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Lorente-Bermúdez R, Pan-Lizcano R, Núñez L, López-Vázquez D, Rebollal-Leal F, Vázquez-Rodríguez JM, Hermida-Prieto M. Analysis of the Association between Copy Number Variation and Ventricular Fibrillation in ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2548. [PMID: 38473795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) during ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) significantly contributes to cardiovascular-related deaths. Although VF has been linked to genetic factors, variations in copy number variation (CNV), a significant source of genetic variation, have remained largely unexplored in this context. To address this knowledge gap, this study performed whole exome sequencing analysis on a cohort of 39 patients with STEAMI who experienced VF, aiming to elucidate the role of CNVs in this pathology. The analysis revealed CNVs in the form of duplications in the PARP2 and TTC5 genes as well as CNVs in the form of deletions in the MUC15 and PPP6R1 genes, which could potentially serve as risk indicators for VF during STEAMI. The analysis also underscores notable CNVs with an average gene copy number equal to or greater than four in DEFB134, FCGR2C, GREM1, PARM1, SCG5, and UNC79 genes. These findings provide further insight into the role of CNVs in VF in the context of STEAMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lorente-Bermúdez
- Grupo de Investigación en Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), GRINCAR-Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pan-Lizcano
- Grupo de Investigación en Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), GRINCAR-Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Lucía Núñez
- Grupo de Investigación en Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), GRINCAR-Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- GRINCAR Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Domingo López-Vázquez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Fernando Rebollal-Leal
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Manuel Vázquez-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Hermida-Prieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Cardiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC-SERGAS), GRINCAR-Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
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Chen HS, van Roon L, Schoones J, Zeppenfeld K, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Ann Med 2023; 55:2283195. [PMID: 38065671 PMCID: PMC10836288 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2283195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. The characteristics of cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation remain underexposed. OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI, taking into account: (1) definition, experimental model and quantification method and (2) location, amount and timing, in order to obtain an overview of current knowledge and to expose gaps in literature. METHODS References on cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation were screened for inclusion. The included studies received a full-text review and quality appraisal. Relevant data on hyperinnervation were collected and qualitatively analysed. RESULTS Our literature search identified 60 eligible studies performed between 2000 and 2022. Cardiac hyperinnervation is generally defined as an increased sympathetic nerve density or increased number of nerves compared to another control group (100%). Studies were performed in a multitude of experimental models, but most commonly in male rats with permanent left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation (male: 63%, rat: 68%, permanent ligation: 93%, LAD: 97%). Hyperinnervation seems to occur mainly in the borderzone. Quantification after MI was performed in regions of interest in µm2/mm2 (41%) or in percentage of nerve fibres (46%) and the reported amount showed a great variation ranging from 439 to 126,718 µm2/mm2. Hyperinnervation seems to start from three days onwards to >3 months without an evident peak, although studies on structural evaluation over time and in the chronic phase were scarce. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation after MI occurs mainly in the borderzone from three days onwards and remains present at later timepoints, for at least 3 months. It is most commonly studied in male rats with permanent LAD ligation. The amount of hyperinnervation differs greatly between studies, possibly due to differential quantification methods. Further studies are required that evaluate cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation over time and in the chronic phase, in transmural sections, in the female sex, and in MI with reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sophia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke van Roon
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Schoones
- Dictorate of Research Policy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Zeppenfeld
