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Lee G, Choi S, Cho Y, Park SM. Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures Among Obese Women Based on Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference: A Nationwide Cohort in South Korea. Clin Nutr Res 2022; 11:32-41. [PMID: 35223679 PMCID: PMC8844534 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2022.11.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between obesity status by body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) and osteoporotic fracture risk. We collected data of 143,673 women with a mean age of 58.5 years without history of osteoporotic fracture from the Korean National Health Insurance Service Cohort. Participants were divided into four groups according to obesity by BMI and WC, normal BMI/WC (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 and WC < 85 cm, reference), obese BMI/normal WC (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and WC < 85 cm), normal BMI/obese WC (BMI < 25 kg/m2 and WC ≥ 85 cm), and obese BMI/WC (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and WC < 85cm). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the subsequent median 6.0 years, which were adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, morbidity index, and osteoporosis medication. Compared with the normal group, normal BMI/obese WC was associated with a higher osteoporotic fracture risk after multivariable adjustment (HRs [95% CI], 1.13 [1.05–1.21]), and obese BMI/normal WC was associated with a lower osteoporotic fracture risk (0.89 [0.84–0.94]). Obese BMI/normal WC was associated with a lower risk for hip fractures (0.75 [0.57–0.99]). Obese BMI/normal WC was associated with decreased risk of osteoporotic fracture, whereas normal BMI/obese WC was associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fracture compared with the normal group among East Asian women in their late 40s or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongsil Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seulggie Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yoosun Cho
- Health Promotion Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
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2
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Oniszczuk A, Kaczmarek A, Kaczmarek M, Ciałowicz M, Arslan E, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. Sclerostin as a biomarker of physical exercise in osteoporosis: A narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:954895. [PMID: 36545331 PMCID: PMC9760825 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.954895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a disease of low bone mass, is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) through abnormalities in the microarchitecture of bone tissue. It affects both the social and economic areas, therefore it has been considered a lifestyle disease for many years. Bone tissue is a dynamic structure exhibiting sensitivity to various stimuli, including mechanical ones, which are a regulator of tissue sclerostin levels. Sclerostin is a protein involved in bone remodeling, showing an anti-anabolic effect on bone density. Moderate to vigorous physical activity inhibits secretion of this protein and promotes increased bone mineral density. Appropriate exercise has been shown to have an osteogenic effect. The effectiveness of osteogenic training depends on the type, intensity, regularity and frequency of exercise and the number of body parts involved. The greatest osteogenic activity is demonstrated by exercises affecting bone with high ground reaction forces (GRF) and high forces exerted by contracting muscles (JFR). The purpose of this study was to review the literature for the effects of various forms of exercise on sclerostin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczmarek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Kaczmarek, ; Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz,
| | - Mateusz Kaczmarek
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, St. Hedwig’s of Silesia Hospital, Trzebnica, Poland
| | - Maria Ciałowicz
- Physiotherapy Faculty, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Science, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Faculty of Sport Science, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Kaczmarek, ; Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz,
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He N, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Feng B, Zheng Z, Wang D, Zhang S, Ye H. Increasing Fracture Risk Associates With Plasma Circulating MicroRNAs in Aging People's Sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2021; 12:678610. [PMID: 34163374 PMCID: PMC8215392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging generally coincides with a gradual decline in mass and strength of muscles and bone mineral density (BMD). Sarcopenia is closely linked to osteoporosis in the elderly, which can lead to abnormal gait, balance disorders, and dysfunctions, as well as increase in the risks of falls, fractures, weakness, and death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a kind of short and non-coding RNA molecules but can regulate posttranscriptional protein expression. However, we have known little about their participation in age-associated osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The current study aims to confirm those miRNAs as biomarkers for age-related reduction in muscular atrophy associated with human blood fractures. In our study, 10 fracture-risk-related miRNAs (miR-637, miR-148a-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-23a-3p, and miR-24-3p) were analyzed. For the initial screening, we determined the abundance of fracture-risk-associated miRNAs by RT-PCR most frequently detected in enrolled 93 elderly with sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia, respectively. Statistically, the relative expression levels of plasma miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, and miR-637 in the sarcopenia group were significantly lower than that in the non-sarcopenia group, while the levels of other miRNAs did not change significantly. Moreover, we showed that the levels of ASM/height2, handgrip strength, and 4-m velocity in the sarcopenia group were significantly lower than in the non-sarcopenia group. Whereafter, we expanded the sample for further detection and analysis and revealed that the levels of plasma miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, and miR-637 in the sarcopenia group were significantly lower than that in the non-sarcopenia group, which is consistent with the initial screening experiment. From our analysis, changes in levels of plasma miR-93-5p and miR-637 were dramatically related to ASM/height2. Furthermore, changes in miR-23a and miR-93-5p were significantly affected by ASM/height2 in female individuals, with no significant correlations between miRNAs changes and these diagnostic indexes in male individuals after adjusting sex. The study showed that plasma miRNAs changed in an aging-related sarcopenia manner and were associated with increased fracture risk. In aging patients, plasma miR-23a-3p, miR-93-5p, and miR-637 have the potential as biomarkers of sarcopenia, which can affect the development of physiological dysfunction and may be also used in the fracture risk assessment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana He
