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Bejarano E, Domenech-Bendaña A, Avila-Portillo N, Rowan S, Edirisinghe S, Taylor A. Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024:101260. [PMID: 38521386 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
People are living longer and rates of age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are accelerating, placing enormous burdens on patients and health care systems. The quality of carbohydrate foods consumed by an individual impacts health. The glycemic index (GI) is a kinetic measure of the rate at which glucose arrives in the blood stream after consuming various carbohydrates. Consuming diets that favor slowly digested carbohydrates releases sugar into the bloodstream gradually after consuming a meal (low glycemic index). This is associated with reduced risk for major age-related diseases including AMD, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In comparison, consuming the same amounts of different carbohydrates in higher GI diets, releases glucose into the blood rapidly, causing glycative stress as well as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Such AGEs are cytotoxic by virtue of their forming abnormal proteins and protein aggregates, as well as inhibiting proteolytic and other protective pathways that might otherwise selectively recognize and remove toxic species. Using in vitro and animal models of glycative stress, we observed that consuming higher GI diets perturbs metabolism and the microbiome, resulting in a shift to more lipid-rich metabolomic profiles. Interactions between aging, diet, eye phenotypes and physiology were observed. A large body of laboratory animal and human clinical epidemiologic data indicates that consuming lower GI diets, or lower glycemia diets, is protective against features of early AMD (AMDf) in mice and AMD prevalence or AMD progression in humans. Drugs may be optimised to diminish the ravages of higher glycemic diets. Human trials are indicated to determine if AMD progression can be retarded using lower GI diets. Here we summarized the current knowledge regarding the pathological role of glycative stress in retinal dysfunction and how dietary strategies might diminish retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Domenech-Bendaña
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sheldon Rowan
- Tufts University Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, United States
| | - Sachini Edirisinghe
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States
| | - Allen Taylor
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, United States.
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García-Ayuso D, Pierdomenico JD, Martínez-Vacas A, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP. Taurine: a promising nutraceutic in the prevention of retinal degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:606-610. [PMID: 37721291 PMCID: PMC10581579 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid because it is synthesized by most mammals. However, dietary intake of taurine may be necessary to achieve the physiological levels required for the development, maintenance, and function of certain tissues. Taurine may be especially important for the retina. The concentration of taurine in the retina is higher than that in any other tissue in the body and taurine deficiency causes retinal oxidative stress, apoptosis, and degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells. Low plasma taurine levels may also underlie retinal degeneration in humans and therefore, taurine administration could exert retinal neuroprotective effects. Taurine has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and calcium homeostasis-regulatory properties. This review summarizes the role of taurine in retinal health and disease, where it appears that taurine may be a promising nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Ayuso
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, España
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, España
| | - Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, España
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, España
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - María P. Villegas-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación Oftalmología Experimental, Departamento de Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, España
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Lains I, Han X, Gil J, Providencia J, Nigalye A, Alvarez R, Douglas VP, Mendez K, Katz R, Tsougranis G, Li J, Kelly RS, Kim IK, Lasky-Su J, Silva R, Miller JW, Liang L, Vavvas D, Miller JB, Husain D. Plasma Metabolites Associated with OCT Features of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Sci 2024; 4:100357. [PMID: 37869026 PMCID: PMC10587636 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The most widely used classifications of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and its severity stages still rely on color fundus photographs (CFPs). However, AMD has a wide phenotypic variability that remains poorly understood and is better characterized by OCT. We and others have shown that patients with AMD have a distinct plasma metabolomic profile compared with controls. However, all studies to date have been performed solely based on CFP classifications. This study aimed to assess if plasma metabolomic profiles are associated with OCT features commonly seen in AMD. Design Prospectively designed, cross-sectional study. Participants Subjects with a diagnosis of AMD and a control group (> 50 years old) from Boston, United States, and Coimbra, Portugal. Methods All participants were imaged with CFP, used for AMD staging (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 classification scheme), and with spectral domain OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg). OCT images were graded by 2 independent graders for the presence of characteristic AMD features, according to a predefined protocol. Fasting blood samples were collected for metabolomic profiling (using nontargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry by Metabolon Inc). Analyses were conducted using logistic regression models including the worst eye of each patient (AREDS2 classification) and adjusting for confounding factors. Each cohort (United States and Portugal) was analyzed separately and then results were combined by meta-analyses. False discovery rate (FDR) was used to account for multiple comparisons. Main Outcome Measures Plasma metabolite levels associated with OCT features. Results We included data on 468 patients, 374 with AMD and 94 controls, and on 725 named endogenous metabolites. Meta-analysis identified significant associations (FDR < 0.05) between plasma metabolites and 3 OCT features: hyperreflective foci (6), atrophy (6), and ellipsoid zone disruption (3). Most associations were seen with amino acids, and all but 1 metabolite presented specific associations with the OCT features assessed. Conclusions To our knowledge, we show for the first time that plasma metabolites have associations with specific OCT features seen in AMD. Our results support that the wide spectrum of presentations of AMD likely include different pathophysiologic mechanisms by identifying specific pathways associated with each OCT feature. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lains
