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Wu S, Mo X. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potentials and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021447. [PMID: 36674963 PMCID: PMC9865663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular compilation of diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent studies indicate that retinal neuron impairment occurs before any noticeable vascular changes in DR, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is one of the earliest signs. Axons of RGCs have little capacity to regenerate after injury, clinically leading the visual functional defects to become irreversible. In the past two decades, tremendous progress has been achieved to enable RGC axon regeneration in animal models of optic nerve injury, which holds promise for neural repair and visual restoration in DR. This review summarizes these advances and discusses the potential and challenges for developing optic nerve regeneration strategies treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-64377134
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Zhang Z, Huang Q, Zhao D, Lian F, Li X, Qi W. The impact of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction on diabetic microvascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1112363. [PMID: 36824356 PMCID: PMC9941188 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1112363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia, with absolute insulin deficiency or insulin resistance as the main cause, and causes damage to various target organs including the heart, kidney and neurovascular. In terms of the pathological and physiological mechanisms of DM, oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms leading to DM and is an important link between DM and its complications. Oxidative stress is a pathological phenomenon resulting from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the scavenging of antioxidant systems. The main site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is the mitochondria, which are also the main organelles damaged. In a chronic high glucose environment, impaired electron transport chain within the mitochondria leads to the production of ROS, prompts increased proton leakage and altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which in turn releases cytochrome c (cyt-c), leading to apoptosis. This subsequently leads to a vicious cycle of impaired clearance by the body's antioxidant system, impaired transcription and protein synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is responsible for encoding mitochondrial proteins, and impaired DNA repair systems, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. This paper reviews the dysfunction of mitochondria in the environment of high glucose induced oxidative stress in the DM model, and looks forward to providing a new treatment plan for oxidative stress based on mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Fengmei Lian, ; Xiangyan Li, ; Wenxiu Qi,
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Wu Y, Zou H. Research Progress on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2250. [PMID: 36421435 PMCID: PMC9686704 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells, which participate in metabolism and signal transduction, and regulate cell growth, differentiation, aging, and death. Metabolic changes of retinal cells and epigenetic changes of mitochondria-related genes under high glucose can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and induce mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. In addition, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics also change adaptively. These mechanisms may be related to the occurrence and progression of DR, and also provide valuable clues for the prevention and treatment of DR. This article reviews the mechanism of DR induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, and the prospects for related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Liu Z, Shao M, Ren J, Qiu Y, Li S, Cao W. Association Between Increased Lipid Profiles and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy in a Population-Based Case-Control Study. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3433-3446. [PMID: 35711238 PMCID: PMC9197172 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s361613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to investigate the association between lipid profiles and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Patients and Methods This case-control study, which was conducted between November 2019 and August 2021, comprised 309 patients with DR, 186 patients with diabetes mellitus, and 172 healthy controls. Serum cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TRIG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), small dense LDL-C (SDLDL-C), apolipoprotein A (APOA), APOB, APOE and lipoprotein (a)(LPA) levels were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to median age and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between lipid levels and DR. Results CHOL, TRIG, HDL-C, APOB, APOE, and SDLDL-C levels were significantly higher in the DR group than in the healthy control group, and TRIG levels were lower in the DR group than in the DM group (P < 0.05), especially in the ≤57-year-old and the HbA1c ≤7.2% subgroups. Linear regression analyses showed that CHOL, TRIG, APOA, APOB, APOE, and SDLDL-C levels were associated with HbA1c levels. Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that CHOL (odds ratio [OR] = 1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.112–1.566), TRIG (OR = 1.269, 95% CI = 1.030–1.563), HDL-C (OR = 43.744, 95% CI = 17.12–111.769), APOB (OR = 7.037, 95% CI = 3.370–14.695), APOE (OR = 1.057, 95% CI = 1.038–1.077), and SDLDL-C (OR = 14.719, 95% CI = 8.304–26.088) levels were risk factors for DR (P < 0.05). Conclusion Increased lipid levels were risk factors for DR, and lipid level control should be strengthened, especially in younger adults or in patients with HbA1c ≤7.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichao Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Eye and Ear Nose Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Shan Z, Fa WH, Tian CR, Yuan CS, Jie N. Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2902-2919. [PMID: 35332108 PMCID: PMC9004550 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is associated with inflammatory bowels diseases, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even a spectrum of cancer such as colon cancer and liver cancer, resulting in a substantial healthcare burden on our society. Autophagy is a key regulator in metabolic homeostasis such as lipid metabolism, energy management and the balance of cellular mineral substances. Mitophagy is selective autophagy for clearing the damaged mitochondria and dysfunctional mitochondria. A myriad of evidence has demonstrated a major role of mitophagy in the regulation of type 2 diabetes and metabolic homeostasis. It is well established that defective mitophagy has been linked to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, insulin resistance is further progressed to various diseases such as nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases. Concordantly, restoration of mitophagy will be a reliable and therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Recently, various phytochemicals have been proved to prevent dysfunctions of β-cells by mitophagy inductions during diabetes developments. In agreement with the above phenomenon, mitophagy inducers should be warranted as potential and novel therapeutic agents for treating diabetes. This review focuses on the role of mitophagy in type 2 diabetes relevant diseases and the pharmacological basis and therapeutic potential of autophagy regulators in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hong Fa
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Run Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Shi Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Jie
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Afliated Longhua Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518110, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness for adults in developed countries. Both microvasculopathy and neurodegeneration are implicated in mechanisms of DR development, with neuronal impairment preceding microvascular abnormalities, which is often underappreciated in the clinic. Most current therapeutic strategies, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF)-antibodies, aim at treating the advanced stages (diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and fail to target the neuronal deterioration. Hence, new therapeutic approach(es) intended to address both vascular and neuronal impairment are urgently needed. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) pathway is critically implicated in the islet pathology of diabetes. Recent evidence highlighted the pathway relevance for pathologic angiogenesis and neurodegeneration, two key aspects in DR. PFKFB3 is key to the sprouting angiogenesis, along with VEGF, by determining the endothelial tip-cell competition. Also, PFKFB3-driven glycolysis compromises the antioxidative capacity of neurons leading to neuronal loss and reactive gliosis. Therefore, the HIF1α-PFKFB3 signaling pathway is unique as being a pervasive pathological component across multiple cell types in the retina in the early as well as late stages of DR. A metabolic point-of-intervention based on HIF1α-PFKFB3 targeting thus deserves further consideration in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Min
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Margaretha Roux
- Groote Schuur and Red Cross Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Lazar
- Lazar Retina Ophthalmology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Lulu Chen, PhD, Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Correspondence: Slavica Tudzarova, PhD, Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS 33-165, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Özkaya D, Nazıroğlu M. Bevacizumab induces oxidative cytotoxicity and apoptosis via TRPM2 channel activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells: Protective role of glutathione. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1539-1554. [PMID: 33544179 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bevacizumab (BEV) is a blocker of circulating VEGF A generation. However, BEV has adverse apoptotic and cytotoxic effects via upregulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and TRPM2 activation, and downregulation of cytosolic glutathione (GSH) in neuronal cells. We investigated the possible protective effects of GSH treatment on BEV-induced oxidant and apoptotic adverse actions in the TRPM2 expressing adult retinal pigment epithelial-19 (ARPE-19) and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ARPE-19 and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into five main groups: Control, GSH (10 mM for 2 h), BEV (0.25 mg/ml for 24 h), BEV+GSH, and BEV+TRPM2 channel blockers (ACA or 2-APB). In the SH-SY5Y cells, the Ca2+ analyses (Fluo-3) were performed only, although Fluo-3 and the remaining analyses were performed in the ARPE-19 cells. RESULTS The levels of apoptosis, cell death, mitochondrial ROS, lipid peroxidation, caspase-3, caspase-9, ADP-ribose-induced TRPM2 current density, cytosolic-free Zn2+, and Ca2+ were increased by BEV, although their levels were diminished by the treatments of GSH and TRPM2 blockers. The BEV-induced decreases of cell viability, GSH levels, and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by the treatment of GSH. BEV-induced increase of TRPM2 expression was decreased by the treatment of GSH, although BEV-induced decrease of VEGF A expression was further decreased by the treatment of GSH. CONCLUSION Our data confirmed that BEV-induced mitochondrial ROS and apoptosis in the human retinal epithelial cells were modulated by GSH and TRPM2 inhibition. The treatment of GSH may be considered as a therapeutic approach to BEV-induced ARPE-19 cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Özkaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. .,Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture, Industry and Trade Limited Company, Göller Bölgesi Teknokenti, Isparta, Turkey. .,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