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Beili Feng
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Zaixing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Dongjuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Honghua Ye
- Department of Cardiology, HwaMei Hospital (Previously Named Ningbo No. 2 Hospital), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Dalla Volta A, Mazziotti G, Maffezzoni F, Grisanti S, Palumbo C, Pedersini R, Maroldi R, Berruti A. Bone Mineral Density and FRAX Score May Not Predict Fracture Risk in Patients With Cancer Undergoing Hormone Deprivation Therapies. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:3363-3366. [PMID: 32603244 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dalla Volta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gherardo Mazziotti
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Bone Diseases and Osteoporosis Section, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Maffezzoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Palumbo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Urology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pedersini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Maroldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Unit of Radiology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
An increase of visceral fat affects human bone health causing fragility, mechanical strength reduction, and increased propensity to fractures because of impaired bone matrix microstructure and aberrant bone cell function. Adult Danio rerio (zebrafish) represents a powerful model to study both metabolic diseases and bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to generate an obese adult zebrafish by high-fat diet and evaluate metabolic and bone tissue effects. Fish blood glucose and insulin levels were found to be altered in high-fat diet fish revealing a failure in β-cells insulin production. Blood analysis of adipokines revealed significant alterations in adiponectin and leptin levels that are common in human and other obesity animal models. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), derived from hyperglycemia condition, were found to be altered too. All these alterations were associated with an impaired bone metabolism. The scales of high-fat diet fish shown bone resorption lacunae associated with an intense osteoclastic tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased. These data suggest that an imbalance of fat metabolism alters energy metabolism generating an osteoporosis-like phenotype in adult zebrafish scales. The zebrafish obesity model can contribute to elucidate in vivo the molecular mechanisms of metabolic changes in human obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livio Luzi
- Policlinico San Donato IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Mariotti
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Nielsen BR, Abdulla J, Andersen HE, Schwarz P, Suetta C. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Geriatr Med 2018; 9:419-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Bimonte VM, Fittipaldi S, Marocco C, Emerenziani GP, Fornari R, Guidetti L, Poggiogalle E, Nicolai E, Di Luigi L, Donini LM, Baldari C, Lenzi A, Greco EA, Migliaccio S. Physical activity and hypocaloric diet recovers osteoblasts homeostasis in women affected by abdominal obesity. Endocrine 2017; 58:340-348. [PMID: 27981516 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease linked to metabolic chronic disorders such as diabetes, and hypertension. Also, it has recently been associated with skeletal alterations and low bone mineral density. We previously demonstrated that exposure of osteoblasts to sera of sedentary subjects affected by obesity alters cell homeostasis in vitro, leading to disruption of intracellular differentiation pathways and cellular activity. Thus, the purpose of the present study has been to evaluate whether sera of sedentary obese women, subjected to physical activity and hypocaloric diet, could recover osteoblast homeostasis in vitro as compared to the sera of same patients before intervention protocol. To this aim, obese women were evaluated at time 0 and after 4, 6, and 12 months of individualized prescribed physical activity and hypocaloric diet. Dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry measurements were performed at each time point, as well as blood was collected at the same points. Cells were incubated with sera of subjects before and after physical activity as described: obese at baseline and after for 4, 6, and 12 months of physical activity and nutritional protocol intervention. Osteoblasts exposed to sera of patients, who displayed increased lean and decreased fat mass (from 55.5 ± 6.5 to 57.1 ± 5.6% p ≤ 0.05; from 44.5 ± 1.1 to 40.9 ± 2.6% p ≤ 0.01 respectively), showed a time-dependent increase of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, versus cells exposed to sera of obese patients before intervention protocol, suggesting recovery of osteoblast homeostasis upon improvement of body composition. An increase in β-catenin nuclear accumulation and nuclear translocation was also observed, accompanied by an increase in Adiponectin receptor 1 protein expression, suggesting positive effect on cell differentiation program. Furthermore, a decrease in sclerostin amount and an increase of type 1 procollagen amino-terminal-propeptide were depicted as compared to baseline, proportionally to the time of physical activity, suggesting a recovery of bone remodeling modulation and an increase of osteoblast activity induced by improvement of body composition. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that sera of obese sedentary women who increased lean mass and decreased fat mass, by physical activity and hypocaloric diet, rescue osteoblasts differentiation and activity likely due to a reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin-pathway, suggesting that a correct life style can improve skeletal metabolic alteration induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana M Bimonte
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Fittipaldi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS S.D.N., Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Marocco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Fornari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Poggiogalle
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo M Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela A Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, Foro Italico University, Rome, Italy.