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xikun Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - João Gil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Providencia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Archana Nigalye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo Alvarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian Paraskevi Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Mendez
- Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raviv Katz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory Tsougranis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jinglun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel S. Kelly
- Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rufino Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CCAC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Demetrios Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John B. Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deeba Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Duan H, Yan W. Visual fatigue a comprehensive review of mechanisms of occurrence, animal model design and nutritional intervention strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-25. [PMID: 38153314 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
When the eyes work intensively, it is easy to have eye discomfort such as blurred vision, soreness, dryness, and tearing, that is, visual fatigue. Visual fatigue not only affects work and study efficiency, but long-term visual fatigue can also easily affect physical and mental health. In recent years, with the popularization of electronic products, although it has brought convenience to the office and study, it has also caused more frequent visual fatigue among people who use electronic devices. Moreover, studies have reported that the number of people with visual fatigue is showing a trend of increasing year by year. The range of people involved is also extensive, especially students, people who have been engaged in computer work and fine instruments (such as microscopes) for a long time, and older adults with aging eye function. More and more studies have proposed that supplementation with the proper nutrients can effectively relieve visual fatigue and promote eye health. This review discusses the physiological mechanisms of visual fatigue and the design ideas of animal experiments from the perspective of modern nutritional science. Functional food ingredients with the ability to alleviate visual fatigue are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
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Jimeno D, Lillo C, de la Villa P, Calzada N, Santos E, Fernández-Medarde A. GRF2 Is Crucial for Cone Photoreceptor Viability and Ribbon Synapse Formation in the Mouse Retina. Cells 2023; 12:2574. [PMID: 37947653 PMCID: PMC10650203 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using constitutive GRF1/2 knockout mice, we showed previously that GRF2 is a key regulator of nuclear migration in retinal cone photoreceptors. To evaluate the functional relevance of that cellular process for two putative targets of the GEF activity of GRF2 (RAC1 and CDC42), here we compared the structural and functional retinal phenotypes resulting from conditional targeting of RAC1 or CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors of constitutive GRF2KO and GRF2WT mice. We observed that single RAC1 disruption did not cause any obvious morphological or physiological changes in the retinas of GRF2WT mice, and did not modify either the phenotypic alterations previously described in the retinal photoreceptor layer of GRF2KO mice. In contrast, the single ablation of CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors of GRF2WT mice resulted in clear alterations of nuclear movement that, unlike those of the GRF2KO retinas, were not accompanied by electrophysiological defects or slow, progressive cone cell degeneration. On the other hand, the concomitant disruption of GRF2 and CDC42 in the cone photoreceptors resulted, somewhat surprisingly, in a normalized pattern of nuclear positioning/movement, similar to that physiologically observed in GRF2WT mice, along with worsened patterns of electrophysiological responses and faster rates of cell death/disappearance than those previously recorded in single GRF2KO cone cells. Interestingly, the increased rates of cone cell apoptosis/death observed in single GRF2KO and double-knockout GRF2KO/CDC42KO retinas correlated with the electron microscopic detection of significant ultrastructural alterations (flattening) of their retinal ribbon synapses that were not otherwise observed at all in single-knockout CDC42KO retinas. Our observations identify GRF2 and CDC42 (but not RAC1) as key regulators of retinal processes controlling cone photoreceptor nuclear positioning and survival, and support the notion of GRF2 loss-of-function mutations as potential drivers of cone retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jimeno
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Pedro de la Villa
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, and IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biologıá Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC–Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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6
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Duan H, Song W, Guo J, Yan W. Taurine: A Source and Application for the Relief of Visual Fatigue. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081843. [PMID: 37111062 PMCID: PMC10142897 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to reports, supplementation with appropriate doses of taurine may help to reduce visual fatigue. Presently, some progress has been made in research related to taurine in eye health, but the lack of systematic summaries has led to the neglect of its application in the relief of visual fatigue. This paper, therefore, provides a systematic review of the sources of taurine, including the endogenous metabolic and exogenous dietary pathways, as well as a detailed review of the distribution and production of exogenous taurine. The physiological mechanisms underlying the production of visual fatigue are summarized and the research progress of taurine in relieving visual fatigue is reviewed, including the safety of consumption and the mechanism of action in relieving visual fatigue, in order to provide some reference basis and inspiration for the development and application of taurine in functional foods for relieving visual fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
