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Foo KY, Newman K, Fang Q, Gong P, Ismail HM, Lakhiani DD, Zilkens R, Dessauvagie BF, Latham B, Saunders CM, Chin L, Kennedy BF. Multi-class classification of breast tissue using optical coherence tomography and attenuation imaging combined via deep learning. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13:3380-3400. [PMID: 35781967 PMCID: PMC9208580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a convolutional neural network (CNN) for multi-class breast tissue classification as adipose tissue, benign dense tissue, or malignant tissue, using multi-channel optical coherence tomography (OCT) and attenuation images, and a novel Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC)-based loss function that correlates more strongly with performance metrics than the commonly used cross-entropy loss. We hypothesized that using multi-channel images would increase tumor detection performance compared to using OCT alone. 5,804 images from 29 patients were used to fine-tune a pre-trained ResNet-18 network. Adding attenuation images to OCT images yields statistically significant improvements in several performance metrics, including benign dense tissue sensitivity (68.0% versus 59.6%), malignant tissue positive predictive value (PPV) (79.4% versus 75.5%), and total accuracy (85.4% versus 83.3%), indicating that the additional contrast from attenuation imaging is most beneficial for distinguishing between benign dense tissue and malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Y. Foo
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kyle Newman
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Qi Fang
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peijun Gong
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hina M. Ismail
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Devina D. Lakhiani
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Renate Zilkens
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin F. Dessauvagie
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Bruce Latham
- PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Christobel M. Saunders
- Division of Surgery, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Breast Centre, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Breast Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lixin Chin
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F. Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
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