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Hill MA, Sykes AM, Mellick GD. ER-phagy in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1611-1623. [PMID: 37334842 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
There are many cellular mechanisms implicated in the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. However, age and the accumulation of unwanted cellular products are a common theme underlying many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Niemann-Pick type C. Autophagy has been studied extensively in these diseases and various genetic risk factors have implicated disruption in autophagy homoeostasis as a major pathogenic mechanism. Autophagy is essential in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis, as their postmitotic nature makes them particularly susceptible to the damage caused by accumulation of defective or misfolded proteins, disease-prone aggregates, and damaged organelles. Recently, autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy) has been identified as a novel cellular mechanism for regulating ER morphology and response to cellular stress. As neurodegenerative diseases are generally precipitated by cellular stressors such as protein accumulation and environmental toxin exposure the role of ER-phagy has begun to be investigated. In this review we discuss the current research in ER-phagy and its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Hill
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex M Sykes
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Liu S, Fang X, Zhu R, Zhang J, Wang H, Lei J, Wang C, Wang L, Zhan L. Role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in acute lung injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152336. [PMID: 37266445 PMCID: PMC10231642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the prime causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, are usually treated by general supportive treatments. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fragments and misfolded proteins. ER-phagy is crucial for maintaining ER homeostasis and improving the internal environment. ER-phagy has a particular role in some aspects, such as immunity, inflammation, cell death, pathogen infection, and collagen quality. In this review, we summarized the definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS and described the regulatory mechanisms and functions of ER-phagy as well as discussed the potential role of ER-phagy in ALI/ARDS from the perspectives of immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, pathogen infection, and fibrosis to provide a novel and effective target for improving the prognosis of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiyao Zhu
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxi Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liying Zhan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle and has multiple roles in various cellular processes such as protein secretion, lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and organelle biogenesis. The quantity and quality of this organelle are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (termed "ER-phagy"). ER-phagy is defined as the degradation of part of the ER by the vacuole or lysosomes, and there are at least two types of ER-phagy: macro-ER-phagy and micro-ER-phagy. In macro-ER-phagy, ER fragments are enclosed by autophagosomes, which is mediated by ER-phagy receptors. In micro-ER-phagy, a portion of the ER is engulfed directly by the vacuole or lysosomes. In these two pathways, some proteins in the ER lumen can be recognized selectively and subjected to ER-phagy. This review summarizes our current knowledge of ER-phagy, focusing on its membrane dynamics, molecular mechanisms, substrate specificity, and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Chino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Chen G, Wei T, Ju F, Li H. Protein quality control and aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum: From basic to bedside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1156152. [PMID: 37152279 PMCID: PMC10154544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1156152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest membrane-bound compartment in all cells and functions as a key regulator in protein biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium balance. Mammalian endoplasmic reticulum has evolved with an orchestrated protein quality control system to handle defective proteins and ensure endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Nevertheless, the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum may occur during pathological conditions. The inability of endoplasmic reticulum quality control system to clear faulty proteins and aggregates from the endoplasmic reticulum results in the development of many human disorders. The efforts to comprehensively understand endoplasmic reticulum quality control network and protein aggregation will benefit the diagnostics and therapeutics of endoplasmic reticulum storage diseases. Herein, we overview recent advances in mammalian endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control system, describe protein phase transition model, and summarize the approaches to monitor protein aggregation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic applications of enhancing endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control pathways in endoplasmic reticulum storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyi Wei
- Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Ju
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sha Tin, Hong kong SAR, China
| | - Haisen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- AoBio Medical, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haisen Li,
