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Atreya A, Ateriya N, Menezes RG. The eye in forensic practice: In the living. Med Leg J 2024:258172241228812. [PMID: 38619162 DOI: 10.1177/00258172241228812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Eye examination plays an important role when living individuals are forensically investigated. The iris colour, retinal scans and other biometric features may be used for identification purposes while visual impairments may have legal implications in employment, driving and accidents. Ocular manifestations provide clues regarding substance abuse, poisoning and toxicity, and evidence of trauma, abuse or disease can be revealed along with psychological traits and lifestyle. Thus, the eye is a valuable tool in forensic investigations of living subjects, providing identifying characteristics along with health information. This review focuses on the medico-legal aspects of the eye's contribution when the living are subjected to forensic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Atreya
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
| | - Navneet Ateriya
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Quiroga-Garza ME, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Azar NS, Mousa HM, Komai S, Sevilla-Llorca JL, Perez VL. Noxious effects of riot control agents on the ocular surface: Pathogenic mechanisms and management. Front Toxicol 2023; 5:1118731. [PMID: 36733462 PMCID: PMC9887149 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1118731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Riot Control Agents (RCAs) are chemical compounds used by law enforcement agencies to quell violent demonstrations as an alternative to lethal force and as part of police/military training. They are also known as tear gases because of the hallmark ocular irritation and lacrimation they cause. The most common RCAs include oleoresin capsicum (contained in Mace and pepper spray), chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, dibenzoxazepine, and chloroacetophenone (previously the main content of Mace); some of which have been in use for decades. Their immediate incapacitating effects are mediated through polymodal afferent fibers innervating the corneal surface, inducing the release of peptides that cause neurogenic inflammation. Although previously thought to have only transient effects on exposed patients more severe complications such as corneal stromal opacities, corneal neovascularization, neurotrophic keratopathy, conjunctival necrosis, and pseudopterygium can occur. Concerningly, the lack of research and specific therapies restrict the current management to decontamination and symptom-tailored support. This manuscript will provide an overview of the toxic mechanisms of RCAs, their clinical manifestations, and current therapy after exposure to tear gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Nadim S. Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hazem M. Mousa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Seitaro Komai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jose L. Sevilla-Llorca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Victor L. Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States,Foster Eye Center for Ocular Immunology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Victor L. Perez,
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Huot C, Paradis A, Hammond-Collins K, Bélair MA, Villeneuve J, Brousseau N, Goupil-Sormany I, Riffon J. A public health enhanced surveillance system for a mass gathering event. Can Commun Dis Rep 2019; 45. [PMID: 31355825 PMCID: PMC6615436 DOI: 10.45745/ccdr.v45i78a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From June 7 to June 9, 2018, a G7 Summit was held in the Canadian province of Quebec. This international political mass gathering event posed a number of potential risks to public health. OBJECTIVE To assess three additional monitoring strategies to detect public health threats during a mass gathering event. INTERVENTION In addition to routine public health monitoring, a partnership was created and three monitoring strategies were put in place three days before, during and six days after the G7 event: the analysis of data on the presenting complaint and discharge diagnosis from 11 emergency departments in the area using the logical Early Aberration Reporting System; the daily polling of key health partners with an online questionnaire; and the analysis of calls to Info-Santé, a government-run telephone consultation service for the public regarding health and social issues. RESULTS Emergency room data produced 78 alerts from the presenting complaints and 39 alerts from the discharge diagnoses. Of these 117 alerts, two were investigated (one in the respiratory and one in the neurological-muscular categories) and no other interventions were required. With a few exceptions, all of the health partners completed the online survey each day and no signal of concern was generated. Compared with historical data, no increase or differences in calls to Info-Santé were detected during the monitoring period. CONCLUSION The three additional monitoring strategies developed to detect events of public health importance during the 2018 G7 Summit in Quebec were successful in gathering timely data for analysis. Close collaboration and good participation from the different partners were essential to this project. However, because no public health event occurred, it was not possible to determine whether the enhanced surveillance system had sufficient speed and sensitivity for timely detection and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huot
- Direction de santé publique du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC,Correspondence:
| | - A Paradis
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, QC
| | - K Hammond-Collins
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - MA Bélair
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response, Public Health Agency of Canada, Whitehorse, YK
| | - J Villeneuve
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, QC
| | - N Brousseau
- Direction de santé publique du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC
| | - I Goupil-Sormany
- Direction de santé publique du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC,Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, QC
| | - J Riffon
- Direction de santé publique du Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, QC
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Huot C, Paradis A, Hammond-Collins K, Bélair MA, Villeneuve J, Brousseau N, Goupil-Sormany I, Riffon J. A public health enhanced surveillance system for a mass gathering event. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 45:212-24. [PMID: 31355825 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v45i78a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background From June 7 to June 9, 2018, a G7 Summit was held in the Canadian province of Quebec. This international political mass gathering event posed a number of potential risks to public health. Objective To assess three additional monitoring strategies to detect public health threats during a mass gathering event. Intervention In addition to routine public health monitoring, a partnership was created and three monitoring strategies were put in place three days before, during and six days after the G7 event: the analysis of data on the presenting complaint and discharge diagnosis from 11 emergency departments in the area using the logical Early Aberration Reporting System; the daily polling of key health partners with an online questionnaire; and the analysis of calls to Info-Santé, a government-run telephone consultation service for the public regarding health and social issues. Results Emergency room data produced 78 alerts from the presenting complaints and 39 alerts from the discharge diagnoses. Of these 117 alerts, two were investigated (one in the respiratory and one in the neurological-muscular categories) and no other interventions were required. With a few exceptions, all of the health partners completed the online survey each day and no signal of concern was generated. Compared with historical data, no increase or differences in calls to Info-Santé were detected during the monitoring period. Conclusion The three additional monitoring strategies developed to detect events of public health importance during the 2018 G7 Summit in Quebec were successful in gathering timely data for analysis. Close collaboration and good participation from the different partners were essential to this project. However, because no public health event occurred, it was not possible to determine whether the enhanced surveillance system had sufficient speed and sensitivity for timely detection and response.
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