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Grotberg JC, Schulte L, Schumer E, Sullivan M, Kotkar K, Masood MF, Pawale A. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac arrest for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by Legionella: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 19:27. [PMID: 38281956 PMCID: PMC10822179 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-024-02492-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella remains underdiagnosed in the intensive care unit and can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure and death. In severe cases, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) allows time for resolution of disease with Legionella-targeted therapy. VV-ECMO outcomes for Legionella are favorable with reported survival greater than 70%. Rapid molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the lower respiratory tract aids in diagnosing Legionella with high sensitivity and specificity. We present a unique case of a patient with a positive COVID-19 test and ARDS who suffered a cardiac arrest. The patient was subsequently cannulated for VV-ECMO, and after lower respiratory tract PCR testing, Legionella was determined to be the cause. She was successfully treated and decannulated from VV-ECMO after eight days. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old female presented with one week of dyspnea and a positive COVID-19 test. She was hypoxemic, hypotensive and had bilateral infiltrates on imaging. She received supplemental oxygen, intravenous fluids, vasopressors, broad spectrum antibiotics, and was transferred to a tertiary care center. She developed progressive hypoxemia and suffered a cardiac arrest, requiring ten minutes of CPR and endotracheal intubation to achieve return of spontaneous circulation. Despite mechanical ventilation and paralysis, she developed refractory hypoxemia and was cannulated for VV-ECMO. Dexamethasone and remdesivir were given for presumed COVID-19. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed with PCR testing was positive for Legionella pneumophila and negative for COVID-19. Steroids and remdesivir were discontinued and she was treated with azithromycin. Her lung compliance improved, and she was decannulated after eight days on VV-ECMO. She was discharged home on hospital day 16 breathing room air and neurologically intact. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the utility of rapid PCR testing to diagnose Legionella in patients with respiratory failure and the early use of VV-ECMO in patients with refractory hypoxemia secondary to Legionella infection. Moreover, many patients encountered in the ICU may have prior COVID-19 immunity, and though a positive COVID-19 test may be present, further investigation with lower respiratory tract PCR testing may provide alternative diagnoses. Patients with ARDS should undergo Legionella-specific testing, and if Legionella is determined to be the causative organism, early VV-ECMO should be considered in patients with refractory hypoxemia given reported high survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Grotberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Linda Schulte
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Erin Schumer
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mary Sullivan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kunal Kotkar
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mohammad F Masood
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Amit Pawale
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri. 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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2
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Ruiz-Ramos J, Gras-Martín L, Ramírez P. Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Critical Care: Adjusting the Dose in Extracorporeal Circulation and to Prevent the Genesis of Multiresistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030475. [PMID: 36978342 PMCID: PMC10044431 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients suffering from severe infections are prone to pathophysiological pharmacokinetic changes that are frequently associated with inadequate antibiotic serum concentrations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the causative pathogens tend to be higher in intensive care units. Both pharmacokinetic changes and high antibiotic resistance likely jeopardize the efficacy of treatment. The use of extracorporeal circulation devices to support hemodynamic, respiratory, or renal failure enables pharmacokinetic changes and makes it even more difficult to achieve an adequate antibiotic dose. Besides a clinical response, antibiotic pharmacokinetic optimization is important to reduce the selection of strains resistant to common antibiotics. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge regarding pharmacokinetic changes in critically ill patients and we discuss the effects of extra-corporeal devices on antibiotic treatment together with potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Ruiz-Ramos
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Gras-Martín
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ramírez
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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3
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Kato T, Enokiya T, Morikawa Y, Okuda M, Imai H. Sequestration of Antimicrobial Agents in Xcoating and Heparin-Coated Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuits: An In Vitro Study. ASAIO J 2023; 69:e23-7. [PMID: 36583776 DOI: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data exist to guide antimicrobial therapy commonly prescribed to patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This study aimed to describe the kinetics of the cefazolin, doripenem, daptomycin, and levofloxacin in heparin-coated and Xcoating ECMO circuits. Circuits were primed with bovine whole blood and maintained at a physiological pH and temperature for 24 h. Each antimicrobial agent was added to the whole blood before priming. Equivalent doses of these drugs were added to glass jars containing fresh bovine whole blood as a control. Serial blood samples were collected from the ECMO circuits and controls over 24 h, and drug concentrations were quantified using validated assays. The concentrations of cefazolin, doripenem, daptomycin, and levofloxacin did not decrease significantly over 24 h. Collectively, these antimicrobial agents can be administered without the need to consider sequestration when using either heparin-coated or Xcoating circuits.
