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David J, Desmurs-Clavel H, Mechtouff L, Long A, Dargaud Y, Catella J. The obstetrical consequences of ischemic stroke in women of childbearing age. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024:10.1007/s00404-024-07498-y. [PMID: 38679658 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-024-07498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although recurrence risk is a major concern for women having had an ischemic stroke (IS) and who are planning a pregnancy, studies on recurrence risk and pregnancy outcomes are scarce and heterogeneous. METHODS This retrospective study assessed women aged 15-44 years with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke admitted in the Lyon Stroke Centre, France, between January 2009 and December 2013. The primary outcome was stroke recurrence during pregnancy or the post-partum period. Secondary outcomes were pregnancy complications. RESULTS Overall, 104 women with a prior ischemic stroke were included. Mean age at the time of the stroke was 36 ± 6.7 years old. Stroke etiology was large-artery atherosclerosis for 1 woman, cardioembolism for 23 women, and undetermined for 55 women. No antiphospholipid syndrome was found. Among them, 29 women had 58 subsequent pregnancies. Overall, there were three IS recurrence (2.9%), but none occurred during pregnancy. There were 27 miscarriages (47% of pregnancies), two pre-eclampsia (3%), and one stillbirth (1.7%). CONCLUSIONS We observed no recurrence of IS during pregnancy. The study also highlighted that the risk of miscarriages was higher than general population and that of stillbirth should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy David
- Service de Médecine Interne, Unité Médecine Vasculaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Helene Desmurs-Clavel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Unité Médecine Vasculaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- Unité d'hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Laura Mechtouff
- Stroke Department, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Long
- Service de Médecine Interne, Unité Médecine Vasculaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Yesim Dargaud
- Unité d'hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69003, Lyon, France
- EA, UFR Laennec, Université Claude Bernard, 4609-Hémostase et CancerLyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Judith Catella
- Service de Médecine Interne, Unité Médecine Vasculaire, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
- Interuniversity Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence du Globule Rouge (Labex GR-Ex), Paris, France.
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James AH, Strouse JJ. How I treat sickle cell disease in pregnancy. Blood 2024; 143:769-776. [PMID: 37979134 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fifty years ago, people with sickle cell disease (SCD) were discouraged from becoming pregnant, but now, most should be supported if they choose to pursue a pregnancy. They and their providers, however, should be aware of the physiological changes of pregnancy that aggravate SCD and pregnancy's unique maternal and fetal challenges. Maternal problems can arise from chronic underlying organ dysfunction such as renal disease or pulmonary hypertension; from acute complications of SCD such as acute anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, and acute chest syndrome; and/or from pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia, sepsis, severe anemia, thromboembolism, and the need for cesarean delivery. Fetal problems include alloimmunization, opioid exposure, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. Before and during pregnancy, in addition to the assessment and care that every pregnant patient should receive, patients with SCD should be evaluated and treated by a multidisciplinary team with respect to their unique maternal and fetal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra H James
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John Joseph Strouse
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Amikam U, Badeghiesh A, Baghlaf H, Brown R, Dahan MH. Pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes in women with a cerebrovascular-accident history prior to delivery - Evaluation of a population database. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25631. [PMID: 38375247 PMCID: PMC10875378 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) in childbearing-age women are rare. We aimed to evaluate the association between CVA events prior to delivery and obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) database. All pregnant women who delivered or had a maternal death in the US from 2004 to 2014 were included in the study. We performed a comparison between women with an ICD-9 diagnosis of CVA before the delivery admission and those without. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results In total, 9,096,788 women fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among them, 695 women (7.6 per 100,000) were diagnosed with a CVA before delivery. Women with a history of CVA, compared to those without, were more likely to be Black, older than 35 years of age, and suffer from obesity, chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, and thyroid disease. Patients with a prior CVA, compared to those without, had higher rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension (aOR 6.41, 95% CI 5.03-8.39, p < 0.001), preeclampsia (aOR 7.65, 95% CI 6.03-9.71, p < 0.001), and eclampsia (aOR 171.56, 95% CI 124.63-236.15, p < 0.001). Additionally, they had higher rates of preterm delivery (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.33-2.22,p = 0.003), cesarean section (aOR 2.69, 95% CI 2.15-3.37, p < 0.001), and maternal complications such as a peripartum hysterectomy (aOR 11.62, 95% CI 5.77-23.41, p < 0.001), postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 3.39, 95 % CI 2.52-4.54, p < 0.001), disseminated intravascular coagulation (aOR 16.32, 95% CI 11.33-23.52, p < 0.001), venous thromboembolism (aOR 45.08, 95% CI 27.17-74.8, p < 0.001), and maternal death (aOR 486.11, 95% CI 307.26-769.07, p < 0.001). Regarding neonatal outcomes, patients with a prior CVA, compared to those without, had a higher rate of intrauterine fetal demise and congenital anomalies. Conclusion Women with a CVA event before delivery have a significantly higher incidence of maternal complications, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and neonatal complications, such as intrauterine fetal demise and congenital anomalies. Rates of maternal death were dramatically increased, and this association requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Amikam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- The Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahmad Badeghiesh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Baghlaf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Brown
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael H. Dahan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Cherian L. Women and Ischemic Stroke. Neurol Clin 2023; 41:265-281. [PMID: 37030957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Although men are at higher risk of stroke throughout most of their lifespan, the incidence of stroke in women climbs with age, increasing after menopause and rising sharply after 85 years. This, combined with women's longer life expectancy, results in most of the stroke deaths occurring in women. In addition to accounting for a larger proportion of strokes, women may also suffer a survival disadvantage, which may be due to several factors. In many families, women are the primary caretakers. When they become disabled, there may be limited options to care for them. Others suggest that some of the disparities in stroke outcomes in women may be related to age, pre-stroke functional status, and comorbidities. Regardless of the cause, the increased disability and post-stroke care requirements of women, particularly in our aging population, highlight the importance of determining successful strategies for stroke prevention, acute stroke treatments, optimization of stroke rehabilitation, and effective secondary prevention measures in women.
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Doiron T, Ramseyer A, Phelps EN, Williams AJ, Teal LN, Hollenbach LL, Magann EF. Pregnancy-Related Stroke: A Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2022; 77:367-78. [PMID: 35672877 DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance The maternal risk of strokes in the United States is approximately 30/100,000 pregnancies, and strokes are the eighth leading cause of maternal death. Because of the relationship between stroke and significant neurological disability/maternal death, obstetrical health care providers must be able to identify, evaluate, diagnosis, and treat these women. Evidence Acquisition PubMed was searched using the search terms "stroke" OR "cerebrovascular accident" OR "intracranial hemorrhage" AND "pregnancy complications" OR "risk factors" OR "management" OR "outcome." The search was limited to the English language and was restricted to articles from 2000 to 2020. Results There were 319 abstracts identified, and 90 of the articles were ultimately used as the basis of this review. Presenting stroke signs and symptoms include headache, composite neurologic defects, seizures, and/or visual changes. Diagnosis is typically made with computed tomography scan using abdominal shielding or magnetic resonance imaging without contrast. Management options for an ischemic stroke include reperfusion therapy with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator catheter-based thrombolysis and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Hemorrhagic strokes are treated similarly to strokes outside of pregnancy, and that treatment is based on the severity and location of the hemorrhage. Conclusions and Relevance Early recognition and management are integral in decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with a stroke in pregnancy. Relevance Statement This study was an evidence-based review of stroke in pregnancy and how to diagnose and mange a pregnancy complicated by a stroke.
