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Hashemi Javaheri FS, Karbin K, Senobari MA, Hakim HG, Hashemi M. The association between maternal body mass index and breast milk composition: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad174. [PMID: 38273741 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). DATA EXTRACTION A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hashemi Javaheri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Karbin
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Senobari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hakime Ghadiri Hakim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Pither J, Botta A, Maity C, Ghosh S. Analysis using national databases reveals a positive association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with TV watching and diabetes in European females. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173084. [PMID: 28355278 PMCID: PMC5371297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have increased in parallel to sedentary behavior and diabetes across the world. To test any putative association between dietary PUFA and sedentary behavior or diabetes in females, we obtained country-specific, cross-sectional data on sedentary activity and diabetes prevalence from European Cardiovascular Statistics 2012. Age and gender-specific, nutritional data from each country were obtained from nutritional surveys as well. Socioeconomic (GDP), physical environment (urbanization index) and climatic confounders were accounted for each country. Upon analysis, we found a strong, positive association between sedentary lifestyle in 11-yr old girls (> = 2 hours of TV/ weekday) and dietary PUFA across 21 European countries. Further, a weak association of dietary PUFA and a strong relationship of per-capita GDP was established with elevated fasting blood glucose [(> = 7.0 mmol/L; or on medication] among 25+ year old adult females across 23 countries in Europe. In summary, we present novel ecological evidence that dietary PUFA is strongly associated with sedentary behavior among pre-teen girls and weakly associated with diabetes among adult women across Europe. In the latter group, per-capita GDP was a significant predictor for diabetes as well. Therefore, we recommend that prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) be implemented to evaluate if ubiquitous presence of dietary PUFA and low socioeconomic status are possible confounders when intervening to treat/prevent sedentary lifestyle or diabetes in female subjects in Western nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pither
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Chittaranjan Maity
- Department of Biochemistry, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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Cilla A, Diego Quintaes K, Barberá R, Alegría A. Phospholipids in Human Milk and Infant Formulas: Benefits and Needs for Correct Infant Nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1880-92. [PMID: 26075805 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.803951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The composition of human milk has served as a basis for the development of infant formulas, which are used when breastfeeding is not possible. Among the human milk nutrients, 50% of the total energetic value corresponds to fat, with a high level of fatty acids and 0.2-2.0% present in the form of phospholipids (PLs). The PL contents and fatty acid distribution in PL species have been investigated as bioactive elements for the production of infant formulas, since they offer potential benefits for the optimum growth and health of the newborn infant. The differences in the amount of PLs and in fatty acid distribution in PL species between human milk and infant formulas can imply biologically significant differences for newborn infants fed with infant formulas versus human milk-mainly due to the greater proportion of sphingomyelin with respect to phosphatidylcholine in infant formulas. The limited information referred to the characterization of fatty acid distribution in PL species in infant formulas or in ingredients used to enrich them merits further research in order to obtain products with benefits similar to those of human milk in terms of infant growth, visual acuity, and neurological development. The present review establishes the scientific basis for helping to adjust formulations to the requirements of infant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cilla
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Reyes Barberá
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- a Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Burjassot, Valencia , Spain
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Claumarchirant L, Cilla A, Matencio E, Sanchez-Siles LM, Castro-Gomez P, Fontecha J, Alegría A, Lagarda MJ. Addition of milk fat globule membrane as an ingredient of infant formulas for resembling the polar lipids of human milk. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Blaas N, Schüürmann C, Bartke N, Stahl B, Humpf HU. Structural profiling and quantification of sphingomyelin in human breast milk by HPLC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6018-6024. [PMID: 21534545 DOI: 10.1021/jf200943n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid composition of food as well as of physiological samples has received considerable interest due to their positive biological activities. This study quantified the total amount of sphingomyelin (SM) in 20 human breast milk samples from healthy volunteers and determined the structures of SM by detailed mass spectrometric studies in combination with enzymatic cleavage. The quantification of SM was performed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) measuring the characteristic fragment ion of the phosphorylcholine group at m/z 184.2 and by using hexanoylsphingomyelin (C6-SM) and heptadecanoylsphingomyelin (C17-SM) as internal standards. The structures of SM species were identified after enzymatic cleavage with alkaline sphingomyelinase (SMase) to the corresponding ceramides. Structure elucidation of the sphingoid base and fatty acid backbone was performed by reversed-phase HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The method includes the sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine (d18:0), sphingosine (d18:1(Δ4)), 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2(Δ4,8)), 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine (t18:0)), and 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (t18:1(Δ8)) and fatty acids with even-numbered carbon atoms (C12-C26) as well as their (poly)unsaturated and monohydroxylated analogues. The total amount of SM in human breast milk varied from 3.87 to 9.07 mg/100 g fresh weight. Sphingosine (d18:1) was the predominant sphingoid base, with 83.6 ± 3.5% in human breast milk, followed by 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2) (7.2 ± 1.9%) and 4-hydroxysphinganine (t18:0) (5.7 ± 0.7%). The main SM species contained sphingosine and palmitic acid (14.9 ± 2.2%), stearic acid (12.7 ± 1.5%), docosanoic acid (16.2 ± 3.6%), and tetracosenoic acid (15.0 ± 3.1%). Interestingly, the fatty acid composition of SM species in this study differs from the total fatty acids in human breast milk, and the fatty acids are not consistently distributed among the different sphingoid bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Blaas
