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Sun X, Liu L, Wu C, Li X, Guo J, Zhang J, Guan J, Wang N, Gu L, Yang XW, Li GM. Mutant huntingtin protein induces MLH1 degradation, DNA hyperexcision, and cGAS-STING-dependent apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313652121. [PMID: 38498709 PMCID: PMC10990133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313652121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The repeat-expanded HTT encodes a mutated HTT (mHTT), which is known to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, and apoptosis in HD. However, the mechanism by which mHTT triggers these events is unknown. Here, we show that HTT interacts with both exonuclease 1 (Exo1) and MutLα (MLH1-PMS2), a negative regulator of Exo1. While the HTT-Exo1 interaction suppresses the Exo1-catalyzed DNA end resection during DSB repair, the HTT-MutLα interaction functions to stabilize MLH1. However, mHTT displays a significantly reduced interaction with Exo1 or MutLα, thereby losing the ability to regulate Exo1. Thus, cells expressing mHTT exhibit rapid MLH1 degradation and hyperactive DNA excision, which causes severe DNA damage and cytosolic DNA accumulation. This activates the cGAS-STING pathway to mediate apoptosis. Therefore, we have identified unique functions for both HTT and mHTT in modulating DNA repair and the cGAS-STING pathway-mediated apoptosis by interacting with MLH1. Our work elucidates the mechanism by which mHTT causes HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310006, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Jinzhen Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - Junhong Guan
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou730030, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Liya Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
| | - X. Willian Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Guo-Min Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390
- Institute for Cancer Research, Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing100069, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, China
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2
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Guo X, Yang L, Wang J, Wu Y, Li Y, Du L, Li L, Fang Z, Zhang X. The cytosolic DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14671. [PMID: 38459658 PMCID: PMC10924111 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the widespread prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and high rates of mortality and disability, it is imminent to find accurate targets for intervention. There is growing evidence that neuroimmunity is pivotal in the pathology of NDs and that interventions targeting neuroimmunity hold great promise. Exogenous or dislocated nucleic acids activate the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The activated STING triggers innate immune responses and then the cGAS-STING signaling pathway links abnormal nucleic acid sensing to the immune response. Recently, numerous studies have shown that neuroinflammation regulated by cGAS-STING signaling plays an essential role in NDs. AIMS In this review, we summarized the mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling in NDs and focused on inhibitors targeting cGAS-STING. CONCLUSION The cGAS-STING signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NDs. Inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling may provide new measures in the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
- Department of Intensive Care UnitJoint Logistics Force No. 988 HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - You Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - Lixia Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityShaanxiChina
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain‐Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityChina
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Tripathi K, Ben-Shachar D. Mitochondria in the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease: The Puzzle of the Therapeutic Potential of Mitochondrial Transplantation. Cells 2024; 13:410. [PMID: 38474374 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the energy suppliers of the cells, play a central role in a variety of cellular processes essential for survival or leading to cell death. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in numerous general and CNS disorders. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction include metabolic disorders, dysfunction of the immune system, tumorigenesis, and neuronal and behavioral abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial role in the CNS, which has unique characteristics and is therefore highly dependent on the mitochondria. First, we review the role of mitochondria in neuronal development, synaptogenesis, plasticity, and behavior as well as their adaptation to the intricate connections between the different cell types in the brain. Then, we review the sparse knowledge of the mechanisms of exogenous mitochondrial uptake and describe attempts to determine their half-life and transplantation long-term effects on neuronal sprouting, cellular proteome, and behavior. We further discuss the potential of mitochondrial transplantation to serve as a tool to study the causal link between mitochondria and neuronal activity and behavior. Next, we describe mitochondrial transplantation's therapeutic potential in various CNS disorders. Finally, we discuss the basic and reverse-translation challenges of this approach that currently hinder the clinical use of mitochondrial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Tripathi
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 9649, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Jiang SY, Tian T, Yao H, Xia XM, Wang C, Cao L, Hu G, Du RH, Lu M. The cGAS-STING-YY1 axis accelerates progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via LCN2-dependent astrocyte senescence. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2280-2292. [PMID: 37633968 PMCID: PMC10589362 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide clues that astrocyte senescence is correlated with Parkinson's disease (PD) progression, while little is known about the molecular basis for astrocyte senescence in PD. Here, we found that cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was upregulated in senescent astrocytes of PD and aged mice. Strikingly, deletion of astrocytic cGAS significantly prevented senescence of astrocytes and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we identified LCN2 as the effector of cGAS-STING signal by RNA-Seq analysis. Genetic manipulation of LCN2 expression proved the regulation of cGAS-STING-LCN2 axis in astrocyte senescence. Additionally, YY1 was discovered as the transcription factor of LCN2 by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Binding of STING to YY1 impedes nuclear translocation of YY1. Herein, we determine the involvement of the cGAS-STING-YY1-LCN2 signaling cascade in the control of astrocyte senescence and PD progression. Together, this work fills the gap in our understanding of astrocyte senescence, and provides potential targets for delaying PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Tian Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Hang Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Xiao-Mei Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Lei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China
| | - Ren-Hong Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China.
