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Brezani V, Blondeau N, Kotouček J, Klásková E, Šmejkal K, Hošek J, Mašková E, Kulich P, Prachyawarakorn V, Heurteaux C, Mašek J. Enhancing Solubility and Bioefficacy of Stilbenes by Liposomal Encapsulation-The Case of Macasiamenene F. ACS Omega 2024; 9:9027-9039. [PMID: 38434860 PMCID: PMC10905713 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Stilbenes in food and medicinal plants have been described as potent antiphlogistic and antioxidant compounds, and therefore, they present an interesting potential for the development of dietary supplements. Among them, macasiamenene F (MF) has recently been shown to be an effective anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective agent that dampens peripheral and CNS inflammation in vitro. Nevertheless, this promising molecule, like other stilbenes and a large percentage of drugs under development, faces poor water solubility, which results in trickier in vivo administration and low bioavailability. With the aim of improving MF solubility and developing a form optimized for in vivo administration, eight types of conventional liposomal nanocarriers and one type of PEGylated liposomes were formulated and characterized. In order to select the appropriate form of MF encapsulation, the safety of MF liposomal formulations was evaluated on THP-1 and THP-1-XBlue-MD2-CD14 monocytes, BV-2 microglia, and primary cortical neurons in culture. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of liposomes and the effect of encapsulation on MF anti-inflammatory effectiveness were evaluated on THP-1-XBlue-MD2-CD14 monocytes and BV-2 microglia. MF (5 mol %) encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes with an average size of 160 nm and polydispersity index of 0.122 was stable, safe, and the most promising form of MF encapsulation keeping its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Brezani
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- IPMC,
UMR 7275, Université Côte
d’Azur, CNRS, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- IPMC,
UMR 7275, Université Côte
d’Azur, CNRS, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Jan Kotouček
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Klásková
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department
of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk
University, Palackého
tř. 1946/1, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hošek
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Mašková
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Catherine Heurteaux
- IPMC,
UMR 7275, Université Côte
d’Azur, CNRS, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Josef Mašek
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary
Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Melis N, Rubera I, Giraud S, Cougnon M, Duranton C, Poet M, Jarretou G, Thuillier R, Counillon L, Hauet T, Pellerin L, Tauc M, Pisani DF. Renal Ischemia Tolerance Mediated by eIF5A Hypusination Inhibition Is Regulated by a Specific Modulation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030409. [PMID: 36766751 PMCID: PMC9913814 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Through kidney transplantation, ischemia/reperfusion is known to induce tissular injury due to cell energy shortage, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress stems from an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of ER, resulting in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Adaptive UPR pathways can either restore protein homeostasis or can turn into a stress pathway leading to apoptosis. We have demonstrated that N1-guanyl-1,7-diamineoheptane (GC7), a specific inhibitor of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 5A (eIF5A) hypusination, confers an ischemic protection of kidney cells by tuning their metabolism and decreasing oxidative stress, but its role on ER stress was unknown. To explore this, we used kidney cells pretreated with GC7 and submitted to either warm or cold anoxia. GC7 pretreatment promoted cell survival in an anoxic environment concomitantly to an increase in xbp1 splicing and BiP level while eiF2α phosphorylation and ATF6 nuclear level decreased. These demonstrated a specific modulation of UPR pathways. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of xbp1 splicing reversed the protective effect of GC7 against anoxia. Our results demonstrated that eIF5A hypusination inhibition modulates distinctive UPR pathways, a crucial mechanism for the protection against anoxia/reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Sebastien Giraud
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Christophe Duranton
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Mallorie Poet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Gisèle Jarretou
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Raphaël Thuillier
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Counillon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1313, IRMETIST, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Didier F. Pisani
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06108 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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3
