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Sridhar GR, Gumpeny L. Emerging significance of butyrylcholinesterase. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:87202. [PMID: 38590305 PMCID: PMC10999061 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.87202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8), an enzyme structurally related to acetylcholinesterase, is widely distributed in the human body. It plays a role in the detoxification of chemicals such as succinylcholine, a muscle relaxant used in anesthetic practice. BChE is well-known due to variant forms of the enzyme with little or no hydrolytic activity which exist in some endogamous communities and result in prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine. Its other functions include the ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter in the brain, when its primary hydrolytic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, is absent. To assess its potential roles, BChE was studied in relation to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognition, hepatic disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Individuals who lack the enzyme activity of BChE are otherwise healthy, until they are given drugs hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Therefore, BChE is a candidate for the study of loss-of-function mutations in humans. Studying individuals with variant forms of BChE can provide insights into whether they are protected against metabolic diseases. The potential utility of the enzyme as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease and the response to its drug treatment can also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gumpeny R Sridhar
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Visakhapatnam 530002, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Gumpeny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Healthcare and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam 530048, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Bermejo-Bescós P, Martín-Aragón S, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Merello de Miguel A, Vaquero-Pinto MN, Sánchez-Castellano C. Peripheral IL-6 Levels but not Sarcopenia Are Predictive of 1-Year Mortality After Hip Fracture in Older Patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:e130-e137. [PMID: 32585691 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic patients may have an increased risk of poor outcomes after a hip fracture. The objective of this study was to determine whether sarcopenia and a set of biomarkers were potential predictors of 1-year-mortality in older patients after a hip fracture. METHODS About 150 patients at least 80 years old were hospitalized for the surgical treatment of a hip fracture. The primary outcome measure was the death in the first year after the hip fracture. Sarcopenia was defined at baseline by having both low muscle mass (bioimpedance analysis) and handgrip and using the updated European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) definition of probable sarcopenia. Janssen's (J) and Masanés (M) cutoff points were used to define low muscle mass. RESULTS Mortality 1 year after the hip fracture was 11.5%. In univariate analyses, baseline sarcopenia was not associated with mortality, using neither of the muscle mass cutoff points: 5.9% in sarcopenic (J) versus 12.4% in non-sarcopenic participants (p = .694) and 16% in sarcopenic (M) versus 9.6% in non-sarcopenic participants (p = .285). Probable sarcopenia (EWGSOP2) was not associated with mortality. Peripheral levels of IL-6 at baseline were significantly higher in the group of participants who died in the year after the hip fracture (17.14 ± 16.74 vs 11.42 ± 7.99 pg/mL, p = .026). TNF-α peripheral levels had a nonsignificant trend to be higher in participants who died. No other biomarker was associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS Sarcopenia at baseline was not a predictor of 1-year mortality in older patients after a hip fracture. IL-6 was associated with a higher risk of mortality in these patients, regardless of sarcopenia status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Bermejo-Bescós
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
| | - Sagrario Martín-Aragón
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Spain
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Gonzales GB, Njunge JM, Gichuki BM, Wen B, Potani I, Voskuijl W, Bandsma RHJ, Berkley JA. Plasma proteomics reveals markers of metabolic stress in HIV infected children with severe acute malnutrition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11235. [PMID: 32641735 PMCID: PMC7343797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection affects up to 30% of children presenting with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Africa and is associated with increased mortality. Children with SAM are treated similarly regardless of HIV status, although mechanisms of nutritional recovery in HIV and/or SAM are not well understood. We performed a secondary analysis of a clinical trial and plasma proteomics data among children with complicated SAM in Kenya and Malawi. Compared to children with SAM without HIV (n = 113), HIV-infected children (n = 54) had evidence (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05) of metabolic stress, including enriched pathways related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we observed reduced plasma levels of zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, butyrylcholinesterase, and increased levels of complement C2 resembling findings in metabolic syndrome, diabetes and other non-communicable diseases. HIV was also associated (FDR corrected p < 0.05) with higher plasma levels of inflammatory chemokines. Considering evidence of biomarkers of metabolic stress, it is of potential concern that our current treatment strategy for SAM regardless of HIV status involves a high-fat therapeutic diet. The results of this study suggest a need for clinical trials of therapeutic foods that meet the specific metabolic needs of children with HIV and SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Inflammation Research Centre, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - James M Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bonface M Gichuki
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bijun Wen
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isabel Potani
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,Global Child Health Group, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James A Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya.,KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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