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4
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Gorman D, Green A, Puri N, Dellinger P. Severe ARDS Secondary to Legionella Pneumonia Requiring VV ECMO in the Setting of Newly Diagnosed Hairy Cell Leukemia. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2022; 10:23247096211065618. [PMID: 35038889 PMCID: PMC8771749 DOI: 10.1177/23247096211065618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is initiated in patients with high mortality as a potential lifesaving intervention. Hematologic malignancy (HM) is considered a relative exclusion criterion by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). This case examines the relative contraindication and presents a successful outcome. A healthy 59-year-old male presented with respiratory distress. On arrival his SpO2 on room air was 82%, chest x-ray revealed a lobar infiltrate, complete blood count demonstrated severe leukopenia, and a peripheral blood smear demonstrated cytoplasmic inclusions concerning for hairy cells. He was intubated and decision was made to initiate VV-ECMO during hospital day (HD) 1. Cytometry later confirmed a diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). A diagnosis of Legionella was confirmed on HD 5. Initial hospitalization was complicated by progression to complete bilateral lung involvement, pulmonary hemorrhage, recurrent tachyarrhythmias, hemodynamic instability, and acute renal failure. Respiratory status stabilized and eventually began to improve. On HD 27, he was decannulated and later discharged to rehabilitation. Four months later he received inpatient chemotherapy and is currently in full remission. This is a successful outcome in a patient with severe ARDS requiring VV-ECMO in the setting of newly diagnosed HCL. The 10-year survival for treated HCL is near 100%. Due to favorable prognosis, HCL should not be considered a relative contraindication to VV-ECMO. While HM remains a relative exclusion criterion by the ELSO, it is important to analyze each patient individually and make decisions based on evolving bodies of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Green
- Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nitin Puri
- Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
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5
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Duceppe MA, Kanji S, Do AT, Ruo N, Cavayas YA, Albert M, Robert-Halabi M, Zavalkoff S, Dupont P, Samoukovic G, Williamson DR. Pharmacokinetics of Commonly Used Antimicrobials in Critically Ill Adults During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review. Drugs 2021; 81:1307-1329. [PMID: 34224115 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate dosing of antimicrobials is critical to properly treat infections and limit development of resistance and adverse effects. Limited guidance exists for antimicrobial dosing adjustments in patients requiring extracorporporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. A systematic review was conducted to delineate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobials in critically ill adult patients requiring ECMO. METHODS Medline, EMBASE, Global Health, and All EBM Reviews databases were searched. Grey literature was examined. All studies reporting PK/PD parameters of antimicrobials in critically ill adults treated with ECMO were included, except for case reports and congress abstracts. Ex vivo studies were included. Two independent reviewers applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Reviewers were then paired to independently abstract data and evaluate methodological quality of studies using the ROBINS-I tool and the compliance with ClinPK guidelines. Patients' and studies' characteristics, key PK/PD findings, details of ECMO circuits and co-treatments were summarized qualitatively. Dosing recommendations were formulated based on data from controlled studies. RESULTS Thirty-two clinical studies were included; most were observational and uncontrolled. Fourteen ex vivo studies were analysed. Information on patient characteristics and co-treatments was often missing. The effect of ECMO on PK/PD parameters of antimicrobials varied depending on the studied drugs. Few dosing recommendations could be formulated given the lack of good quality data. CONCLUSION Limited data exist on the PK/PD of antimicrobials during ECMO therapy. Rigorously designed and well powered populational PK studies are required to establish empiric dosing guidelines for antimicrobials in patients requiring ECMO support. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018099992 (Registered: July 24th 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Alexandre Duceppe
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Local C-RC 6004, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Salmaan Kanji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anh Thu Do
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Local C-RC 6004, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ni Ruo
- Department of Pharmacy, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boul. Décarie, Local C-RC 6004, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yiorgos Alexandros Cavayas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Albert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Research Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maxime Robert-Halabi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Samara Zavalkoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrice Dupont
- Bibliothèque de la santé, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gordan Samoukovic
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - David R Williamson
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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6
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Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang Q, Ou Q, Chen Z. [Effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs: recent progress and recommendations]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2021; 41:793-800. [PMID: 34134970 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.05.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an effective means to provide life support for patients with severe respiratory or heart failure. Existing studies have shown that ECMO may affect the metabolic process of some drugs by drug adsorption, increasing the apparent distribution volume and changing the clearance rate of the drugs. This review summarizes the recent progress in the studies of the effect of ECMO on the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial and antifungal drugs. For the antibacterial drugs, it is recommended that the dose of teicoplanin, imipenem, and linezolid should be increased during ECMO support, while the dose of azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tigecycline should not be modified for the time being. Currently studies on pharmacokinetic changes of antifungal drugs during ECMO support remain limited. Voriconazole can be absorbed substantially by ECMO due to its high lipophilicity, and higher doses are therefore recommended. The dose of micafungin also needs to be increased in children undergoing ECMO. However, current evidence concerning the dose of caspofungin and fluconazole are limited, and it is not clear whether the routine dose should be adjusted during ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Z Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Q Ou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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7