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Ijäs P. Trends in the Incidence and Risk Factors of Pregnancy-Associated Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:833215. [PMID: 35481266 PMCID: PMC9035801 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.833215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a female-specific risk factor for stroke. Although pregnancy-associated stroke (PAS) is a rare event, PAS leads to considerable maternal mortality and morbidity. It is estimated that 7.7–15% of all maternal deaths worldwide are caused by stroke and 30–50% of surviving women are left with persistent neurological deficits. During last decade, several studies have reported an increasing incidence of PAS. The objective of this review is to summarize studies on time trends of PAS in relation to trends in the prevalence of stroke risk factors in pregnant women. Seven retrospective national healthcare register-based cohort studies from the US, Canada, UK, Sweden, and Finland were identified. Five studies from the US, Canada, and Finland reported an increasing trend of PAS. Potential biases include more sensitive diagnostics and improved stroke awareness among pregnant women and professionals toward the end of the study period. However, the concurrent increase in the prevalence of several stroke risk factors among pregnant women, particularly advanced age, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity, indicate that the findings are likely robust and should be considered seriously. To reduce stroke in pregnancy, increased awareness among all medical specialties and pregnant women on the importance of risk-factor management during pregnancy and stroke symptoms is necessary. Important preventive measures include counseling for smoking cessation and substance abuse, treatment of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, use of aspirin in women at high risk for developing preeclampsia, and antithrombotic medication and pregnancy surveillance for women with high-risk conditions. Epidemiological data from countries with a high risk-factor burden are largely missing. National and international registries and prospective studies are needed to increase knowledge on the mechanisms, risk factors, management, and future implications for the health of women who experience this rare but devastating complication of pregnancy.
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Miller EC. Maternal Stroke Associated With Pregnancy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:93-121. [PMID: 35133313 PMCID: PMC10101187 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of cerebrovascular disease in pregnant and postpartum women. RECENT FINDINGS Stroke is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, and most fatal strokes are preventable. Adaptive physiologic changes of pregnancy, including hemodynamic changes, venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and immunomodulation, contribute to increased maternal stroke risk. The highest-risk time period for maternal stroke is the immediate postpartum period. Migraine and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, are major risk factors for maternal stroke. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction, are important risk factors for cerebrovascular disease later in life. SUMMARY Many catastrophic maternal strokes could be avoided with targeted prevention efforts, early recognition of warning signs, and rapid evaluation of neurologic symptoms. Neurologists play a central role in the care of pregnant patients with cerebrovascular disease, whether acute or chronic, and should be familiar with the unique and complex physiology of pregnancy and its complications, particularly hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cerebrovascular disorders during pregnancy and puerperium are uncommon but potentially serious entities. This review aims to provide guidance on the diagnosis and management of these diseases, according to the most recent findings. RECENT FINDINGS Proteinuria is no longer a mandatory criterion for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Favourable long-term foetal and maternal outcomes are achieved in most patients with ruptured cerebral arterial malformations during pregnancy receiving interventional treatment prior to delivery. Despite the recent recommendations, physicians still hesitate to administer thrombolysis in pregnant women. In women with a history of cerebral venous thrombosis, prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy and puerperium is associated with lower rates of recurrent thrombotic events and miscarriage. SUMMARY Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a continuum of failure of autoregulation mechanisms that may lead to eclampsia, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and stroke. MRI is the preferred imaging modality of choice. In the absence of specific contraindications, treatment of cerebrovascular complications should not be withheld from pregnant women, including reperfusion therapies in acute ischemic stroke and treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Previous history of stroke alone does not contraindicate future pregnancy, but counselling and implementation of prevention strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria - CHULN
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria - CHULN
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