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Fujita N, Sase K, Tsukahara C, Arizono I, Takagi H, Kitaoka Y. Pemafibrate prevents retinal neuronal cell death in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity via inhibition of p-c-Jun expression. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:195-202. [PMID: 33278012 PMCID: PMC7884588 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is involved in the retinal neuronal cell death in diabetic retinopathy. Although fenofibrate has been shown to ameliorate the progression of diabetic retinopathy, the effect of pemafibrate, which is highly selective for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α on retinal neuronal cell death has not been documented. Here, we investigated whether pemafibrate exerts a beneficial effect against retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in rats. Experiments were performed on adult male Wistar rats that received an intravitreal injection of 20 nmol NMDA. Fluoro-Gold labeled RGC morphometry showed that oral intake of pemafibrate once a day for 7 days resulted in significant protection on RGC death induced by NMDA. Phosphorylated c-Jun protein, which is involved in apoptosis, was upregulated after NMDA exposure, and this increase was significantly lessened by the systemic pemafibrate treatment. Phosphorylated c-Jun immunopositive cells were colocalized with Thy-1 immunopositive cells, and the increased these cells were ameliorated by the pemafibrate treatment. An increase in TUNEL-positive cells was significantly suppressed by the pemafibrate treatment. Phosphorylated c-Jun immunopositive cells were colocalized with TUNEL-positive cells, and they were decreased by pemafibrate treatment. These results suggest that the RGC protection achieved with pemafibrate appears to be associated with inhibition of phosphorylated c-Jun and its anti-apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Kana Sase
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Ibuki Arizono
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kitaoka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kaswasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
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Miller DJ, Cascio MA, Rosca MG. Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E905. [PMID: 32977483 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diagnosis is based on vascular pathology, DR is associated with early abnormalities in the electroretinogram, indicating alterations of the neural retina and impaired visual signaling. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and likely involves the simultaneous dysregulation of multiple metabolic and signaling pathways through the retinal neurovascular unit. There is evidence that microvascular disease in DR is caused in part by altered energetic metabolism in the neural retina and specifically from signals originating in the photoreceptors. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic mechanisms that link alterations in neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression in DR. We focus specifically on the recent developments related to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism including energetic substrate selection, mitochondrial function, oxidation-reduction (redox) imbalance, and oxidative stress, and critically discuss the mechanisms of these changes and their consequences on retinal function. We also acknowledge implications for emerging therapeutic approaches and future research directions to find novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to correct bioenergetics in diabetes. We conclude that retinal bioenergetics is affected in the early stages of diabetes with consequences beyond changes in ATP content, and that maintaining mitochondrial integrity may alleviate retinal disease.
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Chen AX, Conti TF, Hom GL, Greenlee TE, Raimondi R, Briskin IN, Rich CA, Kampani R, Engel R, Sharma S, Talcott KE, Singh RP. Functional imaging of mitochondria in retinal diseases using flavoprotein fluorescence. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:74-92. [PMID: 32709959 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-1110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular energy production and homeostasis. Oxidative stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction are integral components of the pathophysiology of retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Within mitochondria, flavoproteins are oxidized and reduced and emit a green autofluorescence when oxidized following blue light excitation. Recently, a noninvasive imaging device was developed to measure retinal flavoprotein fluorescence (FPF). Thus, oxidized FPF can act as a biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction. This review article describes the literature surrounding mitochondrial FPF imaging in retinal disease. The authors describe the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal diseases, experiments using FPF as a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, the three generations of retinal FPF imaging devices, and the peer-reviewed publications that have examined FPF imaging in patients. Finally, the authors report their own study findings. Goals were to establish normative reference levels for FPF intensity and heterogeneity in healthy eyes, to compare between healthy eyes and eyes with diabetes and DR, and to compare across stages of DR. The authors present methods to calculate a patient's expected FPF values using baseline characteristics. FPF intensity and heterogeneity were elevated in diabetic eyes compared to age-matched control eyes, and in proliferative DR compared to diabetic eyes without retinopathy. In diabetic eyes, higher FPF heterogeneity was associated with poorer visual acuity. In conclusion, while current retinal imaging modalities frequently focus on structural features, functional mitochondrial imaging shows promise as a metabolically targeted tool to evaluate retinal disease.