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Chaijamorn W, Rungkitwattanakul D, Nuchtavorn N, Charoensareerat T, Pattharachayakul S, Sirikun W, Srisawat N. Antiviral Dosing Modification for Coronavirus Disease 2019-Infected Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Therapy. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2:e0242. [PMID: 33063039 PMCID: PMC7531758 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature regarding coronavirus disease 2019 outlined a presence of organ dysfunction including acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury that are linked to mortality. Several patients require extracorporeal therapy. This review aims to gather available published resources including physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and suggests antiviral drug dosing adaptation for coronavirus disease 2019-infected critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal therapy. A literature search was performed using PubMed, clinical trial registries, and bibliographic review of textbooks and review articles. Unfortunately, no standard of pharmacologic management and recommendations of drug dosing for coronavirus disease 2019 infection for critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal therapy exist due to the limited data on pharmacokinetic and clinical studies. All available extracted data were analyzed to suggest the appropriate drug dosing adjustment. Antiviral drug dosing adjustments for critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy are presented in this review. Considering pathophysiologic changes, drug properties, and extracorporeal modalities, applying our suggestions is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhakrit Rungkitwattanakul
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy Sciences, Howard University, College of Pharmacy, Washington, DC
| | - Nantana Nuchtavorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sutthiporn Pattharachayakul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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8
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Reimer A, Vogl H, Schmid S, Gfrörer S, Bürle M, Hoffmann M, Geldner G. [Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-infective drugs in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. Anaesthesist 2019; 68:821-6. [PMID: 31740986 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-019-00702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is becoming more and more clinically important. The extracorporeal circuit for membrane oxygenation consists of a pump, a membrane oxygenator and large volume tubing. The ECMO device forms an additional compartment, which can absorb drugs with high lipophilia and protein binding. Thus, ECMO affects the volume of distribution and the clearance. As a consequence, the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) target parameters cannot be achieved. The selection of an appropriate substance and the mode of application, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), can significantly improve the therapeutic outcome of critically ill patients.
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9
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Abdul-Aziz MH, Shekar K, Roberts JA. Antimicrobial therapy during ECMO - customised dosing with therapeutic drug monitoring: The way to go? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2019; 38:451-453. [PMID: 31323318 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd H Abdul-Aziz
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiran Shekar
- Adult Intensive Care Services, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Australia; Critical Care Research Group, Centre of Research Excellence for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Therapies Improving Organ Support (ACTIONS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Translational Anti-infective Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), QLD, Australia.
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10
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Abstract
The need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy is a marker of disease severity for which multiple medications are required. The therapy causes physiologic changes that impact drug pharmacokinetics. These changes can lead to exposure-driven decreases in efficacy or increased incidence of side effects. The pharmacokinetic changes are drug specific and largely undefined for most drugs. We review available drug dosing data and provide guidance for use in the ECMO patient population.
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11
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Hahn J, Choi JH, Chang MJ. Pharmacokinetic changes of antibiotic, antiviral, antituberculosis and antifungal agents during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill adult patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:661-671. [PMID: 28948652 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving system used for critically ill patients with cardiac and/or respiratory failure. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs can change in patients undergoing ECMO, which can result in therapeutic failure or drug toxicity requiring further management of drug complications. In this review, we discussed changes in the PK of antibiotic, antiviral, antituberculosis and antifungal agents administered to adult patients on ECMO. These drugs are crucial for managing infections, which commonly occur during ECMO. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the PubMed and EMBASE databases with the following keywords: "extracorporeal membrane oxygenation OR extracorporeal membrane oxygenations OR ECMO" and "PK OR pharmacokinetics OR pharmacokinetic*" and "anti infective* OR antibiotic* OR antiviral* OR antituberculosis OR antifungal*." RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generally, the volume of distribution (Vd) increases and drug clearance (CL) and elimination decrease during ECMO. Highly significant changes in drug PK can occur by interactions with the ECMO device itself, drug characteristics, pathological changes and patient characteristics. This may affect the blood concentrations of drugs, which influence the success of therapy. The PK of vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, azithromycin, amikacin and caspofungin did not change significantly in adult patients receiving ECMO. However, there were significant changes in the PK of imipenem, oseltamivir, rifampicin and voriconazole. The trough concentrations of imipenem were highly variable; oseltamivir had a decreased CL and increased Vd, and rifampicin concentrations were below therapeutic levels, even when a higher-than-standard dose was used in patients treated with ECMO. Additionally, voriconazole exhibited high mean peak concentrations during ECMO. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The impact of ECMO on PK varies among drugs in adult patients, and there is no consistent correlation between the effects observed in adult and infant studies. This review suggested that doses of imipenem, oseltamivir, rifampicin and voriconazole should be adjusted and therapeutic drug monitoring is needed when ECMO is used in adult patients. In the future, large PK trials in adults on ECMO are needed to provide optimal dosing guidelines. A PK/PD modelling approach will be useful for determining the precise impact of ECMO and other factors that contribute to PK changes for each drug. Finally, it is important to develop dosing guidelines based on PK/PD modelling studies that can be used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hahn
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - J H Choi
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - M J Chang
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Science, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
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12
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Wi J, Noh H, Min KL, Yang S, Jin BH, Hahn J, Bae SK, Kim J, Park MS, Choi D, Chang MJ. Population Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization of Teicoplanin during Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01015-17. [PMID: 28674057 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01015-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs are known to be significantly altered in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, clinical studies of the PK of drugs administered during ECMO are scarce, and the proper dosing adjustment has yet to be established. We developed a population PK model for teicoplanin, investigated covariates influencing teicoplanin exposure, and suggested an optimal dosing regimen for ECMO patients. Samples for PK analysis were collected from 10 adult patients, and a population PK analysis and simulations were performed to identify an optimal teicoplanin dose needed to provide a >50% probability of target attainment at 72 h using a trough concentration target of >10 μg/ml for mild to moderate infections and a trough concentration target of >15 μg/ml for severe infections. Teicoplanin was well described by a two-compartment PK model with first-order elimination. The presence of ECMO was associated with a lower central volume of distribution, and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was associated with a higher peripheral volume of distribution. For mild to moderate infections, an optimal dose was a loading dose (LD) of 600 mg and a maintenance dose (MD) of 400 mg for ECMO patients not receiving CRRT and an LD of 800 mg and an MD of 600 mg for those receiving CRRT. For severe infections, an optimal dose was an LD of 1,000 mg and an MD of 800 mg for ECMO patients not receiving CRRT and an LD of 1,200 mg and an MD of 1,000 mg for those receiving CRRT. In conclusion, doses higher than the standard doses are needed to achieve fast and appropriate teicoplanin exposure during ECMO. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02581280.).
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Abstract
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2017. Other selected articles can be found online at http://ccforum.com/series/annualupdate2017 . Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Dzierba
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Darryl Abrams
- Division of Pulmonary, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Allergy and Critical Care, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Brodie
- Division of Pulmonary, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Allergy and Critical Care, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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14
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Sherwin J, Heath T, Watt K. Pharmacokinetics and Dosing of Anti-infective Drugs in Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Review of the Current Literature. Clin Ther 2016; 38:1976-94. [PMID: 27553752 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a cardiopulmonary bypass device that is used to temporarily support the most critically ill of patients with respiratory and/or cardiac failure. Infection and its sequelae may be an indication for ECMO or infections may be acquired while on ECMO and are associated with a mortality >50%. Effective therapy requires optimal dosing. However, optimal dosing can be different in patients on ECMO because the ECMO circuit can alter drug pharmacokinetics. This review assessed the current literature for pharmacokinetic data and subsequent dosing recommendations for anti-infective drugs in patients on ECMO. METHODS We searched the PubMed and Embase databases (1965 to February 2016) and included case reports, case series, or studies that provided pharmacokinetic data for anti-infective drugs including antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals being used to treat patients of all age groups on ECMO. Pharmacokinetic parameters and dosing recommendations based on these data are presented. FINDINGS The majority of data on this topic comes from neonatal studies of antibiotics from the 1980s and 1990s. These studies generally demonstrate a larger volume of distribution due to ECMO and therefore higher doses are needed initially. More adult data are now emerging, but with a predominance of case reports and case series without comparison with critically ill controls. The available pharmacokinetic analyses do suggest that volume of distribution and clearance are unchanged in the adult population, and therefore dosing recommendations largely remain unchanged. There is a lack of data on children older than 1 year of age. The data support the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring when available in this population of patients. IMPLICATIONS This review found reasonably robust dosing recommendations for some drugs and scant or no data for other important anti-infectives. In order to better determine optimal dosing for patients on ECMO, a systematic approach is needed. Approaches that combine ex vivo ECMO experiments, animal studies, specialized pharmacokinetic modeling, and human clinical trials are being developed.
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