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Moriyama A, Ueda H, Narumi K, Asano S, Furugen A, Saito Y, Kobayashi M. Contribution of aldehyde oxidase to methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity: In Vitro and pharmacoepidemiological approaches. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38706380 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2352453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) is partially metabolized by aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in the liver and its clinical impact remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate how AOX contributes to MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and clarify the relationship between concomitant AOX inhibitor use and MTX-associated liver injury development using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). METHODS We assessed intracellular MTX accumulation and cytotoxicity using HepG2 cells. We used the FAERS database to detect reporting odds ratio (ROR)-based MTX-related hepatotoxicity event signals. RESULTS AOX inhibition by AOX inhibitor raloxifene and siRNA increased the MTX accumulation in HepG2 cells and enhanced the MTX-induced cell viability reduction. In the FAERS analysis, the ROR for MTX-related hepatotoxicity increased with non-overlap of 95% confidence interval when co-administered with drugs with higher Imax, u (maximum unbound plasma concentration)/IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration for inhibition of AOX) calculated based on reported pharmacokinetic data. CONCLUSION AOX inhibition contributed to MTX accumulation in the liver, resulting in increased hepatotoxicity. Our study raises concerns regarding MTX-related hepatotoxicity when co-administered with drugs that possibly inhibit AOX activity at clinical concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Moriyama
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hinata Ueda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuho Asano
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Saito
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Education Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Close DA, Johnston PA. WITHDRAWN: Detection and impact of hypoxic regions in multicellular tumor spheroid cultures formed by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells lines. SLAS Discov 2023; 29:130. [PMID: 38101574 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
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Sharlow ER, Llaneza DC, Grever WE, Mingledorff GA, Mendelson AJ, Bloom GS, Lazo JS. High content screening miniaturization and single cell imaging of mature human feeder layer-free iPSC-derived neurons. SLAS Discov 2023; 28:275-283. [PMID: 36273809 PMCID: PMC10119332 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons are being increasingly used for high content imaging and screening. However, iPSC-derived neuronal differentiation and maturation is time-intensive, often requiring >8 weeks. Unfortunately, the differentiating and maturing iPSC-derived neuronal cultures also tend to migrate and coalesce into ganglion-like clusters making single-cell analysis challenging, especially in miniaturized formats. Using our defined extracellular matrix and low oxygen culturing conditions for the differentiation and maturation of human cortical neurons, we further modified neuronal progenitor cell seeding densities and feeder layer-free culturing conditions in miniaturized formats (i.e., 96 well) to decrease neuronal clustering, enhance single-cell identification and reduce edge effects usually observed after extended neuronal cell culture. Subsequent algorithm development refined capabilities to distinguish and identify single mature neurons, as identified by NeuN expression, from large cellular aggregates, which were excluded from image analysis. Incorporation of astrocyte conditioned medium during differentiation and maturation periods significantly increased the percentage (i.e., ∼10% to ∼30%) of mature neurons (i.e., NeuN+) detected at 4-weeks post-differentiation. Pilot, proof of concept studies using this optimized assay system yielded negligible edge effects and robust Z-factors in population-based as well as image-based neurotoxicity assay formats. Moreover, moxidectin, an FDA-approved drug with documented neurotoxic adverse effects, was identified as a hit using both screening formats. This miniaturized, feeder layer-free format and image analysis algorithm provides a foundational imaging and screening platform, which enables quantitative single-cell analysis of differentiated human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA.