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García-Ayuso D, Di Pierdomenico J, Martínez-Vacas A, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez M. Taurine: an essential amino sulfonic acid for retinal health. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:807-808. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Martínez-Vacas A, Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego-Ortega A, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Systemic taurine treatment affords functional and morphological neuroprotection of photoreceptors and restores retinal pigment epithelium function in RCS rats. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102506. [PMID: 36270186 PMCID: PMC9583577 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our work was to study whether taurine administration has neuroprotective effects in dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, suffering retinal degeneration secondary to impaired retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis caused by a MERTK mutation. Dystrophic RCS-p + female rats (n = 36) were divided into a non-treated group (n = 16) and a treated group (n = 20) that received taurine (0.2 M) in drinking water from postnatal day (P)21 to P45, when they were processed. Retinal function was assessed with electroretinogram. Retinal morphology was assessed in cross-sections using immunohistochemical techniques to label photoreceptors, retinal microglial and macroglial cells, active zones of conventional and ribbon synaptic connections, and oxidative stress. Retinal pigment epithelium function was examined using intraocular fluorogold injections. Our results document that taurine treatment increases taurine plasma levels and photoreceptor survival in dystrophic rats. The number of photoreceptor nuclei rows at P45 was 3-5 and 6-11 in untreated and treated animals, respectively. Electroretinograms showed increases of 70% in the rod response, 400% in the a-wave amplitude, 30% in the b-wave amplitude and 75% in the photopic b-wave response in treated animals. Treated animals also showed decreased numbers of microglial cells in the outer retinal layers, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in Müller cells, decreased oxidative stress in the outer and inner nuclear layers and improved maintenance of synaptic connections. Treated animals showed increased FG phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium cells. In conclusion, systemic taurine treatment decreases photoreceptor degeneration and increases electroretinographic responses in dystrophic RCS rats and these effects may be mediated through various neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego-Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Galindo-Romero C, Norte-Muñoz M, Gallego-Ortega A, Rodríguez-Ramírez KT, Lucas-Ruiz F, González-Riquelme MJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. The retina of the lab rat: focus on retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:994890. [PMID: 36213609 PMCID: PMC9538360 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.994890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Albino and pigmented rat strains are widely used in models to study retinal degeneration and to test new therapies. Here, we have summarized the main topographical and functional characteristics of the rat retina focussing on photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the beginning and end of the retinal circuitry, respectively. These neurons are very sensitive to injury and disease, and thus knowing their normal number, topography, and function is essential to accurately investigate on neuronal survival and protection.
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10
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Hedberg-Buenz A, Meyer KJ, van der Heide CJ, Deng W, Lee K, Soukup DA, Kettelson M, Pellack D, Mercer H, Wang K, Garvin MK, Abramoff MD, Anderson MG. Biological Correlations and Confounders for Quantification of Retinal Ganglion Cells by Optical Coherence Tomography Based on Studies of Outbred Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 36135979 PMCID: PMC9513741 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite popularity of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma studies, it's unclear how well OCT-derived metrics compare to traditional measures of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) abundance. Here, Diversity Outbred (J:DO) mice are used to directly compare ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness measured by OCT to metrics of retinal anatomy measured ex vivo with retinal wholemounts and optic nerve histology. Methods J:DO mice (n = 48) underwent fundoscopic and OCT examinations, with automated segmentation of GCC thickness. RGC axons were quantified from para-phenylenediamine-stained optic nerve cross-sections and somas from BRN3A-immunolabeled retinal wholemounts, with total inner retinal cellularity assessed by TO-PRO and subsequent hematoxylin staining. Results J:DO tissues lacked overt disease. GCC thickness, RGC abundance, and total cell abundance varied broadly across individuals. GCC thickness correlated significantly to RGC somal density (r = 0.58) and axon number (r = 0.44), but not total cell density. Retinal area and nerve cross-sectional area varied widely. No metrics were significantly influenced by sex. In bilateral comparisons, GCC thickness (r = 0.95), axon (r = 0.72), and total cell density (r = 0.47) correlated significantly within individuals. Conclusions Amongst outbred mice, OCT-derived measurements of GCC thickness correlate significantly to RGC somal and axon abundance. Factors limiting correlation are likely both biological and methodological, including differences in retinal area that distort sampling-based estimates of RGC abundance. Translational Relevance There are significant-but imperfect-correlations between GCC thickness and RGC abundance across genetic contexts in mice, highlighting valid uses and ongoing challenges for meaningful use of OCT-derived metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kacie J. Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carly J. van der Heide
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wenxiang Deng
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kyungmoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dana A. Soukup
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Monica Kettelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Danielle Pellack
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hannah Mercer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mona K. Garvin