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Potilinski MC, Lorenc V, Perisset S, Gallo JE. Mechanisms behind Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Diabetes and Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072351. [PMID: 32231131 PMCID: PMC7177797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes produces several changes in the body triggered by high glycemia. Some of these changes include altered metabolism, structural changes in blood vessels and chronic inflammation. The eye and particularly the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are not spared, and the changes eventually lead to cell loss and visual function impairment. Understanding the mechanisms resulting in RGC damage and loss from diabetic retinopathy is essential to find an effective treatment. This review focuses mainly on the signaling pathways and molecules involved in RGC loss and the potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention of this cell death. Throughout the manuscript it became evident that multiple factors of different kind are responsible for RGC damage. This shows that new therapeutic agents targeting several factors at the same time are needed. Alpha-1 antitrypsin as an anti-inflammatory agent may become a suitable option for the treatment of RGC loss because of its beneficial interaction with several signaling pathways involved in RGC injury and inflammation. In conclusion, alpha-1 antitrypsin may become a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of RGC loss and processes behind diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Constanza Potilinski
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Valeria Lorenc
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofía Perisset
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Gallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital Universitario Austral, Av. Juan Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-91164038725
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Narayanan SP, Shosha E, D Palani C. Spermine oxidase: A promising therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104299. [PMID: 31207342 PMCID: PMC7011157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), is a significant public health issue and the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. The vision loss associated with DR affects patients' quality of life and has negative social and psychological effects. In the past, diabetic retinopathy was considered as a vascular disease; however, it is now recognized to be a neuro-vascular disease of the retina. Current therapies for DR, such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy, treat advanced stages of the disease, particularly the vasculopathy and have adverse side effects. Unavailability of effective treatments to prevent the incidence or progression of DR is a major clinical problem. There is a great need for therapeutic interventions capable of preventing retinal damage in DR patients. A growing body of evidence shows that neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis. Therefore, studies of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration are essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Deregulation of the polyamine metabolism is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, renal failure, and diabetes. Spermine Oxidase (SMOX) is a highly inducible enzyme, and its dysregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis. The oxidative products of polyamine metabolism are capable of inducing cell damage and death. The current review provides insight into the SMOX-regulated molecular mechanisms of cellular damage and dysfunction, and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. Structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina and the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (excitotoxicity, loss of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction etc.) are also summarized in this review. Furthermore, existing therapies and new approaches to neuroprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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13
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Haider SZ, Sadanandan NP, Joshi PG, Mehta B. Early Diabetes Induces Changes in Mitochondrial Physiology of Inner Retinal Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 406:140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Lin JB, Lin JB, Chen HC, Chen T, Apte RS. Combined SIRT3 and SIRT5 deletion is associated with inner retinal dysfunction in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3799. [PMID: 30846716 PMCID: PMC6406004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in working adults in the industrialized world. In addition to vision loss caused by macular edema and pathological angiogenesis, DR patients often exhibit neuronal dysfunction on electrophysiological testing, suggesting that there may be an independent neuronal phase of disease that precedes vascular disease. Given the tremendous metabolic requirements of the retina and photoreceptors in particular, we hypothesized that derangements in metabolic regulation may accelerate retinal dysfunction in diabetes. As such, we induced hyperglycemia with streptozotocin in mice with monoallelic Nampt deletion from rod photoreceptors, mice lacking SIRT3, and mice lacking SIRT5 and tested multiple components of retinal function with electroretinography. None of these mice exhibited accelerated retinal dysfunction after induction of hyperglycemia, consistent with normal-appearing retinal morphology in hyperglycemic Sirt3−/− or Sirt5−/− mice. However, mice lacking both SIRT3 and SIRT5 (Sirt3−/−Sirt5−/− mice) exhibited significant evidence of inner retinal dysfunction after induction of hyperglycemia compared to hyperglycemic littermate controls, although this dysfunction was not accompanied by gross morphological changes in the retina. These results suggest that SIRT3 and SIRT5 may be involved in regulating neuronal dysfunction in DR and provide a foundation for future studies investigating sirtuin-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph B Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Howard C Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Teresa Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Chen FZ, Zhao Y, Chen HZ. MicroRNA-98 reduces amyloid β-protein production and improves oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the Notch signaling pathway via HEY2 in Alzheimer's disease mice. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:91-102. [PMID: 30365070 PMCID: PMC6257854 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that often occurs at a slow pace yet deteriorates with time. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been demonstrated to offer novel therapeutic hope for disease treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of miR‑98 on amyloid β (Aβ)‑protein production, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through the Notch signaling pathway by targeting hairy and enhancer of split (Hes)‑related with YRPW motif protein 2 (HEY2) in mice with AD. A total of 70 Kunming mice were obtained and subjected to behavioral assessment. The levels of oxidative stress‑related proteins glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, acetylcholinesterase and Na+‑K+‑ATP were measured. Morphological changes in brain tissue, HEY2‑positivity levels, neuronal apoptotic index (AI) and neuron mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels were also determined. Subsequently, the levels of miR‑98 and the mRNA and protein levels of HEY2, Jagged1, Notch1, Hes1, Hes5, β‑amyloid precursor protein, B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein in tissues and hippocampal neurons were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Finally, hippocampal neuron viability and apoptosis were determined using an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The levels of miR‑98‑targeted HEY2 and miR‑98 were low and the levels of HEY2 were high in the AD mice. The AD mice exhibited poorer learning and memory abilities, oxidative stress function, and morphological changes of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, the AD mice exhibited increased protein levels of HEY2 and AI in the CA1 region of brain tissues with reduced mtDNA levels and dysfunctional neuronal mitochondria. miR‑98 suppressed hippocampal neuron apoptosis and promoted hippocampal neuron viability by inactivating the Notch signaling pathway via the inhibition of HEY2. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that miR‑98 reduced the production of Aβ and improved oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction through activation of the Notch signaling pathway by binding to HEY2 in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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16
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Wu MY, Yiang GT, Lai TT, Li CJ. The Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction during the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:3420187. [PMID: 30254714 PMCID: PMC6145164 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3420187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most serious microvascular complications induced by hyperglycemia via five major pathways, including polyol, hexosamine, protein kinase C, and angiotensin II pathways and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products. The hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces local inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and cell apoptosis. The accumulation of ROS, local inflammation, and cell death are tightly linked and considerably affect all phases of diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis. Furthermore, microvascular dysfunction induces ischemia and local inflammation, leading to neovascularization, macular edema, and neurodysfunction, ultimately leading to long-term blindness. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and elucidate the detailed mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic retinopathy. In this review, we summarized the existing knowledge about the pathogenesis and current strategies for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, and we believe this systematization will help and support further research in this area.
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17
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Rubio-Fernández M, Uribe ML, Vicente-Tejedor J, Germain F, Susín-Lara C, Quereda C, Montoliu L, de la Villa P, Martín-Nieto J, Cruces J. Impairment of photoreceptor ribbon synapses in a novel Pomt1 conditional knockout mouse model of dystroglycanopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8543. [PMID: 29867208 PMCID: PMC5986861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG) resulting from deficiency of protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (POMT1) may cause severe neuromuscular dystrophies with brain and eye anomalies, named dystroglycanopathies. The retinal involvement of these disorders motivated us to generate a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse experiencing a Pomt1 intragenic deletion (exons 3-4) during the development of photoreceptors, mediated by the Cre recombinase expressed from the cone-rod homeobox (Crx) gene promoter. In this mouse, retinal α-DG was unglycosylated and incapable of binding laminin. Retinal POMT1 deficiency caused significant impairments in both electroretinographic recordings and optokinetic reflex in Pomt1 cKO mice, and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the absence of β-DG and of the α-DG-interacting protein, pikachurin, in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). At the ultrastructural level, noticeable alterations were observed in the ribbon synapses established between photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Therefore, O-mannosylation of α-DG in the retina carried out by POMT1 is crucial for the establishment of proper synapses at the OPL and transmission of visual information from cones and rods to their postsynaptic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rubio-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mary Luz Uribe
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Vicente-Tejedor
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Germain
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Susín-Lara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Quereda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain.,Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Cruces