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Congenital Heart Disease Amsterdam Leiden (CAHAL), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Alnsasra H, Tsaban G, Weinstein JM, Nasasra M, Ovdat T, Beigel R, Orvin K, Haim M. Sex differences in ventricular arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1217525. [PMID: 37928761 PMCID: PMC10620835 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1217525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by tachyarrhythmias or high-grade atrioventricular block (HAVB) may lead to increased mortality. Purpose To evaluate the sex differences in patients with AMI complicated by tachyarrhythmias and HAVB and their associated outcomes. Materials and methods We analyzed the incidence rates of arrhythmias following AMI from the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey database from 2000 to 2018. We assessed the differences in arrhythmias incidence and the associated mortality risk between men and women. Results This cohort of 14,280 consecutive patients included 3,159 (22.1%) women and 11,121 (77.9%) men. Women were less likely to experience early ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VTA), (1.6% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.034), but had similar rates of late VTA (2.3% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.62). Women were more likely to experience atrial fibrillation (AF) (8.6% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.001) and HAVB (3.7% vs. 2.3%, p < 0.001). The risk of early VTAs was similar in men and women [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 0.76, p = 0.09], but women had a higher risk of AF (aOR = 1.27, p = 0.004) and HAVB (aOR = 1.30, p = 0.03). Early [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.84, p < 0.001] and late VTA (aHR =- 4.59, p < 0.001), AF (aHR = 1.52, p < 0.001) and HAVB (aHR = 2.83, p < 0.001) were associated with increased 30-day mortality. Only late VTA (aHR = 2.14, p < 0.001) and AF (aHR = 1.44, p = 0.002) remained significant in the post 30 days period. Conclusions During AMI women experienced more AF and HAVB but fewer early VTAs than men. Early and late VTAs, AF, and HAVB were associated with increased 30-day mortality. Only late VTA and AF were associated with increased post-30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmi Alnsasra
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Gal Tsaban
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Jean Marc Weinstein
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Mhamad Nasasra
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Tal Ovdat
- Lev Leviev Heart and Vascular Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Roy Beigel
- Lev Leviev Heart and Vascular Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Katia Orvin
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Moti Haim
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beersheva, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Xie S, Jiang H, Gao Z, Lin Y, Hong N. Expression and clinical significance of NRLP1 in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction combined with malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Pak J Med Sci 2023; 39:972-977. [PMID: 37492291 PMCID: PMC10364276 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.39.4.7324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical effects of NRLP1 expression in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) combined with arrhythmia. Methods We enrolled 231 patients with STEMI in the first hospital of Quanzhou affiliated to Fujian Medical University from January 2019 to December 2020 to the observational group and 230 healthy individuals as the control group. We divided patients with STEMI into a malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA) group (n=36) and non-MVA(NMVA) group (n=195) depending on whether the individuals had experienced an episode of MVA within 48 hours after PCI. We recorded general variables such as age, gender, history of smoking, hypertension, of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), Gensini score, and mortality. Moreover, we determined NLRP1, IL-1β, TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), cardiac troponin-1 (cTnI), and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) in peripheral blood by ELISA. Results We found significant differences in LVEF, Gensini scores, smoking history, and mortality between the MVA and NMVA groups. The mean NLRP1 expression was highest in the MVA group, which was positively correlated with the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, hs-CRP, NT-pro-BNP, cTnI and CK-MB. The expression of NLRP1 was associated with the smoking history, the LVEF value, the Gensini score, the MVA incidence and the mortality. Patients with higher NLRP1 expression levels had a higher MACE incidence and worse overall survivals within one year. Conclusion The NLRP1 pathway is associated with the presence of arrhythmias after PCI treatments, and the NLRP1 expression level may be useful as a predictor of arrhythmia in patients with STEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiXin Xie
- SiXin Xie, Department of Cardiac Function Examination, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, City Fujian Province, 362001, China
| | - HuiQiong Jiang
- HuiQiong Jiang, Department of Cardiac Function Examination, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, City Fujian Province, 362001, China
| | - ZiLin Gao
- ZiLin Gao Department of Neurological rehabilitation, Quan Zhou Women’s and Children’s Hospital, City, Fujian Province, 362002, China
| | - YongJun Lin
- YongJun Lin, Department of General Medicine, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, City Fujian Province, 362001, China
| | - NaJiao Hong
- NaJiao Hong, Department of General Medicine, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, City Fujian Province, 362001, China
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Weizman O, Tea V, Marijon E, Eltchaninoff H, Manzo-Silberman S, Leclercq F, Albert F, Bataille V, Drouet E, Naccache N, Puymirat E, Ferrières J, Schiele F, Simon T, Danchin N. Very long-term outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in young men and women: Insights from the FAST-MI program. