The Association Between S100A8/A9 and the Development of Very Late Stent Thrombosis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction

S100 proteins in cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases have become a serious threat to human health and life worldwide and have the highest fatality rate. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases have become a focus for public health experts. The expression of S100 proteins is cell- and tissue-specific; they are implicated in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases and cancer. This review article discusses the progress in the research on the role of S100 protein family members in cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which these proteins exert their biological function may provide novel concepts for preventing, treating, and predicting cardiovascular diseases.

Pathogenic roles of neutrophil-derived alarmins (S100A8/A9) in heart failure: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights

An excessive neutrophil count is recognized as a valuable predictor of inflammation and is associated with a higher risk of adverse cardiac events in patients with heart failure. Our understanding of the effectors used by neutrophils to inflict proinflammatory actions needs to be advanced. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated a causative role of neutrophil-derived alarmins (i.e. S100A8/A9) in aggravating cardiac injuries by induction of inflammation. In parallel with the neutrophil count, high circulating levels of S100A8/A9 proteins powerfully predict mortality in patients with heart failure. As such, a deeper understanding of the biological functions of neutrophil-derived S100A8/A9 proteins would offer novel therapeutic insights. Here, the basic biology of S100A8/A9 proteins and their pleiotropic roles in cardiovascular diseases are discussed, focusing on heart failure. We also consider the evidence that therapeutic targeting of S100A8/A9 proteins by the humanized vaccine, antibodies or inhibitors is able to town down inflammatory injuries.

Integrated Analysis Reveals S100a8/a9 Regulates Autophagy and Apoptosis through the MAPK and PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway in the Early Stage of Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI), a type of coronary heart disease, has had a significantly increased incidence in recent years. The balance of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and autophagy after MI is one of the main determinants of patient prognosis. Both affect myocardial fibrosis and ventricular remodeling and regulate cell survival. However, there are few studies on the regulation mechanism of cardiomyocyte autophagy and apoptosis in the early stage after MI. In this study, based on analyzing the scRNA-seq and mRNA-seq data of mice in the early stage of MI, we found that the expression of S100a8 and S100a9 increased first and then decreased in the early stage of MI, and their expression level changed with the number of neutrophils. Further, through the functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes, we found that S100a8 and S100a9 were simultaneously associated with autophagy and apoptosis and could regulate autophagy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes through MAPK or PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. This study provides valuable insights for clarifying the pathogenesis of early stage MI and improving its early treatment.

Exploratory Investigation of the Plasma Proteome Associated with the Endotheliopathy of Trauma

BACKGROUND

The endotheliopathy of trauma (EoT) is associated with increased mortality following injury. Herein, we describe the plasma proteome related to EoT in order to provide insight into the role of the endothelium within the systemic response to trauma.

METHODS

99 subjects requiring the highest level of trauma activation were included in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of endothelial and catecholamine biomarkers were performed on admission plasma samples, as well as untargeted proteome quantification utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Plasma endothelial and catecholamine biomarker abundance was elevated in EoT. Patients with EoT (n = 62) had an increased incidence of death within 24 h at 21% compared to 3% for non-EoT (n = 37). Proteomic analysis revealed that 52 out of 290 proteins were differentially expressed between the EoT and non-EoT groups. These proteins are involved in endothelial activation, coagulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and include known damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and intracellular proteins specific to several organs.

CONCLUSIONS

We report a proteomic profile of EoT suggestive of a surge of DAMPs and inflammation driving nonspecific activation of the endothelial, coagulation, and complement systems with subsequent end-organ damage and poor clinical outcome. These findings support the utility of EoT as an index of cellular injury and delineate protein candidates for therapeutic intervention.