| | - Danielle C Llaneza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | | | - Garnett A Mingledorff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - Anna J Mendelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, 420 Gilmer Hall, 485 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville VA 22904, USA
| | - John S Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Pinn Hall, 5th Floor, P.O. Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
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Taurin S, Rosengren RJ. Raloxifene potentiates the effect of gefitinib in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Med Oncol 2022; 40:45. [PMID: 36494506 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are characterized by a lack of approved targeted therapies and remain a challenge in the clinic. Several overexpressed proteins, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), have been associated with TNBCs and are considered potential therapeutic targets. However, EGFR inhibitors alone failed to demonstrate a cutting-edge advantage for treating TNBCs over conventional chemotherapies. Studies have shown that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) tamoxifen and raloxifene also affect TNBC cell viability. The combination of gefitinib and raloxifene was assessed against TNBC cell lines in vitro. Two TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, were used to investigate the combination of gefitinib and raloxifene on cell viability, DNA synthesis, and apoptosis. The combination was assessed on intracellular signaling pathways, colony formation, migration, and angiogenesis. In the present study, raloxifene, in combination with gefitinib, decreased cell viability. The combination potentiates apoptosis and affects the expression and phosphorylation pattern of proteins involved in cell proliferation, such as NFκB, β-catenin, and EGFR. Furthermore, evidence of apoptosis activation was also observed, along with a decreased cell migration and tumorigenicity of TNBC cells. Moreover, the combined treatment decreased the ability of neovascularization as assessed by tube formation of endothelial cells. These results suggested the potential of the combination of raloxifene and gefitinib for the prevention of TNBC growth and the appearance of metastatic events. Our findings provide the basis for future studies on the mechanism involved in raloxifene-gefitinib inhibition of ER-negative tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Building 293, Road 2904 Block 329, Manama, 007, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mahey N, Tambat R, Chandal N, Verma DK, Thakur KG, Nandanwar H. Repurposing Approved Drugs as Fluoroquinolone Potentiators to Overcome Efflux Pump Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0095121. [PMID: 34908453 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00951-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile human commensal bacteria and pathogen that causes various community and hospital-acquired infections. The S. aureus efflux pump NorA which belongs to the major facilitator superfamily, confers resistance to a range of substrates. Many efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been discovered, but none is clinically approved due to their undesirable toxicities. In this study, we have screened clinically approved drugs for possible NorA EPI-like activity. We identified six drugs that showed the best efflux pump inhibition in vitro, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ≤0.5, indicating synergism with hydrophilic fluoroquinolones. The mechanistic validation of efflux inhibitory potential was demonstrated in ethidium bromide-based accumulation and efflux inhibition assays. We further confirmed the functionality of EPIs by norfloxacin accumulation assay depicting more realistic proof of the conjecture. None of the EPIs disturbed membrane function or depleted the ATP synthesis levels in bacteria. Both raloxifene and pyrvinium displayed an increase in bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin in time-kill kinetics, prolonged its post-antibiotic effect, and reduced the frequency of spontaneous resistant mutant development. The combination of EPIs with ciprofloxacin caused significant eradication of preformed biofilms. Moreover, in the murine thigh infection model, a single dose of pyrvinium combined with ciprofloxacin reduced the bacterial burden significantly compared to untreated control and ciprofloxacin alone, indicating the efficacy of the combination. Conclusively, this study represents approved drugs that can be repurposed and combined with antibiotics as NorA EPIs, having anti-biofilm properties to treat severe S. aureus infections at clinically relevant concentrations. IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus is a frequent pathogen bacterium and the predominant cause of worsened nosocomial infections. Efflux pumps contribute to drug efflux and are reportedly associated with biofilm formation, thereby promoting difficult-to-treat biofilm-associated S. aureus infections. One strategy to combat these bacteria is to reduce active efflux and increase pathogen sensitivity to existing antibiotics. Repurposing approved drugs may solve the classical toxicity issues with previous efflux pump inhibitors and help reach sufficient plasma concentrations. We describe the in silico-based screening of FDA-approved drugs that identified six different molecules able to inhibit NorA pump (Major Facilitator Superfamily). Our study highlights that these compounds bind to and block the activity of the NorA pump and increase the sensitivity of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus to fluoroquinolones. These drugs combined with fluoroquinolones significantly reduced the preformed biofilms and displayed significant efficacy in the murine thigh infection model when compared to untreated control and ciprofloxacin alone.