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Sfakianos AP, Raven RM, Willis AE. The pleiotropic roles of eIF5A in cellular life and its therapeutic potential in cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1885-1895. [PMID: 36511302 PMCID: PMC9788402 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is dysregulated in the majority of cancers and this process therefore provides a good therapeutic target. Many novel anti-cancer agents are directed to target the initiation stage of translation, however, translation elongation also holds great potential as a therapeutic target. The elongation factor eIF5A that assists the formation of peptidyl bonds during the elongation process is of considerable interest in this regard. Overexpression of eIF5A has been linked with the development of a variety of cancers and inhibitors of the molecule have been proposed for anti-cancer clinical applications. eIF5A is the only protein in the cell that contains the post-translational modification hypusine. Hypusination is a two-step enzymatic process catalysed by the Deoxyhypusine Synthase (DHPS) and Deoxyhypusine Hydroxylase (DOHH). In addition, eIF5A can be acetylated by p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) which leads to translocation of the protein to the nucleus and its deactivation. In addition to the nucleus, eIF5A has been found in the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with eIF5A localisation related to function from regulation of mitochondrial activity and apoptosis to maintenance of ER integrity and control of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Given the pleiotropic functions of eIF5A and by extension the hypusination enzymes, this system is being considered as a target for a range of cancers including multiple myeloma, B-Cell lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. In this review, we explore the role of eIF5A and discuss the therapeutic strategies that are currently developing both in the pre- and the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Mallory Raven
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Anne Elizabeth Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, U.K
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4
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Rao NL, Kotian GB, Shetty JK, Shelley BP, Dmello MK, Lobo EC, Shankar SP, Almeida SD, Shah SR. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product, Organ Crosstalk, and Pathomechanism Targets for Comprehensive Molecular Therapeutics in Diabetic Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1712. [PMID: 36421725 PMCID: PMC9687999 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a well-established risk factor for stroke, is related to higher mortality and poorer outcomes following the stroke event. Advanced glycation end products(AGEs), their receptors RAGEs, other ligands, and several other processes contribute to the cerebrovascular pathomechanism interaction in the diabetes-ischemic stroke combination. Critical reappraisal of molecular targets and therapeutic agents to mitigate them is required to identify key elements for therapeutic interventions that may improve patient outcomes. This scoping review maps evidence on the key roles of AGEs, RAGEs, other ligands such as Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein, brain-kidney-muscle crosstalk, alternate pathomechanisms in neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline related to diabetic ischemic stroke. RAGE, HMGB1, nitric oxide, and polyamine mechanisms are important therapeutic targets, inflicting common consequences of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Experimental findings on a number of existing-emerging therapeutic agents and natural compounds against key targets are promising. The lack of large clinical trials with adequate follow-up periods is a gap that requires addressing to validate the emerging therapeutic agents. Five therapeutic components, which include agents to mitigate the AGE-RAGE axis, improved biomarkers for risk stratification, better renal dysfunction management, adjunctive anti-inflammatory-antioxidant therapies, and innovative neuromuscular stimulation for rehabilitation, are identified. A comprehensive therapeutic strategy that features all the identified components is needed for outcome improvement in diabetic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita L Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Greeshma B Kotian
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeevan K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Muharraq 228, Bahrain
| | - Bhaskara P Shelley
- Department of Neurology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mackwin Kenwood Dmello
- Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Eric C Lobo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha Padar Shankar
- College of Physiotherapy, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Shellette D Almeida
- School of Physiotherapy, D. Y. Patil (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai 400706, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saiqa R Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
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Jain S, Sahu U, Kumar A, Khare P. Metabolic Pathways of Leishmania Parasite: Source of Pertinent Drug Targets and Potent Drug Candidates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081590. [PMID: 36015216 PMCID: PMC9416627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania that is transmitted via infected female sandflies. At present, leishmaniasis treatment mainly counts on chemotherapy. The currently available drugs against leishmaniasis are costly, toxic, with multiple side effects, and limitations in the administration route. The rapid emergence of drug resistance has severely reduced the potency of anti-leishmanial drugs. As a result, there is a pressing need for the development of novel anti-leishmanial drugs with high potency, low cost, acceptable toxicity, and good pharmacokinetics features. Due to the availability of preclinical data, drug repurposing is a valuable approach for speeding up the development of effective anti-leishmanial through pointing to new drug targets in less time, having low costs and risk. Metabolic pathways of this parasite play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of Leishmania species during the various stages of their life cycle. Based on available genomics/proteomics information, known pathways-based (sterol biosynthetic pathway, purine salvage pathway, glycolysis, GPI biosynthesis, hypusine, polyamine biosynthesis) Leishmania-specific proteins could be targeted with known drugs that were used in other diseases, resulting in finding new promising anti-leishmanial therapeutics. The present review discusses various metabolic pathways of the Leishmania parasite and some drug candidates targeting these pathways effectively that could be potent drugs against leishmaniasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India; (S.J.); (U.S.)