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Assif M, Lamy C, De Gaalon S, Caroit Y, Bourcier R, Preterre C, Guillon B. Cervical Artery Dissection in Young Women: Risk of Recurrence During Subsequent Pregnancies. Neurol Clin Pract 2022; 11:e803-e808. [PMID: 34992962 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the risk of recurrence of cervical artery dissection (CAD) during pregnancy and puerperium in women with a history of CAD and then help physicians with providing medical information to women who wish to become pregnant. Methods Women aged 16-45 years who were admitted to our center for a CAD between 2005 and 2017 were identified from the hospital database, and those with spontaneous and symptomatic CAD were included. They were then contacted to answer a questionnaire that was specifically designed in regard to the recurrence of CAD and pregnancies after the primary CAD. Results Ninety-one patients satisfied our inclusion criteria, and 89 were included in the analysis. During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 4 women (4.4%) had recurrent CAD, although none during pregnancy or puerperium. Eighteen women (20%) had a total of 20 full-term pregnancies, occurring at least 6 months after CAD. Of these 20 pregnancies, 13 (65%) were vaginal deliveries, and 7 (35%) were cesarean sections. The reason for the absence of pregnancies after the initial CAD was unrelated to the vascular event in 89% of cases, but 8% of the women had been advised by a physician to avoid any future pregnancy or they had been recommended to undergo abortion or sterilization. Conclusion In this study, there were no CAD recurrences during subsequent pregnancies or postpartum, irrespective of the type of delivery. Thus, pregnancy after a history of CAD appears to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Assif
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Catherine Lamy
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Solène De Gaalon
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Yolande Caroit
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Romain Bourcier
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Cécile Preterre
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
| | - Benoit Guillon
- Stroke Unit (MA, SDG, CP, BG), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neurology (CL), Paris Descartes University, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (YC), Nantes University Hospital; Department of Neuroradiology (RB), Nantes University Hospital, France
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Karjalainen L, Tikkanen M, Rantanen K, Aarnio K, Korhonen A, Saaros A, Laivuori H, Gissler M, Ijäs P. Stroke in Pregnancy and Puerperium: Validated Incidence Trends With Risk Factor Analysis in Finland 1987-2016. Neurology 2021; 96:e2564-e2575. [PMID: 33827961 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether previously reported increasing incidence of pregnancy-associated stroke (PAS) is observed in chart-validated register data in Finland. In an exploratory analysis, we studied risk factors for PAS. METHODS We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study and nested case-control study in Finland from 1987 to 2016. The Medical Birth Register (MBR) was linked to the Hospital Discharge Register to identify women with incident stroke (ischemic stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage) during pregnancy or puerperium. Cases were verified from patient records. Incidence of PAS over the study period in 5-year age groups and pregnancy/postpartum period was calculated per number of deliveries. Three matched controls were selected for each case from MBR to compare risk factors. RESULTS After chart review, 29.6% (257 of 868) of cases were PAS. The incidence of PAS was 14.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.8-16.3) per 100,000 deliveries. Incidence increased from 11.1 to 25.2 per 100,000 deliveries from 1987 to 1991 to 2012 to 2016 (p < 0.0001). Incidence increased by age from 9.8 to 29.9 per 100,000 deliveries from 20 to 24 years to >40 years of age (p < 0.0001). During the early postpartum period, incidence was 5-fold greater compared to the first trimester. Maternal mortality was 6.6%. In the multivariable-adjusted model, smoking beyond 12 gestational weeks (odds ratio [OR] 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.7), migraine (OR 16.3, 95% CI 5.3-49.8), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.5-6.3) were the most important risk factors for PAS. CONCLUSION PAS incidence is increasing, stressing the importance of careful pregnancy surveillance and risk factor management, particularly in older expectant mothers and extending to puerperium. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that smoking beyond 12 gestational weeks, migraine, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of PAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Karjalainen
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Minna Tikkanen
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsi Rantanen
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karoliina Aarnio
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aino Korhonen
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Saaros
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Gissler
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Ijäs
- From Neurology (L.K., K.R., K.A., A.K., A.S., P.I.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.T.), and Medical and Clinical Genetics (H.L.), University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.K.), University of Helsinki and Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Hyvinkää/Helsinki; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (H.L.), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.), Tampere University Hospital; Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (H.L.), Tampere University; Department of Information Services (M.G.), Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Neurobiology (M.G.), Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Maternal mortality rates have been steadily increasing in the United States, and cardiovascular mortality is the leading cause of death among pregnant and postpartum women. Maternal stroke accounts for a significant burden of cardiovascular mortality. Data suggest that rates of maternal stroke have been increasing in recent years. Advancing maternal age at the time of birth and the increasing prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and other risk factors, as well, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, migraine, and infections, may contribute to increased rates of maternal stroke. In this article, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of maternal stroke, explore mechanisms that may explain increasing rates of stroke among pregnant women, and identify key knowledge gaps for future investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Y Elgendy
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha (I.Y.E.)
| | - Syed Bukhari
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (S.B., A.F.B.)
| | - Amr F Barakat
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (S.B., A.F.B.)