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Chen W, Mao H, Chen L, Li L. The pivotal role of FAM134B in selective ER-phagy and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2022; 1869:119277. [PMID: 35477002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
FAM134B is also known as the reticulophagy regulator 1 (RETREG1) or JK-1. FAM134B consists of two long hydrophobic fragments with a reticulon-homology domain, an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, and a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. FAM134B plays an important role in regulating selective ER-phagy, and is related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. In the present review, we describe theFAM134B molecular structure, subcellular localization, tissue distribution, and review its mechanisms of action during selective ER-phagy. Furthermore, we summarize the relationship between FAM134B and diseases, including neoplastic diseases, degenerative diseases, central nervous system disease, and infectious diseases. Considering the pleiotropic action of FAM134B, targeting FAM134B may be a potent therapeutic avenue for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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Abstract
ER-phagy (reticulo-phagy) defines the degradation of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It is part of the self-digestion (i.e., auto-phagic) programs recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, which rapidly mobilize metabolites in cells confronted with nutrient shortage. Moreover, selective clearance of ER subdomains participates to the control of ER size and activity during ER stress, the re-establishment of ER homeostasis after ER stress resolution and the removal of ER parts, in which aberrant and potentially cytotoxic material has been segregated. ER-phagy relies on the individual and/or concerted activation of the ER-phagy receptors, ER peripheral or integral membrane proteins that share the presence of LC3/Atg8-binding motifs in their cytosolic domains. ER-phagy involves the physical separation of portions of the ER from the bulk ER network, and their delivery to the endolysosomal/vacuolar catabolic district. This last step is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including macro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles), micro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are directly engulfed by endosomes/lysosomes/vacuoles), or direct fusion of ER-derived vesicles with lysosomes/vacuoles. ER-phagy is dysfunctional in specific human diseases and its regulators are subverted by pathogens, highlighting its crucial role for cell and organism life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Protein Folding and Quality Control, grid.7722.0Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Fregno I, Fasana E, Soldà T, Galli C, Molinari M. N-glycan processing selects ERAD-resistant misfolded proteins for ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107240. [PMID: 34152647 PMCID: PMC8327951 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient degradation of by‐products of protein biogenesis maintains cellular fitness. Strikingly, the major biosynthetic compartment in eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lacks degradative machineries. Misfolded proteins in the ER are translocated to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation via ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). Alternatively, they are segregated in ER subdomains that are shed from the biosynthetic compartment and are delivered to endolysosomes under control of ER‐phagy receptors for ER‐to‐lysosome‐associated degradation (ERLAD). Demannosylation of N‐linked oligosaccharides targets terminally misfolded proteins for ERAD. How misfolded proteins are eventually marked for ERLAD is not known. Here, we show for ATZ and mutant Pro‐collagen that cycles of de‐/re‐glucosylation of selected N‐glycans and persistent association with Calnexin (CNX) are required and sufficient to mark ERAD‐resistant misfolded proteins for FAM134B‐driven lysosomal delivery. In summary, we show that mannose and glucose processing of N‐glycans are triggering events that target misfolded proteins in the ER to proteasomal (ERAD) and lysosomal (ERLAD) clearance, respectively, regulating protein quality control in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Fasana
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Soldà
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Galli
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Molinari M. ER-phagy responses in yeast, plants, and mammalian cells and their crosstalk with UPR and ERAD. Dev Cell 2021; 56:949-966. [PMID: 33765438 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ER-phagy, literally endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-eating, defines the constitutive or regulated clearance of ER portions within metazoan endolysosomes or yeast and plant vacuoles. The advent of electron microscopy led to the first observations of ER-phagy over 60 years ago, but only recently, with the discovery of a set of regulatory proteins named ER-phagy receptors, has it been dissected mechanistically. ER-phagy receptors are activated by a variety of pleiotropic and ER-centric stimuli. They promote ER fragmentation and engage luminal, membrane-bound, and cytosolic factors, eventually driving lysosomal clearance of select ER domains along with their content. After short historical notes, this review introduces the concept of ER-phagy responses (ERPRs). ERPRs ensure lysosomal clearance of ER portions expendable during nutrient shortage, nonfunctional, present in excess, or containing misfolded proteins. They cooperate with unfolded protein responses (UPRs) and with ER-associated degradation (ERAD) in determining ER size, function, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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