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael D. Abramoff
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Kim HJ, Zhao J, Sparrow JR. Vitamin A aldehyde-taurine adducts function in photoreceptor cells. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102386. [PMID: 35809434 PMCID: PMC9287728 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the movement of retinoids through the visual cycle and to limit nonspecific chemical reaction, multiple mechanisms are utilized to handle these molecules when not contained within the binding pocket of opsin. Vitamin A aldehyde is sequestered by reversible Schiff base formation with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and subsequently undergoes NADPH-dependent reduction. Otherwise inefficient handling of retinaldehyde can lead to the formation of fluorescent di-retinal compounds within the outer segments of photoreceptor cells. These bisretinoid fluorophores initiate photooxidative processes having adverse consequences for retina. Various carrier proteins confer water solubility and maintain the 11-cis-retinoid configuration. Mechanisms for sequestration of retinoid include the formation of a reversible Schiff base between retinaldehyde and taurine (A1-taurine, A1T), the most abundant amino acid in photoreceptor cells. Here we have undertaken to examine the effects of taurine depletion using the transport inhibitors guanidinoethyl sulfonate (GES) and β-alanine. Oral treatment of BALB/cJ mice with β-alanine reduced ocular A1T and the mice exhibited significantly lower scotopic and photopic a-wave amplitudes. As a secondary effect of retinal degeneration, A1T was not detected and taurine was significantly reduced in mice carrying a P23H opsin mutation. The thinning of ONL that is indicative of reduced photoreceptor cell viability in albino Abca4-/- mice was more pronounced in β-alanine treated mice. Treatment of agouti and albino Abca4-/- mice with β-alanine and GES was associated with reduced bisretinoid measured chromatographically. Consistent with a reduction in carbonyl scavenging activity by taurine, methylglyoxal-adducts were also increased in the presence of β-alanine. Taken together these findings support the postulate that A1T serves as a reservoir of vitamin A aldehyde, with diminished A1T explaining reduced photoreceptor light-sensitivity, accentuated ONL thinning in Abca4-/- mice and attenuated bisretinoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jin Zhao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Corresponding author. Departments of Ophthalmology and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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12
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Di Pierdomenico J, Gallego‐Ortega A, Martínez‐Vacas A, García‐Bernal D, Vidal‐Sanz M, Villegas‐Pérez MP, García‐Ayuso D. Intravitreal and subretinal syngeneic bone marrow mononuclear stem cell transplantation improves photoreceptor survival but does not ameliorate retinal function in two rat models of retinal degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e1313-e1331. [PMID: 35514078 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study and compare effects of syngeneic bone marrow mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNCs) transplants on inherited retinal degeneration in two animal models with different etiologies: the RCS and the P23H-1 rats. To compare the safety and efficacy of two methods of intraocular delivery: subretinal and/or intravitreal. METHODS A suspension of BM-MNCs was injected subretinally or intravitreally in the left eyes of P23H-1 and RCS rats at post-natal day (P) 21. At different survival intervals after the injection: 7, 15, 30 or 60 days, the retinas were cross-sectioned, and photoreceptor survival and glial cell responses were investigated using immunodetection of cones (anti-cone arrestin), synaptic connections (anti-bassoon), microglia (anti-Iba-1), astrocytes and Müller cells (anti-GFAP). Electroretinographic function was also assessed longitudinally. RESULTS Intravitreal injections (IVIs) or subretinal injections (SRIs) of BM-MNCs did not produce adverse effects. The transplanted cells survived for up to 15 days but did not penetrate the retina. Both IVIs and SRIs increased photoreceptor survival, decreased synaptic degeneration and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in Müller cells but did not modify microglial cell activation and migration or the electroretinographic responses. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal and subretinal syngeneic BM-MNCs transplantation decreases photoreceptor degeneration and shows anti-gliotic effects on Müller cells but does not ameliorate retinal function. Moreover, syngeneic BM-MNCs transplants are more effective than the xenotransplants of these cells. BM-MNC transplantation has potential therapeutic effects that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Alejandro Gallego‐Ortega
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Ana Martínez‐Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - David García‐Bernal
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal‐Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - María P. Villegas‐Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
| | - Diego García‐Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB‐Virgen de la Arrixaca) Murcia Spain
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13
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Rafiee Z, García-serrano AM, Duarte JMN. Taurine Supplementation as a Neuroprotective Strategy upon Brain Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes. Nutrients 2022; 14:1292. [PMID: 35334949 PMCID: PMC8952284 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and their associated comorbidities impact brain metabolism and function and constitute risk factors for cognitive impairment. Alterations to taurine homeostasis can impact a number of biological processes, such as osmolarity control, calcium homeostasis, and inhibitory neurotransmission, and have been reported in both metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Models of neurodegenerative disorders show reduced brain taurine concentrations. On the other hand, models of insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin resistance, and diet-induced obesity display taurine accumulation in the hippocampus. Given the possible cytoprotective actions of taurine, such cerebral accumulation of taurine might constitute a compensatory mechanism that attempts to prevent neurodegeneration. The present article provides an overview of brain taurine homeostasis and reviews the mechanisms by which taurine can afford neuroprotection in individuals with obesity and diabetes. We conclude that further research is needed for understanding taurine homeostasis in metabolic disorders with an impact on brain function.