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (C.J.P.)
| | - Kathryn J Lindley
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO (K.J.L.)
| | - Eliza C Miller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (E.C.M.)
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12
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Willekens B, Kleffner I. Susac syndrome and pregnancy: a review of published cases and considerations for patient management. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:1756286420981352. [PMID: 33796140 PMCID: PMC7970706 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420981352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare autoimmune endotheliopathy leading to hearing loss, branch retinal artery occlusions and encephalopathy. Young females are more frequently affected than males, making counselling for family planning an important issue. We reviewed published cases on SuS during pregnancy or in the postpartum period, and selected 27 reports describing the details of 33 patients with SuS. Treatment options and implications for pregnancy and breastfeeding are discussed. We propose new areas for research and suggest a management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Willekens
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, Edegem, 2650, Belgium
| | - Ilka Kleffner
- University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Austin K, Seeho S, Ibiebele I, Ford J, Morris J, Torvaldsen S. Pregnancy outcomes for women with a history of stroke: A population-based record linkage study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2020; 61:239-243. [PMID: 33179764 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the pregnancy outcomes of women who have had a stroke prior to a first pregnancy. AIM To identify a cohort of primiparous women giving birth to a single baby and compare the pregnancy outcomes of those with a pre-pregnancy stroke hospitalisation record to those without a stroke hospitalisation record. MATERIALS AND METHODS Record linkage study of all primiparous women aged 15-44 years with singleton pregnancies birthing in New South Wales, Australia from 2003 to 2015. Stroke was identified from 2001 to 2015 hospital data using International Classification of Diseases tenth Edition - Australian Modification codes I60-64. Women whose first hospital record of stroke was during pregnancy or <42 days after birth were excluded. Outcomes included diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy, mode of delivery, haemorrhage, severe maternal morbidity (validated composite outcome indicator), gestational age at birth, Apgar score (1 min < 7), and small-for-gestational age. RESULTS Of 487 767 women with a first pregnancy, 124 (2.5/10 000) had a hospital record which included a pre-pregnancy stroke diagnosis. Women with a stroke history were more likely to have an early-term delivery (37-38 weeks; relative risk (RR) 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.90) and a pre-labour caesarean (RR 2.83, 95% CI 2.20-3.63). There were no significant differences in other maternal or neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSION This is the largest reported study of pregnancy and birth outcomes for women with a history of stroke. With the exception of pre-labour caesarean, there were no differences in pregnancy outcomes for women with a history of stroke compared with women with no history of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Austin
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Seeho
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ibinabo Ibiebele
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Ford
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Morris
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Siranda Torvaldsen
- Women and Babies Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Ramirez J, Holmes MF, Scott CJM, Ozzoude M, Adamo S, Szilagyi GM, Goubran M, Gao F, Arnott SR, Lawrence-Dewar JM, Beaton D, Strother SC, Munoz DP, Masellis M, Swartz RH, Bartha R, Symons S, Black SE. Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI): Structural MRI Methods and Outcome Measures. Front Neurol 2020; 11:847. [PMID: 32849254 PMCID: PMC7431907 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ontario Neurodegenerative Research Initiative (ONDRI) is a 3 years multi-site prospective cohort study that has acquired comprehensive multiple assessment platform data, including 3T structural MRI, from neurodegenerative patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and cerebrovascular disease. This heterogeneous cross-section of patients with complex neurodegenerative and neurovascular pathologies pose significant challenges for standard neuroimaging tools. To effectively quantify regional measures of normal and pathological brain tissue volumes, the ONDRI neuroimaging platform implemented a semi-automated MRI processing pipeline that was able to address many of the challenges resulting from this heterogeneity. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a reference and conceptual overview of the comprehensive neuroimaging pipeline used to generate regional brain tissue volumes and neurovascular marker data that will be made publicly available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Ramirez
