT) and mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) rats at different stages of development were performed, including quantitative data. Experimental findings were then analyzed in a theoretical scenario. RESULTS Histological evaluation showed a progressive loss of histological architecture within the growth plate. Furthermore, in silico simulation suggest the abnormal cell distribution in the tissue may lead to alterations in biochemical gradients, which may be one of the factors contributing to the growth plate abnormalities observed, highlighting aspects that must be the focus of future experimental works. CONCLUSION The results presented shed some light on the progression of growth plate alterations observed in MPS VI and evidence the potentiality of combined theoretical and experimental approaches to better understand pathological scenarios, which is a necessary step to improve the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Vansteenkiste D, Martin-Vaquero P, Bonelli M, da Costa LB, da Costa RC. Long-term computed tomography follow-up in great Danes with or without signs of osseous- associated cervical Spondylomyelopathy. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:90. [PMID: 30866937 PMCID: PMC6416867 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osseous- associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (OA-CSM) has a high prevalence in Great Danes. In order to understand the progression of osseous changes, we aimed to perform a long-term computed tomographic (CT) follow-up study of Great Dane dogs with and without OA-CSM. Canine CSM is comparable to a common neurologic disease often diagnosed in older people termed cervical spondylotic myelopathy or degenerative cervical myelopathy, which is progressive in nature. The natural history of cervical spondylotic myelopathy in people has been well described, whereas there is scarce information on the natural history of canine OA-CSM. Our first goal was to evaluate if follow-up CT studies showed any changes compared to initial CT studies in Great Dane dogs with a diagnosis of OA-CSM. Our second goal was to establish whether clinically normal Great Danes went on to develop any vertebral changes or clinical signs consistent with OA-CSM. We enrolled Great Danes diagnosed with OA-CSM and clinically normal Great Danes who had previously participated in a prospective study. All dogs had clinical and CT follow-up evaluations. Results Twelve Great Dane dogs were investigated: six OA-CSM affected and six clinically normal dogs. The median time between CT studies was 28 months (OA-CSM dogs) and 25 months (normal dogs). On follow-up CT, two OA-CSM-affected dogs developed new sites of stenosis, and two clinically normal dogs developed new sites of stenosis (one each). Disc spaces most commonly affected were C4-C5, C5-C6 and C6-C7. New sites of foraminal stenosis were noted in two of the CSM-affected and four of the clinically normal dogs. Morphometric evaluation showed no statistically significant differences between the initial and follow-up CT studies in the OA-CSM affected or normal groups. Conclusion Our long-term CT follow-up study documented progression of vertebral canal stenosis in four out of twelve dogs. The majority of dogs did not develop new sites of stenosis or show progression of vertebral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Vansteenkiste
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Marília Bonelli
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Luciana B da Costa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ronaldo C da Costa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp St, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Uhl EW. The pathology of vitamin D deficiency in domesticated animals: An evolutionary and comparative overview. Int J Paleopathol 2018; 23:100-109. [PMID: 29544996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although vitamin D is critical to calcium/phosphorus homeostasis, bone formation and remodeling, there is evolution-based variation between species in vitamin D metabolism and susceptibility to rickets and osteomalacia. Most herbivores produce vitamin D3 in response to sunlight, but dogs and cats have generally lost the ability as carnivore diets are rich in vitamin D. Nutritional deficiencies and/or poor exposure to sunlight can induce rickets in birds, swine, cattle and sheep, but horses are less susceptible as they have evolved a calcium homeostasis that is quite different than other animals. Adaptations to specific environments also affect disease incidence: llamas/alpacas out of their natural high altitude intense solar radiation environments are highly susceptible to vitamin D deficiency. The pathology of rickets/osteomalacia is similar across species, however fibrous osteodystrophy is more common and may also be present. Rickets/osteomalacia were likely more common in animals before the advent of commercial diets, but can be difficult to definitively diagnose especially in single archeological specimens. Consideration of species susceptibility, location - especially in terms of latitude, and any available information on diet, season of occurrence, husbandry practices or descriptions of affected animals can support the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease in animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Domestic
- History, 15th Century
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- History, Medieval
- Vitamin D Deficiency/history
- Vitamin D Deficiency/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 DW Brooks Drive, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, United States.