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14
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Martínez-Vacas A, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Glial Cell Activation and Oxidative Stress in Retinal Degeneration Induced by β-Alanine Caused Taurine Depletion and Light Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:346. [PMID: 35008772 PMCID: PMC8745531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate glial cell activation and oxidative stress induced by taurine deficiency secondary to β-alanine administration and light exposure. Two months old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group and three experimental groups that were treated with 3% β-alanine in drinking water (taurine depleted) for two months, light exposed or both. Retinal and external thickness were measured in vivo at baseline and pre-processing with Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal cryostat cross sections were immunodetected with antibodies against various antigens to investigate microglial and macroglial cell reaction, photoreceptor outer segments, synaptic connections and oxidative stress. Taurine depletion caused a decrease in retinal thickness, shortening of photoreceptor outer segments, microglial cell activation, oxidative stress in the outer and inner nuclear layers and the ganglion cell layer and synaptic loss. These events were also observed in light exposed animals, which in addition showed photoreceptor death and macroglial cell reactivity. Light exposure under taurine depletion further increased glial cell reaction and oxidative stress. Finally, the retinal pigment epithelial cells were Fluorogold labeled and whole mounted, and we document that taurine depletion impairs their phagocytic capacity. We conclude that taurine depletion causes cell damage to various retinal layers including retinal pigment epithelial cells, photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, and increases the susceptibility of the photoreceptor outer segments to light damage. Thus, beta-alanine supplements should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France;
| | - María Paz Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
| | - Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Virgen de la Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-V.); (J.D.P.); (F.J.V.-S.); (M.V.-S.)
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15
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Li Z, Ungerer M, Faßbender J, Wenhart C, Holthoff HP, Muench G. Tissue block staining and domestic adhesive tape yield qualified integral sections of adult mouse orbits and eyeballs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255363. [PMID: 34347814 PMCID: PMC8336840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard histological processing procedure, which produces excellent staining of sections for most tissues, fails to yield satisfactory results in adult mouse orbits or eyeballs. Here, we show that a protocol using tissue block staining and domestic adhesive tapes resulted in qualified integral serial cryo-sections of whole orbits or eyeballs, and the fine structures were well preserved. The histological processing protocol comprises paraformaldehyde fixation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decalcification, tissue block staining with hematoxylin and eosin, embedding, adhesive tape aided sectioning, and water-soluble mounting. This protocol was proved to be the best in comparison with seven other related existing histological traditional or non-traditional processing methods, according to the staining slice quality. We observed a hundred percent success rate in sectioning, collection, and mounting with this method. The reproducibility tested on qualified section success rates and slice quality scores confirmed that the technique is reliable. The feasibility of the method to detect target molecules in orbits was verified by successful trial tests on block immunostaining and adhesive tape-aided sectioning. Application of this protocol in joints, brains, and so on,—the challenging integral sectioning tissues, also generated high-quality histological staining sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Li
- Advancecor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ansar M, Ranza E, Shetty M, Paracha SA, Azam M, Kern I, Iwaszkiewicz J, Farooq O, Pournaras CJ, Malcles A, Kecik M, Rivolta C, Muzaffar W, Qurban A, Ali L, Aggoun Y, Santoni FA, Makrythanasis P, Ahmed J, Qamar R, Sarwar MT, Henry LK, Antonarakis SE. Taurine treatment of retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy in a consanguineous family with SLC6A6 taurine transporter deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:618-623. [PMID: 31903486 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a consanguineous Pakistani family with two affected individuals, a homozygous variant Gly399Val in the eighth transmembrane domain of the taurine transporter SLC6A6 was identified resulting in a hypomorph transporting capacity of ~15% compared with normal. Three-dimensional modeling of this variant has indicated that it likely causes displacement of the Tyr138 (TM3) side chain, important for transport of taurine. The affected individuals presented with rapidly progressive childhood retinal degeneration, cardiomyopathy and almost undetectable plasma taurine levels. Oral taurine supplementation of 100 mg/kg/day resulted in maintenance of normal blood taurine levels. Following approval by the ethics committee, a long-term supplementation treatment was introduced. Remarkably, after 24-months, the cardiomyopathy was corrected in both affected siblings, and in the 6-years-old, the retinal degeneration was arrested, and the vision was clinically improved. Similar therapeutic approaches could be employed in Mendelian phenotypes caused by the dysfunction of the hundreds of other molecular transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Ranza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Madhur Shetty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Sohail A Paracha
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ilse Kern
- Pediatric Nephrology and Metabolism Unit, Pediatric Subspecialties Service, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Iwaszkiewicz
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omer Farooq
- Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ariane Malcles
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Kecik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Clinical Research Center, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Waqar Muzaffar
- Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Qurban
- Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yacine Aggoun
- Pediatric Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico A Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jawad Ahmed
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad T Sarwar
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - L Keith Henry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Di Pierdomenico J, Martínez-Vacas A, Hernández-Muñoz D, Gómez-Ramírez AM, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Villegas-Pérez MP, García-Ayuso D. Coordinated Intervention of Microglial and Müller Cells in Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:47. [PMID: 32232352 PMCID: PMC7401701 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the role of microglial and Müller cells in the formation of rings of photoreceptor degeneration caused by phototoxicity. Methods Two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to light and processed 1, 2, or 3 months later. Retinas were dissected as whole-mounts, immunodetected for microglial cells, Müller cells, and S- and L/M-cones and analyzed using fluorescence, thunder imaging, and confocal microscopy. Cone populations were automatically counted and isodensity maps constructed to document cone topography. Results Phototoxicity causes a significant progressive loss of S- and L/M-cones of up to 68% and 44%, respectively, at 3 months after light exposure (ALE). One month ALE, we observed rings of cone degeneration in the photosensitive area of the superior retina. Two and 3 months ALE, these rings had extended to the central and inferior retina. Within the rings of cone degeneration, there were degenerating cones, often activated microglial cells, and numerous radially oriented processes of Müller cells that showed increased expression of intermediate filaments. Between 1 and 3 months ALE, the rings coalesced, and at the same time the microglial cells resumed a mosaic-like distribution, and there was a decrease of Müller cell gliosis at the areas devoid of cones. Conclusions Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration proceeds with rings of cone degeneration, as observed in inherited retinal degenerations in which cone death is secondary to rod degeneration. The spatiotemporal relationship of cone death microglial cell activation and Müller cell gliosis within the rings of cone degeneration suggests that, although both glial cells are involved in the formation of the rings, they may have coordinated actions and, while microglial cells may be more involved in photoreceptor phagocytosis, Müller cells may be more involved in cone and microglial cell migration, retinal remodeling and glial seal formation.
