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Falon SL, Jobson L, Liddell BJ. Does culture moderate the encoding and recognition of negative cues? Evidence from an eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295301. [PMID: 38630733 PMCID: PMC11023573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cross-cultural research has elucidated many important differences between people from Western European and East Asian cultural backgrounds regarding how each group encodes and consolidates the contents of complex visual stimuli. While Western European groups typically demonstrate a perceptual bias towards centralised information, East Asian groups favour a perceptual bias towards background information. However, this research has largely focused on the perception of neutral cues and thus questions remain regarding cultural group differences in both the perception and recognition of negative, emotionally significant cues. The present study therefore compared Western European (n = 42) and East Asian (n = 40) participants on a free-viewing task and a subsequent memory task utilising negative and neutral social cues. Attentional deployment to the centralised versus background components of negative and neutral social cues was indexed via eye-tracking, and memory was assessed with a cued-recognition task two days later. While both groups demonstrated an attentional bias towards the centralised components of the neutral cues, only the Western European group demonstrated this bias in the case of the negative cues. There were no significant differences observed between Western European and East Asian groups in terms of memory accuracy, although the Western European group was unexpectedly less sensitive to the centralised components of the negative cues. These findings suggest that culture modulates low-level attentional deployment to negative information, however not higher-level recognition after a temporal interval. This paper is, to our knowledge, the first to concurrently consider the effect of culture on both attentional outcomes and memory for both negative and neutral cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Kjærvik SL, Bushman BJ. A meta-analytic review of anger management activities that increase or decrease arousal: What fuels or douses rage? Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102414. [PMID: 38518585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Anger is an unpleasant emotion that most people want to get rid of. Some anger management activities focus on decreasing arousal (e.g., deep breathing, mindfulness, meditation), whereas others focus on increasing arousal (e.g., hitting a bag, jogging, cycling). This meta-analytic review, based on 154 studies including 184 independent samples involving 10,189 participants, tested the effectiveness of both types of activities. The results indicated that arousal-decreasing activities decreased anger and aggression (g = -0.63, [-0.82, -0.43]), and the results were robust. Effects were stable over time for participants of different genders, races, ages, and cultures. Arousal-decreasing activities were effective in students and non-students, in criminal offenders and non-offenders, and in individuals with and without intellectual disabilities. Arousal-decreasing activities were effective regardless of how they were delivered (e.g., digital platforms, researchers, therapists), in both group and individual sessions, and in both field and laboratory settings. In contrast, arousal-increasing activities were ineffective overall (g = -0.02, [-0.13, 0.09]) and were heterogenous and complex. These findings do not support the ideas that venting anger or going for a run are effective anger management activities. A more effective approach for managing anger is "turning down the heat" or calming down by engaging in activities that decrease arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Kjærvik
- The Ohio State University, USA; Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
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Oriyama K, Mukai K, Harada K, Masumoto K. Relationship Between Habitual Use and Degree of Emotion Regulation: Age Differences in Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression. Exp Aging Res 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38372075 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2024.2315917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined age differences in and the relationship between two indices of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression: the degree of emotion regulation and the habitual use of emotion-regulation strategies. METHOD In total, 101 younger and 99 older participants were included in this study. The degree of emotion regulation was measured using an experimental task in which participants were presented with negative or positive pictures and required to regulate their emotions. Habitual use of emotion regulation strategies was measured using an emotion regulation questionnaire. RESULTS The results showed that younger adults regulated their emotions to a greater extent than older adults in both reappraisal and suppression. Younger adults were more likely to use reappraisal than were older adults, although there were no age differences in the use of suppression. No significant correlations were found between the degree of emotion regulation and the habitual use of emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that age differences in emotion regulation depend on the regulation strategy and that the degree of emotion regulation and habitual use of emotion regulation strategies are independent and quite different indicators in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Oriyama
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Mukai
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Harada