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, PR China.
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5
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Martín Giménez VM, de las Heras N, Lahera V, Tresguerres JAF, Reiter RJ, Manucha W. Melatonin as an Anti-Aging Therapy for Age-Related Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888292. [PMID: 35721030 PMCID: PMC9204094 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of “aging” is defined as the set of gradual and progressive changes in an organism that leads to an increased risk of weakness, disease, and death. This process may occur at the cellular and organ level, as well as in the entire organism of any living being. During aging, there is a decrease in biological functions and in the ability to adapt to metabolic stress. General effects of aging include mitochondrial, cellular, and organic dysfunction, immune impairment or inflammaging, oxidative stress, cognitive and cardiovascular alterations, among others. Therefore, one of the main harmful consequences of aging is the development and progression of multiple diseases related to these processes, especially at the cardiovascular and central nervous system levels. Both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies are highly disabling and, in many cases, lethal. In this context, melatonin, an endogenous compound naturally synthesized not only by the pineal gland but also by many cell types, may have a key role in the modulation of multiple mechanisms associated with aging. Additionally, this indoleamine is also a therapeutic agent, which may be administered exogenously with a high degree of safety. For this reason, melatonin could become an attractive and low-cost alternative for slowing the processes of aging and its associated diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Natalia de las Heras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Lahera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Walter Manucha
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Walter Manucha ;
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6
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Wu W, Zhou S, Liu T, Liang D. Mitochondrial transcription factor B2 overexpression increases M2 macrophage infiltration via cytosolic mitochondrial DNA-stimulated Interleukin-6 secretion in ovarian cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12211-12223. [PMID: 35577351 PMCID: PMC9275939 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2074615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor B2 (TFB2M) is a protein modulating both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and compacting. In this study, we explored the expression profile of TFB2M in ovarian cancer, its association with infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and its influence on macrophage polarization. Serial sections of ovarian cancer tissue arrays were stained to detect TFB2M and CD163 expression. Epithelial ovarian cancer cell line OVISE and CAOV4 were used to assess the influence of TFB2M on IL-6 expression. THP-1 cells were utilized as an in vitro model for macrophage migration and polarization. Results showed that higher TFB2M expression is associated with poor survival in ovarian cancer patients. IHC staining confirmed a moderately positive correlation between TFB2M expression and the infiltration of CD163-positive cells in 68 primary ovarian cancer cases. TFB2M overexpression was associated with increased mtDNA outside the mitochondria and elevated IL-6 expression in ovarian cancer cells. When cytosolic mtDNA was selectively inhibited by DNase I, TFB2M-induced IL-6 upregulation was canceled. TFB2M overexpression could activate the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via promoting nucleus entry of p65 and p-p65, which was abrogated by inhibiting cytosolic mtDNA, TLR9, or NF-κB signaling pathway. Conditioned medium from OIVSE cells with TFB2M overexpression could induce macrophage migration and M2 polarization. However, these inducing effects were abrogated by DNase I, TLR9 inhibitor, and anti-IL-6 R pretreatment. In conclusion, this study showed a novel role of TFB2M in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. It promotes M2 macrophage infiltration via a cytosolic mtDNA/TLR9/NF-κB/IL-6 pathway in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Wu
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongni Liang
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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7