- Division of Synthetic Biology, Absolute Foods, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, India
- Correspondence: or (A.K.); (P.K.)
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6
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Branyan TE, Selvamani A, Park MJ, Korula KE, Kosel KF, Srinivasan R, Sohrabji F. Functional Assessment of Stroke-Induced Regulation of miR-20a-3p and Its Role as a Neuroprotectant. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 13:432-448. [PMID: 34570349 PMCID: PMC9046320 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs have gained popularity as a potential treatment for many diseases, including stroke. This study identifies and characterizes a specific member of the miR-17-92 cluster, miR-20a-3p, as a possible stroke therapeutic. A comprehensive microRNA screening showed that miR-20a-3p was significantly upregulated in astrocytes of adult female rats, which typically have better stroke outcomes, while it was profoundly downregulated in astrocytes of middle-aged females and adult and middle-aged males, groups that typically have more severe stroke outcomes. Assays using primary human astrocytes and neurons show that miR-20a-3p treatment alters mitochondrial dynamics in both cell types. To assess whether stroke outcomes could be improved by elevating astrocytic miR-20a-3p, we created a tetracycline (Tet)-induced recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) construct where miR-20a-3p was located downstream a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Treatment with doxycycline induced miR-20-3p expression in astrocytes, reducing mortality and modestly improving sensory motor behavior. A second Tet-induced rAAV construct was created in which miR-20a-3p was located downstream of a neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter. These experiments demonstrate that neuronal expression of miR-20a-3p is vastly more neuroprotective than astrocytic expression, with animals receiving the miR-20a-3p vector showing reduced infarction and sensory motor improvement. Intravenous injections, which are a therapeutically tractable treatment route, with miR-20a-3p mimic 4 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) significantly improved stroke outcomes including infarct volume and sensory motor performance. Improvement was not observed when miR-20a-3p was given immediately or 24 h after MCAo, identifying a unique delayed therapeutic window. Overall, this study identifies a novel neuroprotective microRNA and characterizes several key pathways by which it can improve stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Branyan
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Amutha Selvamani
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Min Jung Park
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kriti E Korula
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Kelby F Kosel
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, 77840, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that binds ribosomes to facilitate the translation of peptide motifs with consecutive prolines or combinations of prolines with glycine and charged amino acids. It has also been linked to other molecular functions and cellular processes, such as nuclear mRNA export and mRNA decay, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and apoptosis. The growing interest in eIF5A relates to its association with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, viral infection, and diabetes. It has also been proposed as an anti-aging factor: its levels decay in aged cells, whereas increasing levels of active eIF5A result in the rejuvenation of the immune and vascular systems and improved brain cognition. Recent data have linked the role of eIF5A in some pathologies with its function in maintaining healthy mitochondria. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A is upregulated under respiratory metabolism and its deficiency reduces oxygen consumption, ATP production, and the levels of several mitochondrial metabolic enzymes, as well as altering mitochondria dynamics. However, although all the accumulated data strongly link eIF5A to mitochondrial function, the precise molecular role and mechanisms involved are still unknown. In this review, we discuss the findings linking eIF5A and mitochondria, speculate about its role in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, and highlight its potential as a target in diseases related to energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barba-Aliaga
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed), Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (Biotecmed), Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
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Tauc M, Cougnon M, Carcy R, Melis N, Hauet T, Pellerin L, Blondeau N, Pisani DF. The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A1), the molecule, mechanisms and recent insights into the pathophysiological roles. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:219. [PMID: 34952646 PMCID: PMC8705083 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the demonstration of its involvement in cell proliferation, the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) has been studied principally in relation to the development and progression of cancers in which the isoform A2 is mainly expressed. However, an increasing number of studies report that the isoform A1, which is ubiquitously expressed in normal cells, exhibits novel molecular features that reveal its new relationships between cellular functions and organ homeostasis. At a first glance, eIF5A can be regarded, among other things, as a factor implicated in the initiation of translation. Nevertheless, at least three specificities: (1) its extreme conservation between species, including plants, throughout evolution, (2) its very special and unique post-translational modification through the activating-hypusination process, and finally (3) its close relationship with the polyamine pathway, suggest that the role of eIF5A in living beings remains to be uncovered. In fact, and beyond its involvement in facilitating the translation of proteins containing polyproline residues, eIF5A is implicated in various physiological processes including ischemic tolerance, metabolic adaptation, aging, development, and immune cell differentiation. These newly discovered physiological properties open up huge opportunities in the clinic for pathologies such as, for example, the ones in which the oxygen supply is disrupted. In this latter case, organ transplantation, myocardial infarction or stroke are concerned, and the current literature defines eIF5A as a new drug target with a high level of potential benefit for patients with these diseases or injuries. Moreover, the recent use of genomic and transcriptomic association along with metadata studies also revealed the implication of eIF5A in genetic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of eIF5A from its molecular mechanism of action to its physiological roles and the clinical possibilities that have been recently reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tauc
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France. .,Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex, France.
| | - Marc Cougnon
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
| | - Romain Carcy
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France.,IPMC, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Didier F Pisani
- LP2M, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Nice, France
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9
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Melis N, Carcy R, Rubera I, Cougnon M, Duranton C, Tauc M, Pisani DF. Akt Inhibition as Preconditioning Treatment to Protect Kidney Cells against Anoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010152. [PMID: 35008578 PMCID: PMC8745656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions issued from the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) stress are a major challenge in human pathophysiology. Of human organs, the kidney is highly sensitive to I/R because of its high oxygen demand and poor regenerative capacity. Previous studies have shown that targeting the hypusination pathway of eIF5A through GC7 greatly improves ischemic tolerance and can be applied successfully to kidney transplants. The protection process correlates with a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Because the protein kinase B Akt is involved in ischemic protective mechanisms and glucose metabolism, we looked for a link between the effects of GC7 and Akt in proximal kidney cells exposed to anoxia or the mitotoxic myxothiazol. We found that GC7 treatment resulted in impaired Akt phosphorylation at the Ser473 and Thr308 sites, so the effects of direct Akt inhibition as a preconditioning protocol on ischemic tolerance were investigated. We evidenced that Akt inhibitors provide huge protection for kidney cells against ischemia and myxothiazol. The pro-survival effect of Akt inhibitors, which is reversible, implied a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production but was not related to metabolic changes or an antioxidant defense increase. Therefore, the inhibition of Akt can be considered as a preconditioning treatment against ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Romain Carcy
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, 06103 Nice, France
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Christophe Duranton
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
| | - Didier F. Pisani
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, 06103 Nice, France; (R.C.); (I.R.); (M.C.); (C.D.); (M.T.)
- Laboratories of Excellence Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, 06103 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Del Río C, Montaner J. Hypoxia Tolerant Species: The Wisdom of Nature Translated into Targets for Stroke Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11131. [PMID: 34681788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neurons rapidly die after ischemia and current therapies for stroke management are limited to restoration of blood flow to prevent further brain damage. Thrombolytics and mechanical thrombectomy are the available reperfusion treatments, but most of the patients remain untreated. Neuroprotective therapies focused on treating the pathogenic cascade of the disease have widely failed. However, many animal species demonstrate that neurons can survive the lack of oxygen for extended periods of time. Here, we reviewed the physiological and molecular pathways inherent to tolerant species that have been described to contribute to hypoxia tolerance. Among them, Foxo3 and Eif5A were reported to mediate anoxic survival in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, respectively, and those results were confirmed in experimental models of stroke. In humans however, the multiple mechanisms involved in brain cell death after a stroke causes translation difficulties to arise making necessary a timely and coordinated control of the pathological changes. We propose here that, if we were able to plagiarize such natural hypoxia tolerance through drugs combined in a pharmacological cocktail it would open new therapeutic opportunities for stroke and likely, for other hypoxic conditions.