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18
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Fan Y, Lai J, Yuan Y, Wang L, Wang Q, Yuan F. Taurine Protects Retinal Cells and Improves Synaptic Connections in Early Diabetic Rats. Curr Eye Res 2020; 45:52-63. [PMID: 31404506 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1653927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Taurine has long been thought to be involved in retinal protection from retinal degenerative diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) that precedes and participates in the microcirculatory abnormalities that occur in DR. Our objective was to investigate the role and mechanisms of taurine in early diabetic retinas.Methods: Eight-week-old STZ-induced diabetic rats and control animals were randomly assigned to receive taurine or vehicle by intraperitoneal injection or by intragastric administration. The retinal function and retinal cell counts were evaluated using an electroretinography (ERG) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Plasma amino acids were measured by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC). The expression levels of retinal taurine transporter (Tau-T), mitochondria-dependent apoptosis-associated genes and reactive gliosis markers were studied by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Pre- and post-synaptic markers (PSD95 and mGluR6) in outer plexiform layer (OPL), and the bipolar cell marker protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) were localized by immunofluorescence. Levels of PSD95 and mGluR6 were determined by quantitative western blot.Results: Taurine significantly prevented the reduction of photopic b-wave amplitude and retinal cone cells and ganglion cells loss and maintained the Bcl-2/Bax ratio balance in diabetic rats. Taurine also prevented the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and reduced retinal reactive gliosis. Taurine reduced plasma glutamate and tyrosine levels, which were elevated in diabetic rats. Moreover, mGluR6 levels reduction detected by western blot and immunofluorescence in diabetic retinas was inhibited and the displacement of mGluR6 in OPL into the inner nuclear layer (INL) detected by immunofluorescence was reduced by Taurine treatment.Conclusion: Taurine may protect retinal cells from diabetic attacks by activating Tau-T, reducing retinal reactive gliosis, improving retinal synaptic connections and decreasing retinal cell apoptosis. Thus, taurine treatment may be a novel approach for early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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García-Ayuso D, Di Pierdomenico J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Martínez-Vacas A, Agudo-Barriuso M, Vidal-Sanz M, Picaud S, Villegas-Pérez MP. β-alanine supplementation induces taurine depletion and causes alterations of the retinal nerve fiber layer and axonal transport by retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107781. [PMID: 31473259 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of taurine depletion induced by β-alanine supplementation in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal transport. Albino Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: one group received β-alanine supplementation (3%) in the drinking water during 2 months to induce taurine depletion, and the other group received regular water. After one month, half of the rats from each group were exposed to light. Retinas were analyzed in-vivo using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT). Prior to processing, RGCs were retrogradely traced with fluorogold (FG) applied to both superior colliculi, to assess the state of their retrograde axonal transport. Retinas were dissected as wholemounts, surviving RGCs were immunoidentified with Brn3a, and the RNFL with phosphorylated high-molecular-weight subunit of the neurofilament triplet (pNFH) antibodies. β-alanine supplementation decreases significantly taurine plasma levels and causes a significant reduction of the RNFL thickness that is increased after light exposure. An abnormal pNFH immunoreactivity in some RGC bodies, their proximal dendrites and axons, and a further diminution of the mean number of FG-traced RGCs compared with Brn3a+RGCs, indicate that their retrograde axonal transport is affected. In conclusion, taurine depletion causes RGC loss and axonal transport impairment. Finally, our results suggest that care should be taken when ingesting β-alanine supplements due to the limited understanding of their potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Ayuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Johnny Di Pierdomenico
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez-Vacas
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; Sorbonnes Universités, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 75012, Paris, France
| | - María P Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Tao Y, He M, Yang Q, Ma Z, Qu Y, Chen W, Peng G, Teng D. Systemic taurine treatment provides neuroprotection against retinal photoreceptor degeneration and visual function impairments. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:2689-2702. [PMID: 31496648 PMCID: PMC6689665 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s194169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective Retinitis pigmentosa causes progressive photoreceptor degeneration in the subjects while no clinical therapy exists. The present study sought to evaluate the potential protective effects of taurine on a pharmacologically induced RP animal model. Methods Photoreceptor degeneration in mice was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The MNU-administrated mouse received taurine treatment and then they were examined by electroretinography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, optokinetic test, and histological and immunohistochemistry assay. Results Prominent taurine deficiency was found in the retinas of MNU-administered mice. Intravenous taurine treatment increased significantly the retinal taurine level. Morphological studies showed that taurine could alleviate the retinal disorganizations in the MNU-induced mice. Taurine also