1
|
Ready ZC, Whitmer ER, Wright SE, Rios C, Duignan PJ, Field CL. CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LYMPH NODE ABSCESSATION IN PUP AND YEARLING CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS ( ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION IN A MARINE MAMMAL CENTER. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:1149-58. [PMID: 34998284 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe focal to multifocal abscessation of the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in stranded pup and yearling California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSLs) at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC). A retrospective case review was conducted of all pup and yearling CSLs with axillary and/or inguinal lymph node abscesses admitted to this California rehabilitation center between January 2015 and December 2019 (n = 162). Clinical data and cultured isolates were evaluated to (1) characterize the clinical syndrome, (2) report isolated pathogens, and (3) investigate factors associated with clinical outcome (survival to release versus death). Of the 162 CSLs admitted with at least one axillary or inguinal lymph node abscess, almost all were in poor body condition, and overall mortality rate was 63% (102 of 165). Mortality rate was lower for animals presenting with a single abscess and abscess(es) in the inguinal location only; odds of death were significantly lower for animals that had their abscesses surgically drained (P = 0.029) and those that received antimicrobials (P = 0.037). Hematology and serum chemistry parameters at the time of abscess diagnosis reflected inflammation and malnutrition. Radiographic findings associated with abscesses from 45 cases included soft tissue swelling (n = 40), intralesional gas (n = 19), and osteomyelitis (n = 3). Ninety bacterial isolates were recovered from aerobic (n = 48) and anaerobic cultures (n = 17), 48.9% of which were gram negative. The most common gram-negative organisms were Escherichia coli (n = 15), Proteus spp. (n = 8), and Bacteroides ureolyticus (n = 7), and the most common gram-positive organisms were Streptococcus phocae (n = 10) and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 9). Management of lymph node abscesses via surgical drainage and multimodal systemic antimicrobial therapy with a broad-spectrum of activity may be considered to improve survival of these cases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wan X, Li J, Cheng Z, Ao M, Tian R, McLaughlin RW, Zheng J, Wang D. The intestinal microbiome of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) stranded near the Pearl River Estuary, China. Integr Zool 2020; 16:287-299. [PMID: 32761739 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestinal microbiome is critical for host health and disease resistance. However, the cetacean intestinal microbiota remains relatively unexplored. By using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we analyzed intestinal bacterial samples from an Indo-pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) stranded near the Pearl River Estuary in China. The samples included 3 anatomical regions (foregut, midgut, and rectum) and 2 anatomical locations (content and mucus). Our analyses revealed that the dolphin intestinal bacteria contained 139 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominated at the phyla level by Firmicutes (47.05% in the content; 94.77% in the mucus), followed by Bacteroidetes (23.63% in the content; 1.58% in the mucus) and Gammaproteobacteria (14.82% in the content; 2.05% in the mucus). The intestinal bacteria had a small core community (15 OTUs, accounting for 99.74% of the reads), some of which could be potentially pathogenic to both human and dolphins. As an alternative to sampling the dolphin intestinal bacteria, fecal sampling could be used. Additionally, function potentials such as, xenobiotics biodegradation, beta-lactam resistance, and human disease-related pathways, were detected in the dolphin intestinal bacteria. These findings provide the first baseline knowledge of the intestinal microbiome of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, which may offer new insights into cetacean conservation by using microbial surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolong Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengxue Ao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Renmao Tian
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.,Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard William McLaughlin
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,General Studies, Gateway Technical College, Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jinsong Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rubio‐Garcia A, Rossen JWA, Wagenaar JA, Friedrich AW, Zeijl JH. Livestock‐associated meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureusin a young harbour seal ( Phoca vitulina) with endocarditis. Vet rec case rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rubio‐Garcia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUtrecht University Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Veterinary and Research DepartmentSealcentre PieterburenPieterburenThe Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection PreventionUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyUtrecht University Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
| | - Alex W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection PreventionUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan H Zeijl
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyIzore Center for Infectious DiseasesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colegrove KM, Burek-Huntington KA, Roe W, Siebert U. Pinnipediae. Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150363 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews common diseases of pinnipeds, including species in the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Phocidae (true seals), and Odobenidae (walrus) families. Much of the knowledge on pathologic conditions of pinnipeds comes from necropsies of stranded animals and those housed in captivity. As such, disease knowledge is biased toward species frequently housed in zoos and aquaria, those that strand more commonly, or those in which free-ranging populations are more easily accessible. Though historically systematic evaluations of wild populations have rarely been accomplished, in the past 10 years, with advances in marine mammal medicine and anesthesia, biologists and veterinarians more frequently completed live animal health field investigations to evaluate health and disease in free-ranging pinniped populations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Seguel M, Paredes E, Pavés H, Molina R, Henríquez F, De Groote F, Schlatter R. Pathological Findings in South American Fur Seal Pups (Arctocephalus australis gracilis) found Dead at Guafo Island, Chile. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:308-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Chinnadurai SK, Troan BV, Wolf KN, DeVoe RS, Huijsmans CJ, Hermans MH, Wever PC. Septicemia, endocarditis, and cerebral infarction due to Staphylococcus aureus in a harp seal (Phoca groenlandica). J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:393-7. [PMID: 19569495 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult, wild-collected, male harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) was transferred from a rehabilitation center to a display facility because of unilateral phthisis bulbi and decreased use of the right forelimb, which precluded its release. In quarantine, the animal demonstrated limited use of the right forelimb, which acutely progressed to complete disuse of the limb accompanied by intermittent lethargy. One month after transfer, the animal was found dead on exhibit. Necropsy showed septic arthritis of the right scapulohumeral joint, valvular endocarditis with systemic bacterial thromboembolism, and infarction of the cerebrum and myocardium. Culture of the blood and affected joint space revealed Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial polymerase chain reaction of formalin-fixed tissues from the heart and brain were also positive for S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus infection should be considered as an additional cause of endocarditis and embolic encephalitis in seals.
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- C Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|