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Teunissen M, Riemers FM, van Leenen D, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Meij BP, Alblas J, Penning LC, Miranda‐Bedate A, Tryfonidou MA. Growth plate expression profiling: Large and small breed dogs provide new insights in endochondral bone formation. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:138-148. [PMID: 28681971 PMCID: PMC5873274 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The difference in the adult height of mammals, and hence in endochondral bone formation, is not yet fully understood and may serve to identify targets for bone and cartilage regeneration. In line with this hypothesis, the intra-species disparity between the adult height of Great Danes and Miniature Poodles was investigated at a transcriptional level. Microarray analysis of the growth plate of five Great Danes and five Miniature Poodles revealed 2,981 unique genes that were differentially expressed, including many genes with an unknown role in skeletal development. A signaling pathway impact analysis indicated activation of the cell cycle, extracellular matrix receptor interaction and the tight junction pathway, and inhibition of pathways associated with inflammation and the complement cascade. In additional validation steps, the gene expression profile of the separate growth plate zones for both dog breeds were determined. Given that the BMP signaling is known for its crucial role in skeletal development and fracture healing, and BMP-2 is used in orthopaedic and spine procedures for bone augmentation, further investigations concentrated on the BMP pathway.The canonical BMP-2 and BMP-6 signaling pathway was activated in the Great Danes compared to Miniature Poodles. In conclusion, investigating the differential expression of genes involved in endochondral bone formation in small and large breed dogs, could be a game changing strategy to provide new insights in growth plate development and identify new targets for bone and cartilage regeneration. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 36:138-148, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Teunissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Frank M. Riemers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Dik van Leenen
- Molecular Cancer ResearchUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Björn P. Meij
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Louis C. Penning
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Alberto Miranda‐Bedate
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
| | - Marianna A. Tryfonidou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion AnimalsUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 108Utrecht 3584 CMThe Netherlands
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Gorissen BMC, Uilenreef JJ, Bergmann W, Meijer E, van Rietbergen B, van der Staay FJ, Weeren PRV, Wolschrijn CF. Effects of long-term use of the preferential COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam on growing pigs. Vet Rec 2017; 181:564. [PMID: 29066475 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Meloxicam, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, is a commonly used NSAID in pigs. Besides having potential side effects on the gastrointestinal tract, this type of drug might potentially affect osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, processes relevant to growing pigs. Therefore, the effects of long-term meloxicam treatment on growing pigs were studied. Twelve piglets (n=6 receiving daily meloxicam 0.4 mg/kg orally from 48 until 110 days of age; n=6 receiving only applesauce (vehicle control)) were subjected to visual and objective gait analysis by pressure plate measurements at several time points. Following euthanasia a complete postmortem examination was performed and samples of the talus and distal tibia, including the distal physis, were collected. Trabecular bone microarchitecture was analysed by microCT scanning, bone stiffness by compression testing and growth plate morphology using light microscopy. Animals were not lame and gait patterns did not differ between the groups. Pathological examination revealed no lesions compatible with known side effects of NSAIDs. Trabecular bone microarchitecture and growth plate morphology did not differ between the two groups. The findings of this in vivo study reduce concerns regarding the long-term use of meloxicam in young, growing piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J Uilenreef
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Anaesthesiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Department of Pathobiology, Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Meijer
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Biomechanics Division, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Castro-Abril HA, Guevara JM, Moncayo MA, Shefelbine SJ, Barrera LA, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Cellular scale model of growth plate: An in silico model of chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Theor Biol 2017; 428:87-97. [PMID: 28526527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate is the responsible for longitudinal bone growth. It is a cartilaginous structure formed by chondrocytes that are continuously undergoing a differentiation process that starts with a highly proliferative state, followed by cellular hypertrophy, and finally tissue ossification. Within the growth plate chondrocytes display a characteristic columnar organization that potentiates longitudinal growth. Both chondrocyte organization and hypertrophy are highly regulated processes influenced by biochemical and mechanical stimuli. These processes have been studied mainly using in vivo models, although there are few computational approaches focused on the rate of ossification rather than events at cellular level. Here, we developed a model of cellular behavior integrating biochemical and structural factors in a single column of cells in the growth plate. In our model proliferation and hypertrophy were controlled by biochemical regulatory loop formed between Ihh and PTHrP (modeled as a set of reaction-diffusion equations), while cell growth was controlled by mechanical loading. We also examined the effects of static loading. The model reproduced the proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in organized columns. This model constitutes a first step towards the development of mechanobiological models that can be used to study biochemical interactions during endochondral ossification.