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa F Holmes
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miracle Ozzoude
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Adamo
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Szilagyi
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maged Goubran
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Gao
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Derek Beaton
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Mehta LS, Warnes CA, Bradley E, Burton T, Economy K, Mehran R, Safdar B, Sharma G, Wood M, Valente AM, Volgman AS. Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 141:e884-e903. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardio-obstetrics has emerged as an important multidisciplinary field that requires a team approach to the management of cardiovascular disease during pregnancy. Cardiac conditions during pregnancy include hypertensive disorders, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, valvular disease, thromboembolic disease, aortic disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of pregnancy-related mortality in the United States. Advancing maternal age and preexisting comorbid conditions have contributed to the increased rates of maternal mortality. Preconception counseling by the multidisciplinary cardio-obstetrics team is essential for women with preexistent cardiac conditions or history of preeclampsia. Early involvement of the cardio-obstetrics team is critical to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality during the length of the pregnancy and 1 year postpartum. A general understanding of cardiovascular disease during pregnancy should be a core knowledge area for all cardiovascular and primary care clinicians. This scientific statement provides an overview of the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during pregnancy.
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16
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Abstract
Several recent randomised control trials have shown adjunctive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy to be an effective and safe treatment for acute stroke superior to medical therapy alone. Despite this, questions remain over certain groups of patients that have been excluded from these studies, such as pregnant women. We believe this is a topic of increasing clinical significance with minimal data in the literature. In this article we discuss stroke in pregnancy and highlight the important technical considerations of endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, including minimising radiation exposure to the mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminderjit Kular
- Department of Clinical Radiology,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ramya Ram
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Vartan Balian
- Department of Clinical Radiology,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - George Tse
- Department of Clinical Radiology,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stuart Coley
- Department of Clinical Radiology,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shenaaz Jivraj
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sanjoy Nagaraja
- Department of Clinical Radiology,
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews sex differences in stroke risk and presentation, with a particular emphasis on the unique risk factors women experience throughout the lifespan. RECENT FINDINGS Although prior studies suggested women have worse outcomes after stroke, it is now clear that age, prestroke functional status, and comorbidities explain many of the differences between men and women in stroke severity, functional outcomes, and mortality. Several meta-analyses and large cohort studies have evaluated the risk factors for women related to reproductive factors and found that fewer years between menarche and menopause, pregnancy complications (preeclampsia/eclampsia, preterm delivery, and stillbirth), oophorectomy, hormone replacement therapy use, and younger age at menopause all increase the risk of stroke. Although the nonreproductive risks of stroke overlap between men and women, those with greater impact on women include age, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, socioeconomic status, and depression. SUMMARY Significant sex differences are observed in risk factors of stroke and stroke outcome. Including this information in the clinical assessment of the individual patient may support development of more effective prevention plans.