ameliorated the visual impairments in the MNU-induced mice as evidenced by functional examinations. Immunostaining experiments demonstrated that both the M-cone and S-cone populations in the degenerative retinas are rescued by taurine. In particular, the M-cone photoreceptors in superior-temporal quadrant and the S-cone photoreceptors in inferior-nasal quadrant were preferentially rescued. Mechanism study showed that the photoreceptor apoptosis and oxidative stress in the degenerative retina were effectively alleviated by taurine treatment. Conclusion Taurine is protective against the MNU-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Systemic taurine administration may act as a promising therapeutic potion for retinopathies with chronic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.,Lab of Visual Cell Differentiation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Qu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Peng
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Teng
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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21
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Chen C, Xia S, He J, Lu G, Xie Z, Han H. Roles of taurine in cognitive function of physiology, pathologies and toxication. Life Sci 2019; 231:116584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Laíns I, Chung W, Kelly RS, Gil J, Marques M, Barreto P, Murta JN, Kim IK, Vavvas DG, Miller JB, Silva R, Lasky-Su J, Liang L, Miller JW, Husain D. Human Plasma Metabolomics in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Meta-Analysis of Two Cohorts. Metabolites 2019; 9:E127. [PMID: 31269701 PMCID: PMC6680405 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness worldwide, remains only partially understood. This has led to the current lack of accessible and reliable biofluid biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis, and absence of treatments for dry AMD. This study aimed to assess the plasma metabolomic profiles of AMD and its severity stages with the ultimate goal of contributing to addressing these needs. We recruited two cohorts: Boston, United States (n = 196) and Coimbra, Portugal (n = 295). Fasting blood samples were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. For each cohort, we compared plasma metabolites of AMD patients versus controls (logistic regression), and across disease stages (permutation-based cumulative logistic regression considering both eyes). Meta-analyses were then used to combine results from the two cohorts. Our results revealed that 28 metabolites differed significantly between AMD patients versus controls (false discovery rate (FDR) q-value: 4.1 × 10-2-1.8 × 10-5), and 67 across disease stages (FDR q-value: 4.5 × 10-2-1.7 × 10-4). Pathway analysis showed significant enrichment of glycerophospholipid, purine, taurine and hypotaurine, and nitrogen metabolism (p-value ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, our findings support that AMD patients present distinct plasma metabolomic profiles, which vary with disease severity. This work contributes to the understanding of AMD pathophysiology, and can be the basis of future biomarkers and precision medicine for this blinding condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Laíns
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Wonil Chung
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel S Kelly
- Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - João Gil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Marques
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Barreto
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim N Murta
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivana K Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John B Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rufino Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Systems Genetics and Genomics Unit, Channing Division of Network Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Deeba Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hadj-Saïd W, Fradot V, Ivkovic I, Sahel JA, Picaud S, Froger N. Taurine Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival Through GABA B Receptor Activation. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 975 Pt 2:687-701. [PMID: 28849492 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration occurs in numerous retinal diseases, either as a primary process like in glaucoma, or secondary to photoreceptor loss and no efficient compound targeting directly RGC neuroprotection is yet available. We previously described that taurine exerts a direct protective effect on RGCs cultured under serum-deprived conditions. Because taurine was known to have an agonist-like activity for GABA/glycine receptors, we investigated here if the taurine-elicited neuroprotective effect may be mediated through the activation of these receptors using selective antagonist ligands. RGCs were purified, seeded in 96-well plate and maintained in culture during 6 days in vitro. Viable cells were labelled with calcein and densities in full-well area were then automatically counted. Here we show that the protective effect of taurine against RGC loss observed under serum deprivation can be mediated through the GABAB receptor stimulation. Hence, two selective agonists, including baclofen, at this metabotropic GABAB receptor were found to reproduce taurine action by enhancing RGC survival in culture. This study suggests that GABAB receptor stimulation provides direct neuroprotection for RGCs. Accordingly, drugs targeting GABAB receptor may represent a new way for the prevention of RGC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Hadj-Saïd
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Valérie Fradot
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Ivana Ivkovic
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, F-75012, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, F-75020, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Froger
- INSERM, U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France.
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France.
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris, F-75012, France.