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Well-being, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Masumoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Well-being, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Watanabe DK, Pourmand V, Lai J, Park G, Koenig J, Wiley CR, Thayer JF, Williams DP. Resting heart rate variability and emotion regulation difficulties: Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 194:112258. [PMID: 37875190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Asian Americans and European Americans differ in emotion regulation (ER), particularly regarding strategies utilized to adaptively engage in ER. Resting heart rate variability (HRV), a biomarker of ER ability, is suggested to differ between Asian Americans and European Americans, but evidence for such differences has been inconsistent. Yet, research has not considered how Asian Americans and European Americans might differ in the well-established link between resting HRV and ER difficulties, which might lend a better understanding of such inconsistencies. In 374 college-aged individuals (66 Asian Americans; 311 European Americans; 190 women; mean age = 19.3 years [Min. 18, Max 38]), we examined if ethnicity moderated the link between resting HRV and self-reported ER difficulties. Resting HRV was obtained during a 5-min resting-baseline period, and ER difficulties were assessed using the Difficulties in ER Scale, which contained six facets of ER difficulties. Adjusting for gender and body mass index, moderation analyses showed a stronger association between resting HRV and ER difficulties in Asian Americans compared to European Americans. When examining facets of ER, ethnicity moderated only the link between resting HRV and difficulties in accessing ER strategies when facing negative emotions. At lower levels of HRV, Asian Americans reported greater difficulties in ER relative to European Americans. This effect diminished and trended in the opposite direction among those with higher HRV. In sum, these results provide novel evidence that higher resting HRV might be particularly important for adaptive ER among Asian Americans - a marginalized ethnic group - in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vida Pourmand
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Lai
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gewnhi Park
- Department of Psychology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julian Koenig
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cameron R Wiley
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Zhao W, Yang J, Hu Z. Guilt-inducing interaction with others modulates subsequent attentional orienting via their gaze. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5348. [PMID: 37005444 PMCID: PMC10067001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaze direction can trigger social attentional orientation, characterised by a speeded reaction time in detecting targets appearing in a gazed-at location compared with those appearing in other locations. This is called the 'gaze-cueing effect' (GCE). Here, we investigated whether a feeling of guilt established through prior interaction with a cueing face could modulate the gaze-cueing effect. Participants first completed a guilt-induction task using a modified dot-estimation paradigm to associate the feeling of guilt with a specific face, after which the face that had established the binding relationship was used as the stimulus in a gaze-cueing task. The results showed that guilt-directed faces and control faces induce equal magnitudes of gaze-cueing effect in 200 ms of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), while guilt-directed faces induce a smaller gaze-cueing effect than control faces in 700 ms SOA. These findings provide preliminary evidence that guilt may modulate social attention triggered by eye gaze at a later stage of processing but not in the earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhao
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, People's Republic of China.
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Kim MY, Han K. Why do we vent our emotions and blame others during the coronavirus pandemic? The role of emotional clarity in the United States and South Korea ( ¿Por qué ventilamos nuestras emociones y culpabilizamos a otras personas durante la pandemia del coronavirus? El rol de la claridad emocional en los Estados Unidos y Corea del Sur). International Journal of Social Psychology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/02134748.2023.2178120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Chen Y, Wang S, Ling Y. Measurement Invariance of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents in Chinese and American Adolescents Samples. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829221125312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To establish the factor structure of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) in Chinese and American adolescent samples; to assess measurement invariance of the ERQ-CA in Chinese and American adolescent samples and latent means across early adolescents from two diverse cultural settings. The ERQ-CA was administered to 1221 Chinese adolescents (49.3% males) and 1148 American adolescents (50.1% males), and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate measurement invariance.(1) Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis of the ERQ-CA demonstrated full configural invariance, full metric invariance, partial scalar invariance, and partial strict invariance. (2) The latent variable mean comparisons revealed significant differences between the two samples; specifically, Chinese adolescents’ mean scores on the latent variables of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) were significantly higher than American adolescents’ scores. The findings demonstrated that the ERQ-CA displays appropriate measurement invariance across Chinese and America adolescents and that Chinese adolescents reported higher scores on CR and ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Chen
- Department of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Department of Psychology, Key Laboratory for Cognition and Human Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Lim AJ, Lau CYH, Cheng CY. Applying the Dual Filial Piety Model in the United States: A Comparison of Filial Piety Between Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans. Front Psychol 2022; 12:786609. [PMID: 35185688 PMCID: PMC8850268 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.786609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition and measurement of filial piety in existing research primarily focuses on the narrow conceptualizations of Asian filial piety, which would inflate cultural differences and undermine cultural universals in how people approach caring for their elderly parents. Employing the Dual Filial Piety Model (DFPM), this study aimed to examine the relationship between filial piety and attitude toward caring for elderly parents beyond the Asian context. In our study (N = 276), we found that reciprocal filial piety (RFP) does not differ across cultures while authoritarian filial piety (AFP) does. We also found that collectivism, rather than ethnicity, predicted RFP and AFP, which in turn predicted positive attitude toward caring for elderly parents. Our work demonstrates the cross-cultural applicability of the DFPM and highlights the universal and culture-specific aspects of filial piety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Lim
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clement Yong Hao Lau
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi-Ying Cheng
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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