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8
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De Fusco C, Messina A, Monda V, Viggiano E, Moscatelli F, Valenzano A, Esposito T, Sergio C, Cibelli G, Monda M, Messina G. Osteopontin: Relation between Adipose Tissue and Bone Homeostasis. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4045238. [PMID: 28194185 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4045238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein mainly associated with bone metabolism and remodeling. Besides its physiological functions, OPN is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of disease states, such as obesity and osteoporosis. Importantly, during the last decades obesity and osteoporosis have become among the main threats to health worldwide. Because OPN is a protein principally expressed in cells with multifaceted effects on bone morphogenesis and remodeling and because it seems to be one of the most overexpressed genes in the adipose tissue of the obese contributing to osteoporosis, this mini review will highlight recent insights about relation between adipose tissue and bone homeostasis.
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Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Migliaccio S, Greco EA, Marocco C, di Lazzaro L, Fornari R, Lenzi A, Baldari C, Guidetti L. Differences in Ventilatory Threshold for Exercise Prescription in Outpatient Diabetic and Sarcopenic Obese Subjects. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:6739150. [PMID: 26884760 PMCID: PMC4738975 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6739150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study was to examine cardiorespiratory parameters at individual ventilatory threshold (IVT) and peak exercise capacity ([Formula: see text]) in outpatient diabetic and sarcopenic obese subjects. Seventeen obese subjects (BMI: 36.6 ± 4.1 kg·m(-1)) and sixteen SO subjects (BMI: 37.0 ± 7.3 kg·m(-1)) were compared with sixteen T2DM subjects (BMI: 37.7 ± 5.6 kg·m(-1)). All groups performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill according to their physical ability. [Formula: see text], %HRmax, and maximal metabolic equivalent (METmax) were evaluated at maximal effort. Moreover, [Formula: see text], %[Formula: see text], %HRmax, %HRR, ΔHR, and METivt were assessed at IVT. No significant differences were found in any physiological parameters at maximal effort ([Formula: see text], %HRmax, and METmax) in all groups. On the contrary, [Formula: see text], %[Formula: see text], %HRmax, %HRR, ΔHR, and METivt were significantly lower in T2DM subjects as compared to OB and SO subjects at IVT (p < 0.05). Our results show that while at maximal effort there are no differences among groups, at IVT the physiological parameters are lower in T2DM subjects than in OB and SO subjects. Therefore, due to the differences observed in the groups, we suggest usng the IVT as a useful parameter to prescribe aerobic exercise in obese with sarcopenia or diabetes mellitus conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Emerenziani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- LiSa Laboratory, Policlinico of Catania, Universitario of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Marocco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca di Lazzaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Fornari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
- *Carlo Baldari:
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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10
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Abstract
During the last decades, obesity and osteoporosis have become important global health problems, and the belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently come into question. In fact, some recent epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that a high level of fat mass might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the complex relationship between adipose tissue and bone. Indeed, adipose tissue secretes various molecules, named adipokines, which are thought to have effects on metabolic, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, fat tissue is one of the major sources of aromatase, an enzyme that synthesizes estrogens from androgen precursors, hormones that play a pivotal role in the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis, protecting against osteoporosis. Moreover, bone cells express several specific hormone receptors and recent observations have shown that bone-derived factors, such as osteocalcin and osteopontin, affect body weight control and glucose homeostasis. Thus, the skeleton is considered an endocrine target organ and an endocrine organ itself, likely influencing other organs as well. Finally, adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from a common progenitor, a pluripotential mesenchymal stem cell, which has an equal propensity for differentiation into adipocytes or osteoblasts (or other lines) under the influence of several cell-derived transcription factors. This review will highlight recent insights into the relationship between fat and bone, evaluating both potential positive and negative influences between adipose and bone tissue. It will also focus on the hypothesis that osteoporosis might be considered the obesity of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, ‘Foro Italico’ University of Rome, Largo Lauro De Bosis 15, 00195 Rome, Italy
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