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Golfetto I, McGready R, Ghebremeskel K, Min Y, Dubowitz L, Nosten F, Drury P, Simpson JA, Arunjerdja R, Crawford MA. Fatty acid composition of milk of refugee Karen and urban Korean mothers. Is the level of DHA in breast milk of Western women compromised by high intake of saturated fat and linoleic acid? Nutr Health 2007; 18:319-332. [PMID: 18087864 DOI: 10.1177/026010600701800402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 metabolites have been reported in breast milk of European, Australian and North American women compared with milk of mothers from non-Western countries. This difference is not always explained by intakes of marine products. OBJECTIVE We investigated the possibility that the relative composition of DHA and total n-3 metabolites in breast milk of non-Western mothers with low fat intakes is higher than the levels commonly reported in their Western counterparts. SUBJECTS Mature milk of refugee Karen women from two different camps in Thailand (n=26 and n=53), and transition milk from urban Korean mothers (n=12) in Seoul was collected. In common with their respective community, the mothers have low fat intake, which is predominately of plant origin. RESULTS The percentage levels of DHA and n-3 metabolites in the milk of the Karen mothers were 0.52 +/- 0.14 and 0.85 +/- 0.24 (camp 1) and 0.54 +/- 0.22 and 0.92 +/- 0.42 (camp 2). In the Korean milk, DHA was 0.96 +/- 0.21 and total n-3 metabolites 1.51 +/- 0.3. CONCLUSION We postulate that the levels of DHA and total n-3 metabolites may be compromised in breast milk of mothers on the Western high fat diet. This calls into question the use of DHA composition of such milk as a reference for the formulation of milk designed, for infant feed or, to test the function of DHA in neuro-visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Golfetto
- The Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition, London Metropolitan University, Holloway Road, London, UK
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López-López A, López-Sabater MC, Campoy-Folgoso C, Rivero-Urgell M, Castellote-Bargalló AI. Fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in human milk from Granada (Spain) and in infant formulas. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:1242-54. [PMID: 12494309 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in fatty acid and sn-2 fatty acid composition in colostrum, transitional and mature human milk, and in term infant formulas. SETTING Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, University of Barcelona, Spain and University Hospital of Granada, Spain. SUBJECTS One-hundred and twenty mothers and 11 available types of infant formulas for term infants. DESIGN We analysed the fatty acid composition of colostrum (n=40), transitional milk (n=40), mature milk (n=40) and 11 infant formulas. We also analysed the fatty acid composition at sn-2 position in colostrum (n=12), transitional milk (n=12), mature milk (n=12), and the 11 infant formulas. RESULTS Human milk in Spain had low saturated fatty acids, high monounsaturated fatty acids and high linolenic acid. Infant formulas and mature human milk had similar fatty acid composition. In mature milk, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-2 position (86.25%), and oleic and linoleic acids were predominantly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions (12.22 and 22.27%, respectively, in the sn-2 position). In infant formulas, palmitic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn-1,3 positions and oleic and linoleic acids had higher percentages at the sn-2 position than they do in human milk. CONCLUSION Fatty acid composition of human milk in Spain seems to reflect the Mediterranean dietary habits of mothers. Infant formulas resemble the fatty acid profile of human milk, but the distribution of fatty acids at the sn-2 position is markedly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-López
- Departament de Nutrició i Bromatologia, Centre de Referència en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CeRTA), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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López-López A, Castellote-Bargalló AI, López-Sabater MC. Comparison of two direct methods for the determination of fatty acids in human milk. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schmeits BL, Cook JA, VanderJagt DJ, Magnussen MA, Bhatt SK, Bobik EG, Huang YS, Glew RH. Fatty acid composition of the milk lipids of women in Nepal. Nutr Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(99)00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
This article discusses the methods most commonly employed in the analysis of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) in natural fats and considers the main advantages and disadvantages of each and the techniques for optimising analytical conditions. Complete analysis of the composition of a natural fat calls for a method of extracting and purifying the triglyceride fraction, normally by preparatory thin-layer and column chromatography. Determination of the individual components of triglyceride mixtures still entails certain difficulties, namely, the separation and identification of the TAGs in natural fats. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) offers significant advantages over gas and thin-layer chromatography. Many workers have developed non-aqueous, reversed-phase HPLC systems capable of successfully resolving complex mixtures of TAGs, and combining reversed-phase (RP) HPLC and argentation chromatography may improve the results. Identification of the TAGs separated by HPLC becomes an extremely complex task if many different fatty acids are involved and if the sn-stereoscopic positions on the glycerol are to be determined. Enzymatic analysis and chiral-phase chromatography are capable of localising fatty acids on the TAG molecule. In closing, some of the most interesting biomedical applications of TAG analysis are summarised.
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Abstract
Because triacylglycerol (TAG) structure influences the metabolic fate of its component fatty acids, we have examined human colostrum and mature milk TAG with particular attention to the location of the very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid on the glycerol backbone. The analysis was based on the formation of various diacylglycerol species from human milk TAG upon chemical (Grignard degradation) or enzymatic degradation. The structure of the TAG was subsequently deduced from data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters in the diacylglycerol subfractions. The highly specific TAG structure observed was identical in mature milk and colostrum. The three major fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and linoleic acids) each showed a specific preference for a particular position within milk TAG: oleic acid for the sn-1 position, palmitic acid for the sn-2 position and linoleic acid for the sn-3 position. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids exhibited the same pattern of distribution and they were both found primarily in the sn-3 (50%) and sn-1 (30%) positions. Their longer chain analogs, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, were located in the sn-2 and sn-3 positions. These results show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are distributed within the TAG molecule of human milk in a highly specific fashion, and that in the first month of lactation the maturation of the mammary gland does not affect the milk TAG structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Martin
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Clinique Médicale A, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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Sánchez-Pozo A, L. Pita M, Martínez A, Molina JA, Sánchez-Mediha F, Gill A. Effects of dietary nucleotides upon lipoprotein pattern of newborn infants. Nutr Res 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(86)80159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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