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Kunikata H, Ida T, Sato K, Aizawa N, Sawa T, Tawarayama H, Murayama N, Fujii S, Akaike T, Nakazawa T. Metabolomic profiling of reactive persulfides and polysulfides in the aqueous and vitreous humors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41984. [PMID: 28169324 PMCID: PMC5294455 DOI: 10.1038/srep41984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the metabolomic profile of reactive persulfides and polysulfides in the aqueous and vitreous humors. Eighteen eyes of 18 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy underwent microincision vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery. Samples of the aqueous and vitreous humors were collected and underwent mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling of reactive persulfides and polysulfides (polysulfidomics). The effect of reactive polysulfide species on the viability of immortalized retinal cells (the RGC-5 cell line) under oxidative stress (induced with H2O2) was also evaluated with an Alamar Blue assay. The experiments showed that cysteine persulfides (CysSSH), oxidized glutathione trisulfide (GSSSG) and cystine were elevated in the aqueous humor, and CysSSH, Cys, and cystine were elevated in the vitreous. Furthermore, GSSSG, cystine, and CysSSH levels were correlated in the aqueous and vitreous humors. A comparison, in DM and control subjects, of plasma levels of reactive persulfides and polysulfides showed that they did not differ. In vitro findings revealed that reactive polysulfide species increased cell viability under oxidative stress. Thus, various reactive persulfides and polysulfides appear to be present in the eye, and some reactive sulfide species, which have a protective effect against oxidative stress, are upregulated in the aqueous and vitreous humors of DM eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Aizawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tawarayama
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Namie Murayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigemoto Fujii
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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19
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Erekat NS. Cerebellar Purkinje cells die by apoptosis in the shaker mutant rat. Brain Res 2017; 1657:323-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Kadłubowska J, Malaguarnera L, Wąż P, Zorena K. Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potential Approaches to Delay Neuronal Loss. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:831-839. [PMID: 27306035 PMCID: PMC5333588 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160614095559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/1970] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the extensive research the complex pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has not been fully elucidated. For many years it has been thought that diabetic retinopathy manifests only with microangiopathic lesions, which are totally responsible for the loss of vision in diabetic patients. In view of the current knowledge on the microangiopathic changes in the fundus of the eye, diabetic retinopathy is perceived as a neurodegenerative disease. Several clinical tools are available to detect neuronal dysfunction at early stages of diabetes. Many functional changes in the retina can be identified before vascular pathology develops, suggesting that they result from a direct effect of diabetes on the neural retina. In the course of diabetes there is a chronic loss of retinal neurons due to increased frequency of apoptosis. The neuronal apoptosis begins very early in the course of diabetes. This observation has led to suggestions that precautions against DR should be implemented immediately after diabetes is diagnosed. Neurodegeneration cannot be reversed; therefore treatments preventing neuronal cell loss in the retina need to be developed to protect diabetic patients. This review is an attempt to summarize what is currently known about the mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis in the context of diabetic retinopathy and vascular degeneration as well as about potential treatments of DR
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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21
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Roig-Revert MJ, Lleó-Pérez A, Zanón-Moreno V, Vivar-Llopis B, Marín-Montiel J, Dolz-Marco R, Alonso-Muñoz L, Albert-Fort M, López-Gálvez MI, Galarreta-Mira D, García-Esparza MF, Galbis-Estrada C, Marco-Ramirez C, Shoaie-Nia K, Sanz-González SM, Vila-Bou V, Bendala-Tufanisco E, García-Medina JJ, Nucci C, Gallego-Pinazo R, Arévalo JF, Pinazo-Durán MD; Valencia Study On Diabetic Retinopathy (VSDR). Enhanced Oxidative Stress and Other Potential Biomarkers for Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics: Beneficial Effects of the Nutraceutic Supplements. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:408180. [PMID: 26618168 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the global risk of retinopathy in a Mediterranean population of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, according to clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle biomarkers. The effects of the oral supplementation containing antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids (A/ω3) were also evaluated. Suitable participants were distributed into two main groups: (1) T2DMG (with retinopathy (+DR) or without retinopathy (-DR)) and (2) controls (CG). Participants were randomly assigned (+A/ω3) or not (-A/ω3) to the oral supplementation with a daily pill of Nutrof Omega (R) for 18 months. Data collected including demographics, anthropometrics, characteristics/lifestyle, ophthalmic examination (best corrected visual acuity, ocular fundus photographs, and retinal thickness as assessed by optical coherence tomography), and blood parameters (glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity) were registered, integrated, and statistically processed by the SPSS 15.0 program. Finally, 208 participants (130 diabetics (68 +DR/62 -DR) and 78 controls) completed the follow-up. Blood analyses confirmed that the T2DMG+DR patients had significantly higher oxidative stress (p < 0.05), inflammatory (p < 0.05), and vascular (p < 0.001) risk markers than the T2DMG-DR and the CG. Furthermore, the A/ω3 oral supplementation positively changed the baseline parameters, presumptively by inducing metabolic activation and ameliorating the ocular health after 18 months of supplementation.
