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Cordeiro R, Alvites RD, Sousa AC, Lopes B, Sousa P, Maurício AC, Alves N, Moura C. Cellulose-Based Scaffolds: A Comparative Study for Potential Application in Articular Cartilage. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030781. [PMID: 36772083 PMCID: PMC9919712 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent disease worldwide that leads to cartilage loss. Tissue engineering, involving scaffolds, cells, and stimuli, has shown to be a promising strategy for its repair. Thus, this study aims to manufacture and characterise different scaffolds with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with commercial cellulose (microcrystalline (McC) and methyl cellulose (MC) or cellulose from agro-industrial residues (corncob (CcC)) and at different percentages, 1%, 2%, and 3%. PCL scaffolds were used as a control. Morphologically, the produced scaffolds presented porosities within the desired for cell incorporation (57% to 65%). When submitted to mechanical tests, the incorporation of cellulose affects the compression resistance of the majority of scaffolds. Regarding tensile strength, McC2% showed the highest values. It was proven that all manufactured scaffolds suffered degradation after 7 days of testing because of enzymatic reactions. This degradation may be due to the dissolution of PCL in the organic solvent. Biological tests revealed that PCL, CcC1%, and McC3% are the best materials to combine with human dental pulp stem/stromal cells. Overall, results suggest that cellulose incorporation in PCL scaffolds promotes cellular adhesion/proliferation. Methyl cellulose scaffolds demonstrated some advantageous compressive properties (closer to native cartilaginous tissue) to proceed to further studies for application in cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cordeiro
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui D. Alvites
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), Agroenvironment, Technologies and Sciences Institute (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Sousa
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), Agroenvironment, Technologies and Sciences Institute (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), Agroenvironment, Technologies and Sciences Institute (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), Agroenvironment, Technologies and Sciences Institute (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Maurício
- Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), Agroenvironment, Technologies and Sciences Institute (ICETA), University of Porto, Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (C.M.); Tel.: +351-244569441 (C.M.)
| | - Carla Moura
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Advanced Production and Intelligent Systems (ARISE), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Applied Research Institute (i2A), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços–S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (C.M.); Tel.: +351-244569441 (C.M.)
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Xu L, Ma W, Jin Y, Sun X, Chen N, Zhu X, Luo J, Li C, Zhao K, Zheng Y, Yu D. N, N-dimethylformamide exposure induced liver abnormal mitophagy by targeting miR-92a-1-5p-BNIP3L pathway in vivo and vitro. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156218. [PMID: 35623527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely existing harmful environmental pollutant from industrial emission which can threat human health for both occupational and general populations. Epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated liver as the primary target organ of DMF. However, the molecular mechanism under DMF-induced hepatoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, we identified that DMF could induce abnormal autophagy flux in cells. We also showed that DMF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and lethal mitophagy which further leads to autophagic cell death. Next, miRNA microarray analysis identified miR-92a-1-5p as the most down-regulated miRNA upon DMF exposure. Mechanistically, miR-92a-1-5p regulated mitochondrial function and mitophagy by targeting mitochondrial protein BNIP3L. Exogenous miR-92a-1-5p significantly attenuated DMF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. Our study highlights the mechanistic link between miRNAs and mitophagy under environmental stress, which provided a new clue for the mitochondrial epigenetics mechanism on environmental toxicant-induced hepatoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Ferrara F, Benedusi M, Cervellati F, Sguizzato M, Montesi L, Bondi A, Drechsler M, Pula W, Valacchi G, Esposito E. Dimethyl Fumarate-Loaded Transethosomes: A Formulative Study and Preliminary Ex Vivo and In Vivo Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158756. [PMID: 35955900 PMCID: PMC9369351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, transethosomes were investigated as potential delivery systems for dimethyl fumarate. A formulative study was performed investigating the effect of the composition of transethosomes on the morphology and size of vesicles, as well as drug entrapment capacity, using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, photon correlation spectroscopy, and HPLC. The stability of vesicles was evaluated, both for size increase and capability to control the drug degradation. Drug release kinetics and permeability profiles were evaluated in vitro using Franz cells, associated with different synthetic membranes. The in vitro viability, as well as the capacity to improve wound healing, were evaluated in human keratinocytes. Transmission electron microscopy enabled the evaluation of transethosome uptake and intracellular fate. Based on the obtained results, a transethosome gel was further formulated for the cutaneous application of dimethyl fumarate, the safety of which was evaluated in vivo with a patch test. It was found that the phosphatidylcholine concentration affected vesicle size and lamellarity, influencing the capacity to control dimethyl fumarate’s chemical stability and release kinetics. Indeed, phosphatidylcholine 2.7% w/w led to multivesicular vesicles with 344 nm mean size, controlling the drug’s chemical stability for at least 90 days. Conversely, phosphatidylcholine 0.9% w/w resulted in 130 nm sized unilamellar vesicles, which maintained 55% of the drug over 3 months. These latest kinds of transethosomes were able to improve wound healing in vitro and were easily internalised by keratinocytes. The selected transethosome gel, loading 25 mg/mL dimethyl fumarate, was not irritant after cutaneous application under occlusion, suggesting its possible suitability in the treatment of wounds caused by diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leda Montesi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Bondi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Keylab “Electron and Optical Microscopy”, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Walter Pula
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus, NC State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Cordeiro R, Henriques M, Silva JC, Antunes F, Alves N, Moura C. Corncob Cellulose Scaffolds: A New Sustainable Temporary Implant for Cartilage Replacement. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13. [PMID: 35645271 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering using scaffolds is a promising strategy to repair damaged articular cartilage, whose self-repair is inefficient. Cellulose properties have been recognized for their application in the biomedical field. The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize novel scaffolds based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and sustainable cellulose. Thus, the performance of corncob-derived cellulose (CC) in scaffolds as an alternative to wood cellulose (WC) was also investigated to reduce the environmental footprint. Two concentrations of CC in scaffolds were tested, 1% and 2% (w/w), and commercial WC using the same concentrations, as a control. Morphologically, all the developed scaffolds presented pore sizes of ~300 µm, 10 layers, a circular shape and well-dispersed cellulose. Thus, all of these characteristics and properties provide the manufactured scaffolds suitable for use in cartilage-replacement strategies. The use of 2% CC results in higher porosity (54.24%), which promotes cell infiltration/migration and nutrient exchange, and has similar mechanical properties to WC. As for the effects of enzymatic degradation of the scaffolds, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in resistance over time. However, the obtained compressive modulus of the scaffold with 2% CC was similar to that of WC. Overall, our results suggest that the integration of 2% corncob cellulose in PCL scaffolds could be a novel way to replace wood-cellulose-containing scaffolds, highlighting its potential for cartilage-replacement strategies.