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Chowdhury A, Witte S, Aich A. Role of Mitochondrial Nucleic Acid Sensing Pathways in Health and Patho-Physiology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:796066. [PMID: 35223833 PMCID: PMC8873532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.796066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, in symbiosis with the host cell, carry out a wide variety of functions from generating energy, regulating the metabolic processes, cell death to inflammation. The most prominent function of mitochondria relies on the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. OXPHOS heavily influences the mitochondrial-nuclear communication through a plethora of interconnected signaling pathways. Additionally, owing to the bacterial ancestry, mitochondria also harbor a large number of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). These molecules relay the information about the state of the mitochondrial health and dysfunction to the innate immune system. Consequently, depending on the intracellular or extracellular nature of detection, different inflammatory pathways are elicited. One group of DAMPs, the mitochondrial nucleic acids, hijack the antiviral DNA or RNA sensing mechanisms such as the cGAS/STING and RIG-1/MAVS pathways. A pro-inflammatory response is invoked by these signals predominantly through type I interferon (T1-IFN) cytokines. This affects a wide range of organ systems which exhibit clinical presentations of auto-immune disorders. Interestingly, tumor cells too, have devised ingenious ways to use the mitochondrial DNA mediated cGAS-STING-IRF3 response to promote neoplastic transformations and develop tumor micro-environments. Thus, mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing pathways are fundamental in understanding the source and nature of disease initiation and development. Apart from the pathological interest, recent studies also attempt to delineate the structural considerations for the release of nucleic acids across the mitochondrial membranes. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of mitochondrial nucleic acid-sensing. It attempts to summarize the nature of the molecular patterns involved, their release and recognition in the cytoplasm and signaling. Finally, a major emphasis is given to elaborate the resulting patho-physiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Witte
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Aich
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging, from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Abhishek Aich,
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Zhao Y, Liu B, Xu L, Yu S, Fu J, Wang J, Yan X, Su J. ROS-Induced mtDNA Release: The Emerging Messenger for Communication between Neurons and Innate Immune Cells during Neurodegenerative Disorder Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1917. [PMID: 34943020 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is microglia-mediated and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Although inhibitions of both harmful proteins and aggregation are major treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, whether the phenomenon of non-normal protein or peptide aggregation is causally related to neuronal loss and synaptic damage is still controversial. Currently, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons that may play a key role in the regulation of immune cells, is proposed as a regulator in neurological disorders. In this review, we propose that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release due to ROS may act on microglia and astrocytes adjacent to neurons to induce inflammation through activation of innate immune responses (such as cGAS/STING). Elucidating the relationship between mtDNA and the formation of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment could contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of crosstalk between neuronal and peripheral immune cells and lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Paß T, Wiesner RJ, Pla-Martín D. Selective Neuron Vulnerability in Common and Rare Diseases-Mitochondria in the Focus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:676187. [PMID: 34295920 PMCID: PMC8290884 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of neurodegeneration within the central and peripheral nervous system, highlighting a strong dependence on proper mitochondrial function of neurons with especially high energy consumptions. The fitness of mitochondria critically depends on preservation of distinct processes, including the maintenance of their own genome, mitochondrial dynamics, quality control, and Ca2+ handling. These processes appear to be differently affected in common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, as well as in rare neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and peripheral neuropathies. Strikingly, particular neuron populations of different morphology and function perish in these diseases, suggesting that cell-type specific factors contribute to the vulnerability to distinct mitochondrial defects. Here we review the disruption of mitochondrial processes in common as well as in rare neurological disorders and its impact on selective neurodegeneration. Understanding discrepancies and commonalities regarding mitochondrial dysfunction as well as individual neuronal demands will help to design new targets and to make use of already established treatments in order to improve treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Paß
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Pla-Martín
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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