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 116:324-334. [PMID: 37391340 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Conflicting data exists about long-term outcomes in young women and men experiencing acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS The FAST-MI program consists of three nationwide French surveys carried out 5years apart from 2005 to 2015, including consecutive patients with AMI over a 1-month period with up to 10-year follow-up. The present analysis focused on adults≤50 yo according to their gender. RESULTS Women accounted for 17.5% (335) of the 1912 patients under 50 yo and had a similar age as men (43.9±5.1 vs. 43.9±5.5years, P=0.92). They received less percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) than men (85.9% vs. 91.3%, P=0.005), even in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (83.6% vs. 93.5%, P<0.001). Recommended secondary prevention medications were less frequently prescribed at discharge in women (40.6% vs. 52.8%, P<0.001), a trend that persisted in 2015 (59.1% vs. 72.8% in 2015, P<0.001). Still, ten-year survival was similar in men (90.5%) and women (92.3%) (crude HR: 0.86 [95% CI: 0.55-1.35], P=0.52, adjusted HR: 0.63 [95% CI: 0.38-1.07], P=0.09); similar results were found for ten-year survival among hospital survivors (91.2% in men vs. 93.7% in women, adjusted HR: 0.87 [95% CI: 0.45-1.66], P=0.66). Of the 1684 patients alive at hospital discharge with morbidity follow-up≥6months available, death, AMI or stroke at 8years occurred in 12.9% men and 11.2% in women (adjusted HR: 0.90 [95% CI: 0.60-1.33], P=0.59). CONCLUSIONS Young women with AMI undergo less cardiac interventions and are less often prescribed secondary prevention treatment than men, even when significant coronary artery disease is present, but keep a similar long-term prognosis after AMI. Optimal management of these young patients, regardless of gender, is necessary to ensure best outcomes after this major cardiovascular event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Weizman
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Victoria Tea
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Eltchaninoff
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of Cardiology, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Manzo-Silberman
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, ACTION Study Group, Paris, France
| | - Florence Leclercq
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Vincent Bataille
- Toulouse University Hospital, Department of Cardiology B and Epidemiology, Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Drouet
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Unité de Recherche Clinique (URCEST), Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (UPMC-Paris 06), INSERM U-698, Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Puymirat
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Toulouse University Hospital, Department of Cardiology B and Epidemiology, Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, Toulouse, France
| | - François Schiele
- University Hospital Jean-Minjoz, Department of Cardiology, Besançon, France
| | - Tabassome Simon
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Unité de Recherche Clinique (URCEST), Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (UPMC-Paris 06), INSERM U-698, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Danchin
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (HEGP), Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
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Schupp T, Rusnak J, Weidner K, Bertsch T, Mashayekhi K, Tajti P, Akin I, Behnes M. Prognostic Impact of Different Types of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Stratified by Underlying Cardiac Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122023. [PMID: 36556245 PMCID: PMC9784877 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data regarding the outcome of patients with different types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias is available. This study sought to assess the prognostic impact of different types of ventricular tachyarrhythmias stratified by underlying cardiac disease. A large retrospective registry was used including all consecutive patients presenting with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) on admission from 2002 to 2016. Patients with non-sustained VT (ns-VT), sustained VT (s-VT) and VF were compared using uni- and multivariable Cox regression models. Risk stratification was performed after stratification by underlying cardiac disease (i.e., acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic heart disease (IHD), non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and patients considered as lower-risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias). The primary endpoint was defined as all-cause mortality at 2.5 years. Secondary endpoints were cardiac death at 24 h, all-cause mortality at 5 years, cardiac rehospitalization and a composite arrhythmic endpoint at 2.5 years. In 2422 consecutive patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, most patients were admitted with VF (44%), followed by ns-VT (30%) and s-VT (26%). Patients with VF suffered most commonly from AMI (42%), whereas heart failure was more common in s-VT patients (32%). In patients with AMI (HR = 1.146; 95% CI 0.751-1.750; p = 0.527) and in the lower-risk group (HR = 1.357; 95% CI 0.702-2.625; p = 0.364), the risk of all-cause mortality did not differ in VF and s-VT patients. In IHD patients, VF was associated with impaired prognosis compared to s-VT (HR = 2.502; 95% CI 1.936-3.235; p = 0.001). In conclusion, VF was associated with worse long-term prognosis compared to s-VT in IHD patients, whereas the risk of all-cause mortality among VF and s-VT patients did not differ in patients with AMI, NICM and in patients considered at lower risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schupp
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jonas Rusnak
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kathrin Weidner
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Kambis Mashayekhi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Mediclin Heart Centre Lahr, 77933 Lahr, Germany
| | - Péter Tajti
- Gottsegen György National Cardiovascular Center, 1096 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Behnes
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-6239
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