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Abstract
Aims The role of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DM-OS) progression remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of DMF on DM-OS development. Methods Diabetic models of mice, RAW 264.7 cells, and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were established by streptozotocin stimulation, high glucose treatment, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) treatment, respectively. The effects of DMF on DM-OS development in these models were examined by micro-CT analysis, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, osteoclast differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells and BMMs, H&E and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of TRAP5b and c-terminal telopeptides of type 1 (CTX1) analyses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and Western blot. Results The established diabetic mice were more sensitive to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis, and DMF treatment inhibited the sensitivity. OVX-treated diabetic mice exhibited higher TRAP5b and c-terminal telopeptides of type 1 (CTX1) levels, and DMF treatment inhibited the enhancement. DMF reduced RAW 264.7 cell viability. Glucose treatment enhanced the levels of TRAP5b, cathepsin K, Atp6v0d2, and H+-ATPase, ROS, while DMF reversed this phenotype. The glucose-increased protein levels were inhibited by DMF in cells treated with RANKL. The expression levels of antioxidant enzymes Gclc, Gclm, Ho-1, and Nqo1 were upregulated by DMF. DMF attenuated high glucose-caused osteoclast differentiation by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling in BMMs. Conclusion DMF inhibits high glucose-induced osteoporosis by targeting MAPK and NF-κB signalling. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(4):200–209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Dong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Feng Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zhang Z, Zhu W, Liu Z, Liu Y, Chang C, Jiang H, Li R, Xiao Y, Chen W, Hu Q, Wang Q. Aberrant expression of miRNA‐192‐5p contributes to
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N
‐dimethylformamide‐induced hepatic apoptosis. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1683-1693. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Toxicology Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangzhou China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Ruobi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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Jiang H, Li R, Zhang Z, Chang C, Liu Y, Liu Z, He Q, Wang Q. Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα)-mediated erythroid-2-related factor-2 (NRF2) inactivation contributes to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-induced oxidative stress in HL-7702 and HuH6 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:470-482. [PMID: 31875996 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a colorless industrial solvent that is frequently used for chemical reactions. Epidemiologic studies and clinical case reports have consistently indicated that the main toxic effect after exposure to DMF is hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress is the pivotal molecular event of DMF-mediated hepatotoxicity; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that DMF (0-150 mM) exposure induced an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (NRF2) in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, our research revealed that the elevated ROS levels and the decline in NRF2-mediated anti-oxidative response in HL-7702 and HuH6 cells might be due to the DMF-induced accumulation of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) protein. Further investigation demonstrated that phosphorylation of the RXRα protein, which is mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), leads to the inhibition of RXRα protein degradation and in turn the accumulation of RXRα after DMF exposure. These findings provide information that improves our understanding of the role of RXRα in DMF-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruobi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianmei He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Li MJ, Zeng T. The deleterious effects of N,N-dimethylformamide on liver: A mini-review. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 298:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abdelrahman RS, Abdel-Rahman N. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in mice dependent of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Life Sci 2018; 217:251-260. [PMID: 30550888 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure worldwide. Hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen (ACT) overdose is mediated by its metabolic product promoting oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory mediators. Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) induces the release of cytoprotective enzymes in response to electrophilic or oxidative stress and is considered a promising therapeutic target. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a potent activator of (Nrf-2), its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of DMF have been highlighted recently. We designed this study to explore the effect of DMF (100 mg/kg, orally) administered once and twice on hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen (ACT, 500 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. DMF administration enhanced ACT-induced parameters in liver function, inhibited apoptosis and ameliorated the antioxidant machinery and inflammatory markers in a Nrf-2-dependent fashion. DMF elevated Nrf-2 and HO-1 levels and ameliorated liver injury as indicated by lowered levels of serum aminotransferases, ALP, GGT and bilirubin levels. Hepatic (Bcl-2) was elevated whereas hepatic caspase-3, NFκ-B, TNF-α and MPO were reduced. Hepatic levels of GSH, SOD, MDA and NO were altered promoting the antioxidant machinery. Histological examination of liver has further supported these results. These findings suggest that DMF can be employed in the treatment ACT-induced liver injury acting primarily through targeting Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab S Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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