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Du Q, Zhang D, Hu W, Li X, Xia Q, Wen T, Jia H. Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:31. [PMID: 33537803 PMCID: PMC7891837 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, pose a serious challenge to healthcare professionals globally during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic. Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19 directly impacts the quality of life of patients, as well as results in extra expenditure to hospitals. It has been shown that COVID‑19 is more likely to transmit via close, unprotected contact with infected patients. Additionally, current preventative and containment measures tend to overlook asymptomatic individuals and superspreading events. Since the mode of transmission and real origin of COVID‑19 in hospitals has not been fully elucidated yet, minimizing nosocomial infection in hospitals remains a difficult but urgent task for healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals globally should form an alliance against nosocomial COVID‑19 infections. The fight against COVID‑19 may provide valuable lessons for the future prevention and control of nosocomial infections. The present review will discuss some of the key strategies to prevent and control hospital‑based nosocomial COVID‑19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
- Department of Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P.R. China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Qiongrong Xia
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Taishen Wen
- Department of Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P.R. China
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McIntyre A, Marrocco SL, McRae SA, Sleeth L, Hitzig S, Jaglal S, Linassi G, Munce S, Wolfe DL. A Scoping Review of Self-Management Interventions Following Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2020; 26:36-63. [PMID: 32095066 PMCID: PMC7015175 DOI: 10.1310/sci2601-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To conduct a scoping review to identify what components of self-management are embedded in self-management interventions for spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: In accordance with the approach and stages outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (2005), a comprehensive literature search was conducted using five databases. Study characteristics were extracted from included articles, and intervention descriptions were coded using Practical Reviews in Self-Management Support (PRISMS) (Pearce et al, 2016), Barlow et al (2002), and Lorig and Holman's (2003) taxonomy. Results: A total of 112 studies were included representing 102 unique self-management programs. The majority of the programs took an individual approach (52.0%) as opposed to a group (27.4%) or mixed approach (17.6%). While most of the programs covered general information, some provided specific symptom management. Peers were the most common tutor delivering the program material. The most common Barlow components included symptom management (n = 44; 43.1%), information about condition/treatment (n = 34; 33.3%), and coping (n = 33; 32.4%). The most common PRISMS components were information about condition and management (n = 85; 83.3%), training/rehearsal for psychological strategies (n = 52; 51.0%), and lifestyle advice and support (n = 52; 51.0%). The most common Lorig components were taking action (n = 62; 60.8%), resource utilization (n = 57; 55.9%), and self-tailoring (n = 55; 53.9%). Conclusion: Applying self-management concepts to complex conditions such as SCI is only in the earliest stages of development. Despite having studied the topic from a broad perspective, this review reflects an ongoing program of research that links to an initiative to continue refining and testing self-management interventions in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McIntyre
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Lindsay Sleeth
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sander Hitzig
- St. John's Rehab Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Jaglal
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Linassi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sarah Munce
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto
| | - Dalton L. Wolfe
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Parkwood Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Health Sciences, Western University, Ontario, Canada
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Ruan W, Ning G, Feng S, Gao S, Hao Y. MicroRNA‑381/Hes1 is a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1008-1017. [PMID: 29750292 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether microRNA‑381 is a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury (SCI) and its possible mechanism. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for mRNA expression was used to analyze the changes of microRNA-381 expression. Cell viability and cell apoptosis were measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Caspase‑3 activity was measured using caspase‑3 activity kit, and western blot analysis was used to measure the protein expression of neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch1), notch 1 intracellular domain (NICD) and transcription factor HES-1 (Hes1). The data showed that microRNA‑381 expression of model SCI rats was downregulated compared with that of control rats. Overexpression of microRNA‑381 promoted cell proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis and caspase‑3 and apoptosis regulator BAX (Bax) protein expression in neurocytes. Overexpression of microRNA‑381 also increased Wnt and β‑catenin protein expression, and suppressed the protein expression of Notch1, NICD and Hes1 in neurocytes. Wnt inhibitor, Wnt‑C59 (1 µmol/l), inhibited cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis and caspase‑3 and Bax protein expression, suppressed β‑catenin protein expression and induced Hes1 protein expression in neurocytes following microRNA‑381 overexpression. Notch inhibitor, FLI‑06 (1 µmol/l), promoted cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and caspase‑3 and Bax protein expression, and suppressed NICD and Hes1 protein expression in neurocytes following microRNA‑381 overexpression. Thus, this study showed that overexpression of microRNA‑381 promotes cell proliferation of neurocytes in SCI via Hes1 expression, which may be a novel important mechanism for SCI in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Hill JN, Guihan M, Hogan TP, Smith BM, LaVela SL, Weaver FM, Anaya HD, Evans CT. Use of the PARIHS Framework for Retrospective and Prospective Implementation Evaluations. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2017; 14:99-107. [PMID: 28273407 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework has been used by implementation researchers to assess factors impacting implementation and to use that information to identify optimal interventions and implementation strategies. In this paper, two studies are presented demonstrating the utility of PARIHS as a tool for retrospective and prospective evaluation of implementation in the health care setting. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive case study. METHODS A qualitative consensus process was used to evaluate provider perceptions of PARIHS constructs of evidence, context, and facilitation and their subelements which were scored on a continuum of low to high. RESULTS The first example demonstrates retrospective use of PARIHS which provided insight into the factors contributing to variations in implementation across sites in an ongoing program. Evidence was strong (high), whereas context noted some challenges in culture and measurement (mixed), and the presence of dedicated program facilitators was positive but dual roles limited their ability to fully support implementation (mixed). The second example demonstrates prospective use of PARIHS for evaluation which gathered information about intervention sites for the purposes of selecting implementation strategies responsive to site needs. Evidence supporting the intervention was limited (low), context noted that limited awareness of the intervention was a challenge (low), and that a strong internal facilitator supported implementation (high). LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION The descriptive case study presented here underscores the value of a theory-guided approach to implementation and highlights that PARIHS can help implementers understand factors impacting implementation, identify areas for future intervention, and inform selection of strategies to support or enhance implementation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Hill
- Associate Implementation Research Coordinator, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Marylou Guihan
- Research Health Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy P Hogan
- Research Health Scientist, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Bridget M Smith
- Research Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Sherri L LaVela
- Research Health Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Frances M Weaver
- Director, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Care, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Henry D Anaya
- Research Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Charlesnika T Evans
- Research Health Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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King S, Exley J, Taylor J, Kruithof K, Larkin J, Pardal M. Antimicrobial Stewardship: The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Change Risk-Related Behaviours in the General Population: A Systematic Review. Rand Health Q 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 28083399 PMCID: PMC5158204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RAND Europe undertook a systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness and cost effectiveness on changing the public's risk related behaviour pertaining to antimicrobial use to inform the development of a NICE public health guideline aimed at delaying antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The review considered educational interventions targeting individuals, communities or the general public delivered via any mode. Specifically, it aimed to address: 1. Which educational interventions are effective and cost-effective in changing the public's behaviour to ensure they only ask for antimicrobials when appropriate and use them correctly? 2. Which educational interventions are effective and cost-effective in changing the public's behaviour to prevent infection and reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance? Overall, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria; 29 related to research question 1, and 36 related to research question 2 (five studies were applicable to both). The key findings are summarised in "Evidence Statements" in accordance with NICE guidelines. Evidence Statements provide a high level overview of the key features of the evidence including: the number of studies, the quality of evidence, and the direction of the estimated effect followed by a brief summary of each of the supporting studies. Studies are grouped into Evidence Statements by setting and intervention.