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18
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Barghouthi T, Lemley R, Figurelle M, Bushnell C. Epidemiology of neurologic disease in pregnancy. Handb Clin Neurol 2020; 171:119-141. [PMID: 32736746 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many neurologic diseases in women are influenced by the physiologic and hormonal changes of pregnancy, and pregnancy itself poses challenges in both treatment and evaluation of these conditions. Some diseases, such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis, have a high enough prevalence in the young female population to support robust epidemiologic data while many other neurologic diseases, such as specific myopathies and muscular dystrophies, have a low prevalence, with data limited to case reports and small case series. This chapter features epidemiologic information regarding a breadth of neurologic conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, peripheral neuropathies, migraine, sleep-disordered breathing, and meningioma, in women in the preconception, pregnancy, and postpartum stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Barghouthi
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Regan Lemley
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Morgan Figurelle
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Cheryl Bushnell
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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19
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Abstract
Maternal ischemic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) are dreaded complications of pregnancy and major contributors to maternal disability and mortality. This chapter summarizes the incidence and risk factors for maternal arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and CVST and discusses the pathophysiology of maternal AIS and CVST. The diagnosis, treatment, and secondary preventive strategies for maternal stroke are also reviewed. Special populations at high risk of maternal stroke, including women with moyamoya disease, sickle cell disease, HIV, thrombophilia, and genetic cerebrovascular disorders, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Roeder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jean Rodriguez Lopez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eliza C Miller
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriny S Khalid
- Specialist Registrar Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Cork Street, Dublin 8 Dublin Ireland
| | - Adriana Hadbavna
- Clinical Fellow in Stroke Medicine Beaumont Hospital Beaumont Road, Dublin 9 Dublin Ireland
| | - David Williams
- Associate Professor in Geriatric Medicine and Consultant Stroke Physician Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Bridgette Byrne
- Consultant Obstetrician/Gynaecologist and Senior Lecturer Royal College of Surgeons in IrelandCoombe Women and Infants Hospital Cork Street, Dublin 8 Dublin Ireland
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21
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Ryman KM, Pace WD, Smith S, Fontaine GV. Alteplase Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Pregnancy: Two Case Reports and a Systematic Review of the Literature. Pharmacotherapy 2019; 39:767-774. [PMID: 31077601 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) during pregnancy is a rare but serious complication. Intravenous alteplase is the only medication approved for hyperacute treatment of AIS; however, it has not been evaluated prospectively in pregnancy. Pregnancy was an exclusion criterion in prospective AIS studies and was only recently removed as a relative contraindication in the 2018 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke guidelines. Due to the exclusion of pregnant women from randomized controlled trials, the safety of fibrinolytic therapy in pregnant patients is not well established. In this review, we report the use of intravenous alteplase for AIS in two pregnant patients, with temporally associated clinical improvement and without complications to either the mother or fetus. Additionally, we summarize a systematic review of the literature for both intravenous and intra-arterial alteplase use for AIS in pregnant patients. A total of 31 cases met inclusion criteria for this review of assessment of safety and efficacy of alteplase use in pregnancy. Existing case reports and guidelines support the use of alteplase for AIS in pregnant patients without contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klayton M Ryman
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
- Department of Pharmacy, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wilson D Pace
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
| | - Shawn Smith
- Department of Neurology, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
- Neurosciences Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gabriel V Fontaine
- Department of Pharmacy, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
- Neurosciences Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Roseman University College of Pharmacy, South Jordan, Utah
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Maternal morbidity and mortality is rising in the USA, and maternal stroke is a major contributor. Here, we review the epidemiology, risk factors, and current recommendations for diagnosis and acute treatment of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke during pregnancy and postpartum, focusing on recent evidence. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of maternal stroke has risen in recent years, possibly due to increasing rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The risk of maternal stroke is highest in the peripartum and early postpartum period. Preeclampsia is highly associated with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and is also associated with long-term increased risk of stroke and vascular dementia. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, migraine, and infections are risk factors for maternal stroke. Limited data suggest that thrombolytics and endovascular reperfusion therapy are safe and effective in pregnant women with ischemic stroke, but few data are available regarding safety of thrombolytics in the postpartum period. New consensus guidelines are now available to assist with management of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in pregnancy. Many gaps remain in our understanding of maternal stroke. While risk factors have been identified, there are no prediction tools to help identify which women might be at highest risk for postpartum stroke and require closer monitoring. The risk of recurrent maternal stroke has not been adequately quantified, limiting clinicians' ability to counsel patients. The complex pathophysiology of preeclampsia and its effects on the cerebral vasculature require further targeted study. An increased focus on the prevention, recognition, and optimal treatment of maternal stroke will be critical to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Zambrano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eliza C Miller