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11
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Liu KL, Li XY, Wang DP, Xue WH, Qian XH, Li YH, Lin QQ, Li S, Meng FH. Novel Allosteric Inhibitors of Deoxyhypusine Synthase against Malignant Melanoma: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13356-13372. [PMID: 34473510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the novel allosteric site of deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS), two series of 30 novel 5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-phenylpyrimidin-4-amine derivatives as DHPS inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 8m, with the best DHPS inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.014 μM), exhibited excellent inhibition against melanoma cells, which was superior to that of GC7. Besides, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further proved that compound 8m was tightly bound to the allosteric site of DHPS. Flow cytometric analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that compound 8m could inhibit the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Furthermore, by western blot analysis, compound 8m effectively activated caspase 3 and decreased the expressions of GP-100, tyrosinase, eIF5A2, MMP2, and MMP9. Moreover, both Transwell analysis and wound healing analysis showed that compound 8m could inhibit the invasion and migration of melanoma cells. In the in vivo study, the tumor xenograft model showed that compound 8m effectively inhibited melanoma development with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - De-Pu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Han Xue
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Qian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Qi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
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12
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Blondeau N. [Fighting stroke by inhibiting an enzyme linked to the polyamine synthesis pathway]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:575-577. [PMID: 34180811 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Blondeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7275 IPMC, 660 route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
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13
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Romero AM, Martínez-Pastor MT, Puig S. Iron in Translation: From the Beginning to the End. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1058. [PMID: 34068342 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all eukaryotes, since it acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in basic cellular functions, including translation. While the mammalian iron-regulatory protein/iron-responsive element (IRP/IRE) system arose as one of the first examples of translational regulation in higher eukaryotes, little is known about the contribution of iron itself to the different stages of eukaryotic translation. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, iron deficiency provokes a global impairment of translation at the initiation step, which is mediated by the Gcn2-eIF2α pathway, while the post-transcriptional regulator Cth2 specifically represses the translation of a subgroup of iron-related transcripts. In addition, several steps of the translation process depend on iron-containing enzymes, including particular modifications of translation elongation factors and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and translation termination by the ATP-binding cassette family member Rli1 (ABCE1 in humans) and the prolyl hydroxylase Tpa1. The influence of these modifications and their correlation with codon bias in the dynamic control of protein biosynthesis, mainly in response to stress, is emerging as an interesting focus of research. Taking S. cerevisiae as a model, we hereby discuss the relevance of iron in the control of global and specific translation steps.
