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Rivera D, Cui W, Gao J, Peker D, Zhang QY, Dewar R, Qiu L, Konoplev S, Hu Z, Sasaki K, Hu AY, E S, Liu M, Fang H, Wang W, Tang G, Apperley JF, Hochhaus A, Cortes JE, Khoury JD, Medeiros LJ, Jabbour E, Hu S. Aleukemic Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Without Neutrophilia and Thrombocytosis: A Report From the BCR::ABL1 Pathology Group. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100406. [PMID: 38104892 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by leukocytosis with left-shifted neutrophilia, basophilia, eosinophilia, and variable thrombocytosis. However, extremely rare cases of patients with CML without significant leukocytosis and thrombocytosis (aleukemic phase [ALP] CML, or CML-ALP) have been reported. Due to its rarity and limited awareness, there remains a significant knowledge gap concerning the pathologic diagnosis, disease progression, and optimal patient management and outcomes. In this multi-institutional study, we investigated 31 patients with CML-ALP. Over half (54.8%) of patients had a history of or concurrent hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic malignancies. At time of diagnosis of CML-ALP, approximately 26.7% of patients exhibited neutrophilia, 56.7% had basophilia, and 13.3% showed eosinophilia. The median number of metaphases positive for t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) was 15, with a median of 38.5% of interphase nuclei positive for BCR::ABL1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The median BCR::ABL1 level was 26.14%. Remarkably, 14 (45.2%) patients were initially misdiagnosed or not diagnosed before karyotype or fluorescence in situ hybridization information for BCR::ABL1 became available. Twenty-five patients received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). One patient developed blast crisis while on TKI treatment 8 months after initial diagnosis. With a median follow-up time of 46.1 months, 20 of 22 patients who received TKI therapy and had detailed follow-up information achieved complete cytogenetic remission or deeper, 15 achieved major molecular remission or deeper, and 10 achieved molecularly undetectable leukemia. In conclusion, given the frequent occurrence of prior or concurrent malignancies, aleukemic presentation, and low level of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)/BCR::ABL1, misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis is common among these patients. While these patients generally respond well to TKIs, rare patients may develop blastic transformation. It is therefore important for pathologists and hematologists to be aware of this highly unusual presentation of CML to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukocytosis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Thrombocytosis/genetics
- Eosinophilia
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rivera
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Juehua Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Deniz Peker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qian-Yun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Lianqun Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Zhihong Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Koji Sasaki
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Shuyu E
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guilin Tang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jane F Apperley
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jorge E Cortes
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Joseph D Khoury
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shimin Hu
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Kumar A, Tilak V, Arora D, Marisha, Rahul, Gautam D, Ali A. Philadelphia chromosome- positive myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia. Cancer Genet 2023; 276-277:12-16. [PMID: 37267684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of acquired clonal disorders characterized by dysplastic and ineffective hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Various specific karyotypic and molecular abnormalities associated with MDS further guide the prognosis. Although translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) (Philadelphia positive [Ph+]) and corresponding BCR-ABL fusion transcript are classically defined to differentiate CML from non-CML myeloproliferative disorders, it is also associated with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL), acute myeloid Leukemia (Ph+ AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (Ph+ MDS). The occurrence of Ph+ MDS is very uncommon, and a review of literature has shown by far 40 cases so far in which the majority are seen on progression to Leukemia. Few had de novo presence of such chromosomal abnormality. Due to its rarity, this entity has not yet found its space in the current WHO classification. Also, the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in such a scenario is still debatable. We found two such cases of de novo Ph+ MDS diagnosed at institute of medical sciences, Banaras Hindu university and a brief literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vijai Tilak
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Disha Arora
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Marisha
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Gautam
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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3
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Kushwaha R, Verma SP, Yadav G. Philadelphia-positive de novo myelodysplastic syndrome: A new entity with review of literature. Indian J Cancer 2021; 58:463-468. [PMID: 34380833 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_282_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Kushwaha
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S P Verma
- Department of Clinical Hematology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Geeta Yadav
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Chelapareddy LR, Sen S. Philadelphia Translocation in MDS: A Case Report and a Brief Review of the Literature Looking at Its Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Treatment Options. Case Rep Hematol 2018; 2018:5865321. [PMID: 30595928 PMCID: PMC6282134 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5865321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of clonal disorders characterized by ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis in the bone marrow with variable risk of progression to leukemia. MDS is characterized by specific karyotypic and molecular abnormalities. The t(9 : 22) Philadelphia translocation is not a common abnormality found in MDS, and it is not included in the prognostic indices for germline mutations. There are no definitive treatment guidelines for these patients either. Here, we reviewed previously reported cases of MDS with the Philadelphia translocation with a goal to determine their prognosis and treatment options, specifically the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandeep Sen
- SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63117, USA
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5
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Su Z, Wu F, Hu W, Liu X, Wu S, Feng X, Cui Z, Yang J, Wang Z, Guan H, Zhao H, Wang W, Zhao C, Peng J. Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute myeloid leukemia with masses and osteolytic lesions: finding of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Front Med 2017; 11:440-444. [PMID: 28550639 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute myeloid leukemia is controversial and difficult to distinguish from the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. As a myeloid neoplasm, rare cases of this leukemia manifest multiple soft-tissue tumors or bone lytic lesions. In this paper, we describe a 49-year-old male patient who had an abrupt onset with sharp chest pain, fever, fatigue, emaciation, and splenomegaly. 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) result showed diffuse and uneven hypermetabolic lesions in the bone marrow with peripheral bone marrow expansion, multiple soft tissue neoplasms with high 18F-FDG uptake, and lytic bone lesions. Bone marrow smear and biopsy detected aberrant blast cells expressing myeloid rather than lymphoid immunophenotype marker. For the existence of Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL1 fusion gene together with complex chromosome abnormalities, a diagnosis of Philadelphia-positive acute myeloid leukemia was made, although the type (de novo or blast crisis) remained unclear.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/complications
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnostic imaging
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/complications
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnostic imaging
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Osteolysis/diagnostic imaging
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Su
- Department of Haematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Fengyu Wu
- PET/CT Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Weiyu Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shaoling Wu
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xianqi Feng
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhongguang Cui
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- PET/CT Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hongzai Guan
- Department of Haematology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongguo Zhao
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chunting Zhao
- Department of Haematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Haematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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6
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Armas A, Chen C, Mims M, Rivero G. Uncovering Clinical Features of De Novo Philadelphia Positive Myelodysplasia. Case Rep Hematol 2017; 2017:5404131. [PMID: 28321349 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5404131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is cytogenetically heterogeneous and retains variable risk for acute myeloid leukemia transformation. Though not yet fully understood, there is an association between genetic abnormalities and defects in gene expression. The functional role for infrequent cytogenetic alteration remains unclear. An uncommon chromosomic abnormality is the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. Here, we report a patient with Ph+ MDS treated with low dose Dasatinib who achieved hematologic response for 7 months. In addition, we also examined the English literature on all de novo Ph + MDS cases between 1996 and 2015 to gain insight into clinical features and outcome.
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