Interactive Effects of Swimming High-Intensity Interval Training and Resveratrol Supplementation Improve Mitochondrial Protein Levels in the Hippocampus of Aged Rats

Different paradigms of transcranial electrical stimulation induce structural changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease

One of the prominent sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is structural changes in the hippocampus. Recently, the new methods used to treat this disease is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). This study evaluated the effect of four primary standards of tES, including tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and tPCS on beta-amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced structural changes in the CA1 region of hippocampus in male rats. For this purpose, rats weighing 250-275 g were selected, the cannula was embedded reciprocally into the hippocampi. Aβ25-35 (5 μg/ 2.5 ml/ day) was infused reciprocally for four continuous days.Then, animals were then given tES for 6 days.Subsequently, structural changes in the hippocampal CA1 were evaluated using the stereological method. Aβ25-35 resulted in loss of neurons (P < 0.01) and decreased hippocampal volume (P < 0.05). However, the administration of tES paradigms prevented these changes. The results proposed that through the improvement of hippocampal cell number and volume, tES paradigms can retain efficiency in remediating structural impairments in AD. From this, it can be concluded that other tES paradigms besides tDCS can also be considered for the treatment of AD.