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22
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Alam NM, Mills WC, Wong AA, Douglas RM, Szeto HH, Prusky GT. A mitochondrial therapeutic reverses visual decline in mouse models of diabetes. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:701-10. [PMID: 26035391 PMCID: PMC4486862 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by progressive vision loss and the advancement of retinal micoraneurysms, edema and angiogenesis. Unfortunately, managing glycemia or targeting vascular complications with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents has shown only limited efficacy in treating the deterioration of vision in diabetic retinopathy. In light of growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is an independent pathophysiology of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, we investigated whether selectively targeting and improving mitochondrial dysfunction is a viable treatment for visual decline in diabetes. Measures of spatial visual behavior, blood glucose, bodyweight and optical clarity were made in mouse models of diabetes. Treatment groups were administered MTP-131, a water-soluble tetrapeptide that selectively targets mitochondrial cardiolipin and promotes efficient electron transfer, either systemically or in eye drops. Progressive visual decline emerged in untreated animals before the overt symptoms of metabolic and ophthalmic abnormalities were manifest, but with time, visual dysfunction was accompanied by compromised glucose clearance, and elevated blood glucose and bodyweight. MTP-131 treatment reversed the visual decline without improving glycemic control or reducing bodyweight. These data provide evidence that visuomotor decline is an early complication of diabetes. They also indicate that selectively treating mitochondrial dysfunction with MTP-131 has the potential to remediate the visual dysfunction and to complement existing treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Summary: Visual decline in mouse models of diabetes is reversed, independently of treating other disease symptoms, by treatment with MTP-131, a water-soluble peptide that selectively targets cardiolipin and improves mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia M Alam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - William C Mills
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aimee A Wong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hazel H Szeto
- Research Program in Mitochondrial Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Glen T Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
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Al-Hussaini H, Kilarkaje N. Effects of diabetes on retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in dark Agouti rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:117-24. [PMID: 25467746 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although diabetes induces retinopathy its effects on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are not clearly known. The present study investigated the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on RPE cell proliferation and the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in rats. The bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry revealed diabetes induced RPE cell proliferation at the end of first and second weeks in dark Agouti rats and at the end of first week in Wistar rats, but it inhibited the proliferation in both strains at the end of fifth week (P<0.05). A further analysis at the end of second week in the dark Agouti rats showed the cell proliferation, but not apoptosis, in association with an increase in ERK1/2 expression (P<0.05). However, the increased ERK level did not affect the expression of one of its substrates, the transcription factor c-Fos, suggesting that this protein has no role in the induction of the RPE cell proliferation. On the other hand, although total JNKs showed a decrease in the diabetic group (P<0.05), the JNKp46 isoform was increased and the JNKp54 isoform was decreased, but without any effects on one of their substrates, the transcription factor, c-Myc. Our results indicate that the RPE cell proliferation in diabetic rats may be mediated through mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thus, modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling may be a putative therapeutic option to alleviate the genesis of diabetes-induced retinal disruptions including retinopathy.
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24
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Moura J, Børsheim E, Carvalho E. The Role of MicroRNAs in Diabetic Complications-Special Emphasis on Wound Healing. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:926-56. [PMID: 25268390 PMCID: PMC4276920 DOI: 10.3390/genes5040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are major problems in today’s society, driving the prevalence of diabetes and its related complications. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the chronic complications in diabetes in order to develop better therapeutic approaches for these conditions. Some of the most important complications include macrovascular abnormalities, e.g., heart disease and atherosclerosis, and microvascular abnormalities, e.g., retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, in particular diabetic foot ulceration. The highly conserved endogenous small non-coding RNA molecules, the micro RNAs (miRNAs) have in recent years been found to be involved in a number of biological processes, including the pathogenesis of disease. Their main function is to regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation, suppression of translation or even gene activation. These molecules are promising therapeutic targets and demonstrate great potential as diagnostic biomarkers for disease. This review aims to describe the most recent findings regarding the important roles of miRNAs in diabetes and its complications, with special attention given to the different phases of diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moura
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, AR 72202, USA.
| | - Eugenia Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.
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