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Infektionsprävention im Rahmen der Pflege und Behandlung von Patienten mit übertragbaren Krankheiten: Empfehlung der Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO) beim Robert Koch-Institut. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:1151-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ramanathan S, Hill JN, Cameron KA, Safdar N, Guihan M, Evans CT. Relationship between knowledge and attitudes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and hand hygiene behavior in Veterans with spinal cord injury and disorder. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:537-9. [PMID: 25952051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to understand the relationship between knowledge and attitudes regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and hand hygiene behavior based on a baseline survey administered to Veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders. Higher knowledge was associated with higher attitude scores (r = 0.35, P = .003), but knowledge and attitudes were not associated with behavior. Also, those with quadriplegia had higher knowledge scores (P = .03). Knowledge and attitudes, although related, do not appear to fully explain patients' hand hygiene behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramanathan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare and Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL.
| | - Jennifer N Hill
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare and Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Kenzie A Cameron
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
| | - Marylou Guihan
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare and Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - Charlesnika T Evans
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare and Spinal Cord Injury Quality Enhancement Research Initiative, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL; Department of Preventive Medicine and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Mody L, Krein SL, Saint S, Min LC, Montoya A, Lansing B, McNamara SE, Symons K, Fisch J, Koo E, Rye RA, Galecki A, Kabeto MU, Fitzgerald JT, Olmsted RN, Kauffman CA, Bradley SF. A targeted infection prevention intervention in nursing home residents with indwelling devices: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175:714-23. [PMID: 25775048 PMCID: PMC4420659 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Indwelling devices (eg, urinary catheters and feeding tubes) are often used in nursing homes (NHs). Inadequate care of residents with these devices contributes to high rates of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and device-related infections in NHs. OBJECTIVE To test whether a multimodal targeted infection program (TIP) reduces the prevalence of MDROs and incident device-related infections. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial at 12 community-based NHs from May 2010 to April 2013. Participants were high-risk NH residents with urinary catheters, feeding tubes, or both. INTERVENTIONS Multimodal, including preemptive barrier precautions, active surveillance for MDROs and infections, and NH staff education. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the prevalence density rate of MDROs, defined as the total number of MDROs isolated per visit averaged over the duration of a resident's participation. Secondary outcomes included new MDRO acquisitions and new clinically defined device-associated infections. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects multilevel Poisson regression model (primary outcome) and a Cox proportional hazards model (secondary outcome), adjusting for facility-level clustering and resident-level variables. RESULTS In total, 418 NH residents with indwelling devices were enrolled, with 34,174 device-days and 6557 anatomic sites sampled. Intervention NHs had a decrease in the overall MDRO prevalence density (rate ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.94). The rate of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisitions was lower in the intervention group than in the control group (rate ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96). Hazard ratios for the first and all (including recurrent) clinically defined catheter-associated urinary tract infections were 0.54 (95% CI, 0.30-0.97) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.49-0.99), respectively, in the intervention group and the control group. There were no reductions in new vancomycin-resistant enterococci or resistant gram-negative bacilli acquisitions or in new feeding tube-associated pneumonias or skin and soft-tissue infections. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our multimodal TIP intervention reduced the overall MDRO prevalence density, new methicillin-resistant S aureus acquisitions, and clinically defined catheter-associated urinary tract infection rates in high-risk NH residents with indwelling devices. Further studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of this approach as well as its effects on the reduction of MDRO transmission to other residents, on the environment, and on referring hospitals. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01062841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lona Mody
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor2Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah L Krein
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan4Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Sanjay Saint
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan4Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Lillian C Min
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor2Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ana Montoya
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Bonnie Lansing
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Sara E McNamara
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Kathleen Symons
- Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jay Fisch
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor6currently with the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Evonne Koo
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Ruth Anne Rye
- currently a long-term care infection prevention and control consultant in Hemlock, Michigan
| | - Andrzej Galecki
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor8Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Mohammed U Kabeto
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - James T Fitzgerald
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan9Department of Medical Education, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Russell N Olmsted
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, St Joseph Mercy Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol A Kauffman
- Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan11Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Suzanne F Bradley
- Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan11Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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