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- Neurological Institute of New York, 710 West 168th Street, 6th floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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23
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Cunningham TK, Draper H, Rajesh U. Management of a pregnancy with underlying fibromuscular dysplasia with a history of stroke and carotid artery dissection. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2018; 39:417-419. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1491961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Draper
- The Women and Children’s Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - Uma Rajesh
- The Women and Children’s Hospital, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
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24
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Ladhani NNN, Swartz RH, Foley N, Nerenberg K, Smith EE, Gubitz G, Dowlatshahi D, Potts J, Ray JG, Barrett J, Bushnell C, Bal S, Chan WS, Chari R, El Amrani M, Gandhi S, Hill MD, James A, Jeerakathil T, Jin A, Kirton A, Lanthier S, Lausman A, Leffert LR, Mandzia J, Menon B, Pikula A, Poppe A, Saposnik G, Sharma M, Bhogal S, Smitko E, Lindsay MP. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Consensus Statement: Acute Stroke Management during pregnancy. Int J Stroke 2018; 13:743-758. [PMID: 30021491 DOI: 10.1177/1747493018786617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Consensus Statement Acute Stroke Management during Pregnancy is the second of a two-part series devoted to stroke in pregnancy. The first part focused on the unique aspects of secondary stroke prevention in a woman with a prior history of stroke who is, or is planning to become, pregnant. This document focuses on the management of a woman who experiences an acute stroke during pregnancy. This consensus statement was developed in recognition of the need for a specifically tailored approach to the management of this group of patients in the absence of any broad-based, stroke-specific guidelines or consensus statements, which do not exist currently. The foundation for the development of this document was the concept that maternal health is vital for fetal well-being; therefore, management decisions should be based first on the confluence of two clinical considerations: (a) decisions that would be made if the patient wasn't pregnant and (b) decisions that would be made if the patient hadn't had a stroke, then nuanced as needed. While empirical research in this area is limited, this consensus document is based on the best available literature and guided by expert consensus. Issues addressed in this document include initial emergency management, diagnostic imaging, acute stroke treatment, the management of hemorrhagic stroke, anesthetic management, post stroke management for women with a stroke in pregnancy, intrapartum considerations, and postpartum management. These statements are appropriate for healthcare professionals across all disciplines and system planners to ensure pregnant women who experience a stroke have timely access to both expert neurological and obstetric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Niyar N Ladhani
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,2 Faculty of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,3 Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Norine Foley
- 4 Department of Foods and Nutrition, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,5 workHORSE Consulting Group, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- 6 Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,8 Calgary Stroke Program, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gord Gubitz
- 9 Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada.,10 Department of Medicine (Neurology), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Jayson Potts
- 12 Department of Obstetric General Internal Medicine, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joel G Ray
- 2 Faculty of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,13 Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jon Barrett
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.,2 Faculty of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cheryl Bushnell
- 14 Wake Forest Baptist Stroke Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Simerpreet Bal
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wee-Shian Chan
- 12 Department of Obstetric General Internal Medicine, British Columbia Women's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Radha Chari
- 15 Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meryem El Amrani
- 16 Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shital Gandhi
- 2 Faculty of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,17 Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Hill
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,8 Calgary Stroke Program, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andra James
- 18 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- 19 Department of Medicine & Dentistry (Neurosciences), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Albert Jin
- 20 Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,8 Calgary Stroke Program, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sylvain Lanthier
- 16 Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Lausman
- 2 Faculty of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynecology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,13 Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lisa Rae Leffert
- 21 Department of Obstetric Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Mandzia
- 22 Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Bijoy Menon
- 7 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,8 Calgary Stroke Program, Calgary, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Pikula
- 3 Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,23 Neurovascular Unit, University Health Network/Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexandre Poppe
- 24 Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- 3 Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,25 Stroke Research Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mukul Sharma
- 26 Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sanjit Bhogal
- 5 workHORSE Consulting Group, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M Patrice Lindsay
- 27 Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Toronto, Canada.,28 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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