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Hau D, Wade B, Lovejoy C, Pandit SG, Reed DE, DeMers HL, Green HR, Hannah EE, McLarty ME, Creek CJ, Chokapirat C, Arias-Umana J, Cecchini GF, Nualnoi T, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Thorkildson PN, Pflughoeft KJ, AuCoin DP. Development of a dual antigen lateral flow immunoassay for detecting Yersinia pestis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010287. [PMID: 35320275 PMCID: PMC8979426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague, a zoonosis associated with small mammals. Plague is a severe disease, especially in the pneumonic and septicemic forms, where fatality rates approach 100% if left untreated. The bacterium is primarily transmitted via flea bite or through direct contact with an infected host. The 2017 plague outbreak in Madagascar resulted in more than 2,400 cases and was highlighted by an increased number of pneumonic infections. Standard diagnostics for plague include laboratory-based assays such as bacterial culture and serology, which are inadequate for administering immediate patient care for pneumonic and septicemic plague.
Principal findings
The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive rapid plague prototype that can detect all virulent strains of Y. pestis. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against two Y. pestis antigens, low-calcium response V (LcrV) and capsular fraction-1 (F1), and prototype lateral flow immunoassays (LFI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were constructed. The LFIs developed for the detection of LcrV and F1 had limits of detection (LOD) of roughly 1–2 ng/mL in surrogate clinical samples (antigens spiked into normal human sera). The optimized antigen-capture ELISAs produced LODs of 74 pg/mL for LcrV and 61 pg/mL for F1 when these antigens were spiked into buffer. A dual antigen LFI prototype comprised of two test lines was evaluated for the detection of both antigens in Y. pestis lysates. The dual format was also evaluated for specificity using a small panel of clinical near-neighbors and other Tier 1 bacterial Select Agents.
Conclusions
LcrV is expressed by all virulent Y. pestis strains, but homologs produced by other Yersinia species can confound assay specificity. F1 is specific to Y. pestis but is not expressed by all virulent strains. Utilizing highly reactive mAbs, a dual-antigen detection (multiplexed) LFI was developed to capitalize on the diagnostic strengths of each target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chris Lovejoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sujata G. Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Dana E. Reed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Haley L. DeMers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Emily E. Hannah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Megan E. McLarty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Cameron J. Creek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chonnikarn Chokapirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jose Arias-Umana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Garett F. Cecchini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | | | - Peter N. Thorkildson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kathryn J. Pflughoeft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - David P. AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Devadhasan JP, Gu J, Chen P, Smith S, Thomas B, Gates-Hollingsworth M, Hau D, Pandit S, AuCoin D, Zenhausern F. Critical Comparison between Large and Mini Vertical Flow Immunoassay Platforms for Yersinia Pestis Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9337-9344. [PMID: 33989499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of plague and is widely recognized as a potential biological weapon. Due to the high fatality rate of plague when diagnosis is delayed, the development of rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective methods is needed for its diagnosis. The Y. pestis low calcium response V (LcrV) protein has been identified as a potential microbial biomarker for the diagnosis of plague. In this paper, we present a highly sensitive, paper-based, vertical flow immunoassay (VFI) prototype for the detection of LcrV and the diagnosis of plague. An antigen-capture assay using monoclonal antibodies is employed to capture and detect the LcrV protein, using a colorimetric approach. In addition, the effect of miniaturizing the VFI device is explored based on two different sizes of VFI platforms, denoted as "large VFI" and "mini VFI." Also, a comparative analysis is performed between the VFI platform and a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) platform to exhibit the improved assay sensitivity suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. The analytical sensitivity or limit of detection (LOD) in the mini VFI is approximately 0.025 ng/mL, that is, 10 times better than that of the large VFI platform or 80 times over a standard lateral flow configuration. The low LOD of the LcrV VFI appears to be highly suitable for testing clinical samples and potentially diagnosing plague at earlier time points. In addition, optimization of the gold nanoparticle (AuNP) concentration, nanomaterial plasmonic properties, and flow velocity analysis could improve the performance of the VFI. Furthermore, we developed automated image analysis software that shows potential for integrating the diagnostic system into a smartphone. These methods and findings demonstrate that the VFI platform is a highly sensitive device for detecting the LcrV and potentially many other biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pramila Devadhasan
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Jian Gu
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Stanley Smith
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Baiju Thomas
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | | | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Sujata Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
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Lefeuvre B, Cantero P, Ehret-Sabatier L, Lenormand C, Barthel C, Po C, Parveen N, Grillon A, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Effects of topical corticosteroids and lidocaine on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in mouse skin: potential impact to human clinical trials. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10552. [PMID: 32601348 PMCID: PMC7324597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in northern hemisphere. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes are transmitted by Ixodes species ticks. During a blood meal, these spirochetes are inoculated into the skin where they multiply and often spread to various target organs: disseminated skin sites, the central nervous system, the heart and large joints. The usual diagnosis of this disease relies on serological tests. However, in patients presenting persistent clinical manifestations, this indirect diagnosis is not capable of detecting an active infection. If the serological tests are positive, it only proves that exposure of an individual to Lyme spirochetes had occurred. Although culture and quantitative PCR detect active infection, currently used tests are not sensitive enough for wide-ranging applications. Animal models have shown that B. burgdorferi persists in the skin. We present here our targeted proteomics results using infected mouse skin biopsies that facilitate detection of this pathogen. We have employed several novel approaches in this study. First, the effect of lidocaine, a local anesthetic used for human skin biopsy, on B. burgdorferi presence was measured. We further determined the impact of topical corticosteroids to reactivate Borrelia locally in the skin. This local immunosuppressive compound helps follow-up detection of spirochetes by proteomic analysis of Borrelia present in the skin. This approach could be developed as a novel diagnostic test for active Lyme borreliosis in patients presenting disseminated persistent infection. Although our results using topical corticosteroids in mice are highly promising for recovery of spirochetes, further optimization will be needed to translate this strategy for diagnosis of Lyme disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Lefeuvre
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paola Cantero
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ehret-Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cedric Lenormand
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Clinique dermatologique, Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cathy Barthel
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chrystelle Po
- ICube UMR 7357, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, ICPH Building, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Antoine Grillon
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit Jaulhac
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- French National Reference Center on Lyme borreliosis, Centre Hospitalier Régional Uinversitaire de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle - UR7290, Virulence bactérienne précoce-groupe Borrelia, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- French National Reference Center on Lyme borreliosis, Centre Hospitalier Régional Uinversitaire de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Bernard Q, Grillon A, Lenormand C, Ehret-Sabatier L, Boulanger N. Skin Interface, a Key Player for Borrelia Multiplication and Persistence in Lyme Borreliosis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:304-314. [PMID: 32007396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The skin plays a key role in vector-borne diseases because it is the site where the arthropod coinoculates pathogens and its saliva. Lyme borreliosis, particularly well investigated in this context, is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes. Numerous in vitro studies were conducted to better understand the role of specific skin cells and tick saliva in host defense, vector feeding, and pathogen transmission. The skin was also evidenced in various animal models as the site of bacterial multiplication and persistence. We present the achievements in this field as well as the gaps that impede comprehensive knowledge of the disease pathophysiology and the development of efficient diagnostic tools and vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bernard
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoine Grillon
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Lenormand
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Ehret-Sabatier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Institut de Bactériologie, Université de Strasbourg, VBP EA7290, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; French National Reference Center on Lyme Borreliosis, CHRU, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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