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Peugnet P, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Sandersen C, Camous S, Guillaume D, Dahirel M, Dubois C, Reigner F, Berthelot V, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Serteyn D, Chavatte-palmer P. Enhanced or Reduced Fetal Growth Induced by Embryo Transfer Into Smaller or Larger Breeds Alters Postnatal Growth and Metabolism in Weaned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017; 48:143-153.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lau S, Hazewinkel H, Grinwis G, Wolschrijn C, Siebelt M, Vernooij J, Voorhout G, Tryfonidou M. Delayed endochondral ossification in early medial coronoid disease (MCD): A morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation in growing Labrador retrievers. Vet J 2013; 197:731-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Oral Presentations. Regen Med 2011; 6:37-181. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the process that results in both the replacement of the embryonic cartilaginous skeleton during organogenesis and the growth of long bones until adult height is achieved. Chondrocytes play a central role in this process, contributing to longitudinal growth through a combination of proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and hypertrophy. Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes then die, allowing the invasion of a mixture of cells that collectively replace the cartilage tissue with bone tissue. The behaviour of growth plate chondrocytes is tightly regulated at all stages of endochondral ossification by a complex network of interactions between circulating hormones (including GH and thyroid hormone), locally produced growth factors (including Indian hedgehog, WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins and fibroblast growth factors) and the components of the ECM secreted by the chondrocytes (including collagens, proteoglycans, thrombospondins and matrilins). In turn, chondrocytes secrete factors that regulate the behaviour of the invading bone cells, including vascular endothelial growth factor and receptor activator of NFκB ligand. This review discusses how the growth plate chondrocyte contributes to endochondral ossification, with some emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mackie
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Emons J, Dutilh BE, Decker E, Pirzer H, Sticht C, Gretz N, Rappold G, Cameron ER, Neil JC, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Wit JM, Post JN, Karperien M. Genome-wide screening in human growth plates during puberty in one patient suggests a role for RUNX2 in epiphyseal maturation. J Endocrinol 2011; 209:245-54. [PMID: 21307122 PMCID: PMC5268842 DOI: 10.1530/joe-10-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In late puberty, estrogen decelerates bone growth by stimulating growth plate maturation. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of estrogen action using two pubertal growth plate specimens of one girl at Tanner stage B2 and Tanner stage B3. Histological analysis showed that progression of puberty coincided with characteristic morphological changes: a decrease in total growth plate height (P=0.002), height of the individual zones (P<0.001), and an increase in intercolumnar space (P<0.001). Microarray analysis of the specimens identified 394 genes (72% upregulated and 28% downregulated) that changed with the progression of puberty. Overall changes in gene expression were small (average 1.38-fold upregulated and 1.36-fold downregulated genes). The 394 genes mapped to 13 significantly changing pathways (P<0.05) associated with growth plate maturation (e.g. extracellular matrix, cell cycle, and cell death). We next scanned the upstream promoter regions of the 394 genes for the presence of evolutionarily conserved binding sites for transcription factors implicated in growth plate maturation such as estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor, ELK1, STAT5B, cyclic AMP response element (CREB), and RUNX2. High-quality motif sites for RUNX2 (87 genes), ELK1 (43 genes), and STAT5B (31 genes), but not ER, were evolutionarily conserved, indicating their functional relevance across primates. Moreover, we show that some of these sites are direct target genes of these transcription factors as shown by ChIP assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Emons
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Skinner SJM, Lin H, Geaney MS, Gorba T, Elliott RB, Tan PLJ. Restoration of motor control and dopaminergic activity in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions - Retracted. Regen Med 2011; 6:319-26. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article was retracted on 16/01/2014
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Lin
- Living Cell Technologies (NZ) Ltd, PO Box 23566, Hunters Corner, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marilyn S Geaney
- Living Cell Technologies (NZ) Ltd, PO Box 23566, Hunters Corner, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thorsten Gorba
- StemCells Inc., 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert B Elliott
- Living Cell Technologies (NZ) Ltd, PO Box 23566, Hunters Corner, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul LJ Tan
- Living Cell Technologies (NZ) Ltd, PO Box 23566, Hunters Corner, Papatoetoe, Auckland, New Zealand
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