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Close DA, Kirkwood JM, Fecek RJ, Storkus WJ, Johnston PA. Unbiased High-Throughput Drug Combination Pilot Screening Identifies Synergistic Drug Combinations Effective against Patient-Derived and Drug-Resistant Melanoma Cell Lines. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:712-729. [PMID: 33208016 PMCID: PMC8128935 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220970917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development, optimization, and validation of 384-well growth inhibition assays for six patient-derived melanoma cell lines (PDMCLs), three wild type (WT) for BRAF and three with V600E-BRAF mutations. We conducted a pilot drug combination (DC) high-throughput screening (HTS) of 45 pairwise 4×4 DC matrices prepared from 10 drugs in the PDMCL assays: two B-Raf inhibitors (BRAFi), a MEK inhibitor (MEKi), and a methylation agent approved for melanoma; cytotoxic topoisomerase II and DNA methyltransferase chemotherapies; and drugs targeting the base excision DNA repair enzyme APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox effector factor-1), SRC family tyrosine kinases, the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) molecular chaperone, and histone deacetylases.Pairwise DCs between dasatinib and three drugs approved for melanoma therapy-dabrafenib, vemurafenib, or trametinib-were flagged as synergistic in PDMCLs. Exposure to fixed DC ratios of the SRC inhibitor dasatinib with the BRAFis or MEKis interacted synergistically to increase PDMCL sensitivity to growth inhibition and enhance cytotoxicity independently of PDMCL BRAF status. These DCs synergistically inhibited the growth of mouse melanoma cell lines that either were dabrafenib-sensitive or had acquired resistance to dabrafenib with cross resistance to vemurafenib, trametinib, and dasatinib. Dasatinib DCs with dabrafenib, vemurafenib, or trametinib activated apoptosis and increased cell death in melanoma cells independently of their BRAF status or their drug resistance phenotypes. These preclinical in vitro studies provide a data-driven rationale for the further investigation of DCs between dasatinib and BRAFis or MEKis as candidates for melanoma combination therapies with the potential to improve outcomes and/or prevent or delay the emergence of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Dermatology, Translational Science, and Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ronald J. Fecek
- Department of Microbiology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Immunology, Bioengineering and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Paul A. Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Kochanek SJ, Close DA, Camarco DP, Johnston PA. Maximizing the Value of Cancer Drug Screening in Multicellular Tumor Spheroid Cultures: A Case Study in Five Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines. SLAS Discov 2020; 25:329-349. [PMID: 31983262 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219896999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With approval rates <5% and the probability of success in oncology clinical trials of 3.4%, more physiologically relevant in vitro three-dimensional models are being deployed during lead generation to select better drug candidates for solid tumors. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) resemble avascular tumor nodules, micrometastases, or the intervascular regions of large solid tumors with respect to morphology, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts, and volume growth kinetics. MCTSs develop gradients of nutrient and oxygen concentration resulting in diverse microenvironments with differential proliferation and drug distribution zones. We produced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) MCTSs in 384-well U-bottom ultra-low-attachment microtiter plates and used metabolic viability and imaging methods to measure morphologies, growth phenotypes and the effects of 19 anticancer drugs. We showed that cell viability measurements underestimated the impact of drug exposure in HNSCC MCTS cultures, but that incorporating morphology and dead-cell staining analyses increased the number of drugs judged to have substantially impacted MCTS cultures. A cumulative multiparameter drug impact score enabled us to stratify MCTS drug responses into high-, intermediate-, and low-impact tiers, and maximized the value of these more physiologically relevant tumor cultures. It is conceivable that the viable cells present in MCTS cultures after drug exposure arise from drug-resistant populations that could represent a source of drug failure and recurrence. Long-term monitoring of treated MCTS cultures could provide a strategy to determine whether these drug-resistant populations represent circumstances where tumor growth is delayed and may ultimately give rise to regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton J Kochanek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David A Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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