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14
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Pereira KD, Tamborlin L, de Lima TI, Consonni SR, Silveira LR, Luchessi AD. Alternative human eIF5A protein isoform plays a critical role in mitochondria. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:549-561. [PMID: 33459432 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is the only known protein containing the amino acid residue hypusine, essential for its activity. Hypusine residue is produced by a posttranslational modification involving deoxyhypusine synthetase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase. Herein, we aimed to describe the role of the alternative human isoform A on mitochondrial processes. Isoform A depletion modulates oxidative metabolism in association with the downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. Through positive feedback, it increases cell respiration leading to highly reactive oxygen species production, which impacts mitochondrial bioenergetics. These metabolic changes compromise mitochondrial morphology, increasing its electron density and fission, observed by transmission electron microscopy. This set of changes leads the cells to apoptosis, evidenced by increased DNA fragmentation and proapoptotic BAK protein content increase. Thus, we show that the alternative eIF5A isoform A is crucial for energy metabolism controlled by mitochondria and cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina D Pereira
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tamborlin
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tanes I de Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio R Consonni
- Laboratory of Cytochemistry and Immunocytochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Augusto D Luchessi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Cougnon M, Carcy R, Melis N, Rubera I, Duranton C, Dumas K, Tanti JF, Pons C, Soubeiran N, Shkreli M, Hauet T, Pellerin L, Giraud S, Blondeau N, Tauc M, Pisani DF. Inhibition of eIF5A hypusination reprogrammes metabolism and glucose handling in mouse kidney. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:283. [PMID: 33731685 PMCID: PMC7969969 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A activation by the spermidine analogue GC7 has been shown to protect proximal cells and whole kidneys against an acute episode of ischaemia. The highlighted mechanism involves a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis allowing cells to be transiently independent of oxygen supply. Here we show that GC7 decreases protein expression of the renal GLUT1 glucose transporter leading to a decrease in transcellular glucose flux. At the same time, GC7 modifies the native energy source of the proximal cells from glutamine toward glucose use. Thus, GC7 acutely and reversibly reprogrammes function and metabolism of kidney cells to make glucose its single substrate, and thus allowing cells to be oxygen independent through anaerobic glycolysis. The physiological consequences are an increase in the renal excretion of glucose and lactate reflecting a decrease in glucose reabsorption and an increased glycolysis. Such a reversible reprogramming of glucose handling and oxygen dependence of kidney cells by GC7 represents a pharmacological opportunity in ischaemic as well as hyperglycaemia-associated pathologies from renal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cougnon
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France
| | - Romain Carcy
- CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Service de Réanimation Polyvalente et Service de Réanimation des Urgences Vitales, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | - Karine Dumas
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Pons
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | - Marina Shkreli
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, IRTOMIT, CHU de Poitiers, La Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | | | | | - Michel Tauc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France.
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16
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Barba-Aliaga M, Villarroel-Vicente C, Stanciu A, Corman A, Martínez-Pastor MT, Alepuz P. Yeast Translation Elongation Factor eIF5A Expression Is Regulated by Nutrient Availability through Different Signalling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E219. [PMID: 33379337 PMCID: PMC7794953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation factor eIF5A binds to ribosomes to promote peptide bonds between problematic amino acids for the reaction like prolines. eIF5A is highly conserved and essential in eukaryotes, which usually contain two similar but differentially expressed paralogue genes. The human eIF5A-1 isoform is abundant and implicated in some cancer types; the eIF5A-2 isoform is absent in most cells but becomes overexpressed in many metastatic cancers. Several reports have connected eIF5A and mitochondria because it co-purifies with the organelle or its inhibition reduces respiration and mitochondrial enzyme levels. However, the mechanisms of eIF5A mitochondrial function, and whether eIF5A expression is regulated by the mitochondrial metabolism, are unknown. We analysed the expression of yeast eIF5A isoforms Tif51A and Tif51B under several metabolic conditions and in mutants. The depletion of Tif51A, but not Tif51B, compromised yeast growth under respiration and reduced oxygen consumption. Tif51A expression followed dual positive regulation: by high glucose through TORC1 signalling, like other translation factors, to promote growth and by low glucose or non-fermentative carbon sources through Snf1 and heme-dependent transcription factor Hap1 to promote respiration. Upon iron depletion, Tif51A was down-regulated and Tif51B up-regulated. Both were Hap1-dependent. Our results demonstrate eIF5A expression regulation by cellular metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barba-Aliaga
- Instituto Biotecmed, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.B.-A.); (C.V.-V.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Carlos Villarroel-Vicente
- Instituto Biotecmed, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.B.-A.); (C.V.-V.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Alice Stanciu
- Instituto Biotecmed, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.B.-A.); (C.V.-V.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Alba Corman
- Instituto Biotecmed, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.B.-A.); (C.V.-V.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - María Teresa Martínez-Pastor
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Paula Alepuz
- Instituto Biotecmed, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain; (M.B.-A.); (C.V.-V.); (A.S.); (A.C.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, E46100 Burjassot, Spain;
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