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Sondereker KB, Stabio ME, Jamil JR, Tarchick MJ, Renna JM. Where You Cut Matters: A Dissection and Analysis Guide for the Spatial Orientation of the Mouse Retina from Ocular Landmarks. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30124662 PMCID: PMC6126625 DOI: 10.3791/57861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurately and reliably identifying spatial orientation of the isolated mouse retina is important for many studies in visual neuroscience, including the analysis of density and size gradients of retinal cell types, the direction tuning of direction-selective ganglion cells, and the examination of topographic degeneration patterns in some retinal diseases. However, there are many different ocular dissection methods reported in the literature that are used to identify and label retinal orientation in the mouse retina. While the method of orientation used in such studies is often overlooked, not reporting how retinal orientation is determined can cause discrepancies in the literature and confusion when attempting to compare data between studies. Superficial ocular landmarks such as corneal burns are commonly used but have recently been shown to be less reliable than deeper landmarks such as the rectus muscles, the choroid fissure, or the s-opsin gradient. Here, we provide a comprehensive guide for the use of deep ocular landmarks to accurately dissect and document the spatial orientation of an isolated mouse retina. We have also compared the effectiveness of two s-opsin antibodies and included a protocol for s-opsin immunohistochemistry. Because orientation of the retina according to the s-opsin gradient requires retinal reconstruction with Retistruct software and rotation with custom code, we have presented the important steps required to use both of these programs. Overall, the goal of this protocol is to deliver a reliable and repeatable set of methods for accurate retinal orientation that is adaptable to most experimental protocols. An overarching goal of this work is to standardize retinal orientation methods for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver
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25
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Abstract
Taurine is an abundant, β-amino acid with diverse cytoprotective activity. In some species, taurine is an essential nutrient but in man it is considered a semi-essential nutrient, although cells lacking taurine show major pathology. These findings have spurred interest in the potential use of taurine as a therapeutic agent. The discovery that taurine is an effective therapy against congestive heart failure led to the study of taurine as a therapeutic agent against other disease conditions. Today, taurine has been approved for the treatment of congestive heart failure in Japan and shows promise in the treatment of several other diseases. The present review summarizes studies supporting a role of taurine in the treatment of diseases of muscle, the central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. In addition, taurine is extremely effective in the treatment of the mitochondrial disease, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and offers a new approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, and inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. The review also addresses the functions of taurine (regulation of antioxidation, energy metabolism, gene expression, ER stress, neuromodulation, quality control and calcium homeostasis) underlying these therapeutic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688,
USA
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Republic of Korea
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26
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Stabio ME, Sondereker KB, Haghgou SD, Day BL, Chidsey B, Sabbah S, Renna JM. A novel map of the mouse eye for orienting retinal topography in anatomical space. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1749-1759. [PMID: 29633277 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Functionally distinct retinal ganglion cells have density and size gradients across the mouse retina, and some degenerative eye diseases follow topographic-specific gradients of cell death. Hence, the anatomical orientation of the retina with respect to the orbit and head is important for understanding the functional anatomy of the retina in both health and disease. However, different research groups use different anatomical landmarks to determine retinal orientation (dorsal, ventral, temporal, nasal poles). Variations in the accuracy and reliability in marking these landmarks during dissection may lead to discrepancies in the identification and reporting of retinal topography. The goal of this study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of the canthus, rectus muscle, and choroid fissure landmarks in reporting retinal orientation. The retinal relieving cut angle made from each landmark during dissection was calculated based on its relationship to the opsin transition zone (OTZ), determined via a custom MATLAB script that aligns retinas from immunostained s-opsin. The choroid fissure and rectus muscle landmarks were the most accurate and reliable, while burn marks using the canthus as a reference were the least. These values were used to build an anatomical map that plots various ocular landmarks in relationship to one another, to the horizontal semicircular canals, to lambda-bregma, and to the earth's horizon. Surprisingly, during normal locomotion, the mouse's opsin gradient and the horizontal semicircular canals make equivalent 6° angles aligning the OTZ near the earth's horizon, a feature which may enhance the mouse's ability to visually navigate through its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Sean D Haghgou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brittany L Day
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
| | - Berrien Chidsey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shai Sabbah
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The massive uptake of organic compatible osmolytes is a self-protective response to multiple stressors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the protective effects of the osmolyte taurine against blue light-induced apoptosis in retinal neuronal cells in vitro. METHODS Real-time PCR was used to measure osmolyte transport. Radioimmunoassays were performed to measure osmolyte uptake. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays were conducted to measure cellular viability. Flow cytometry analysis was used to measure apoptosis. RESULTS Compared with normotonic stress, hypertonic stress-induced uptake of osmolytes, including betaine, myoinositol, and taurine, into the retinal neuronal cells. Blue light increased osmolyte transporter mRNA expression together with osmolyte uptake. Furthermore, taurine significantly suppressed blue light-induced retinal neuronal cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION The compatible osmolyte taurine may have an important role in cell resistance to blue light and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Dayang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , PR China
| | - Pang Dongbo
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , Jinzhou , PR China
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