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León E, Ortiz V, Pérez A, Téllez J, Díaz GJ, Ramírez H MH, Contreras R LE. Anti-SpCas9 IgY Polyclonal Antibodies Production for CRISPR Research Use. ACS Omega 2023; 8:33809-33818. [PMID: 37744827 PMCID: PMC10515394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas adaptative immune system has been harnessed as an RNA-guided, programmable genome editing tool, allowing for diverse biotechnological applications. The implementation of the system relies on the ability to detect the Cas9 protein in biological samples. This task is facilitated by employing antibodies, which exhibit several advantageous features and applications in the context of tropical neglected diseases. This study reports a one-month immunization scheme with the Cas9 protein fromStreptococcus pyogenes to produce IgY polyclonal antibodies (anti-SpCas9), which can be rapidly isolated by combining yolk de-lipidation with protein salting out using pectin and ammonium sulfate, respectively. Immunodetection assays indicate that the antibodies are highly sensitive, specific, and useful for detecting the SpCas9 protein in promastigotes ofLeishmania braziliensisexpressing exogenous SpCas9. Thus, the simple method for producing anti-SpCas9 IgY antibodies will accelerate CRISPR/Cas-based studies in Leishmania spp. This approach serves as a valuable research tool in this parasite model and holds the potential for wide application in various other biological samples, promoting the implementation of the system. In fact, a bioinformatics approach based on the identification of antigenic determinants in the SpCas9 protein suggests the possibility of using the anti-SpCas9 IgY antibodies in applications such as Prime and Base editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban León
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valentina Ortiz
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexander Pérez
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jair Téllez
- Escuela
de Pregrado, Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 202017 sede La Paz, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo J. Díaz
- Facultad
de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Toxicología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - María H. Ramírez H
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis E. Contreras R
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111311 Bogotá, Colombia
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Karachaliou CE, Vassilakopoulou V, Livaniou E. IgY technology: Methods for developing and evaluating avian immunoglobulins for the in vitro detection of biomolecules. World J Methodol 2021; 11:243-262. [PMID: 34631482 PMCID: PMC8472547 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “IgY technology” was introduced in the literature in the mid 1990s to describe a procedure involving immunization of avian species, mainly laying hens and consequent isolation of the polyclonal IgYs from the “immune” egg yolk (thus avoiding bleeding and animal stress). IgYs have been applied to various fields of medicine and biotechnology. The present article will deal with specific aspects of IgY technology, focusing on the currently reported methods for developing, isolating, evaluating and storing polyclonal IgYs. Other topics such as current information on isolation protocols or evaluation of IgYs from different avian species are also discussed. Specific advantages of IgY technology (e.g., novel antibody specificities that may emerge via the avian immune system) will also be discussed. Recent in vitro applications of polyclonal egg yolk-derived IgYs to the field of disease diagnosis in human and veterinary medicine through in vitro immunodetection of target biomolecules will be presented. Moreover, ethical aspects associated with animal well-being as well as new promising approaches that are relevant to the original IgY technology (e.g., development of monoclonal IgYs and IgY-like antibodies through the phage display technique or in transgenic chickens) and future prospects in the area will also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Vyronia Vassilakopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
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Zingkou E, Pampalakis G, Charla E, Nauroy P, Kiritsi D, Sotiropoulou G. A proinflammatory role of KLK6 protease in Netherton syndrome. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:28-35. [PMID: 31255470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare but severe type of ichthyosis characterized by atopy, allergies, and potentially lethal skin overdesquamation associated with highly elevated proteolytic activities in LEKTI-deficient epidermis. NS symptoms are recapitulated in Spink5-/- mouse where the gene encoding Lekti has been invalidated. Spink5-/- mice die within 5h from birth due to their severe skin barrier defect leading to dehydration. Spink5-/- mice also serve as a model for atopic dermatitis. The KLK6 protease is expressed by epidermal keratinocytes and shown in vitro to cleave desmosomal components. OBJECTIVE To investigate in vivo whether KLK6 is implicated in epidermal overdesquamation and/or inflammation associated with NS. METHODS The role of KLK6 was evaluated by generating Spink5-/-Klk6-/- double knockout mice. The phenotype was assessed by macroscopic observation, immunohistochemistry for differentiation markers, in situ zymography for proteolysis, and quantification of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Elimination of Klk6 in Spink5-/- remarkably suppresses the expression of Tslp, a major itching-inducing factor and driver of allergic reactions. Tnfα and the Th17 promoting cytokine Il-23 were also suppressed. Spink5-/-Klk6-/- mice display normalized keratinocyte differentiation, nevertheless, epidermal proteolytic activities and the associated overdesquamation were not ameliorated, and Spink5-/-Klk6-/- still died from a severe epidermal barrier defect as the Spink5-/-. CONCLUSIONS Ablation of Klk6 largely suppresses epidermal inflammation but cannot rescue overdesquamation leading to the lethal NS phenotype. Nonetheless, our findings demonstrate for the first time that KLK6 is implicated in skin inflammation and may represent a novel druggable target for NS and other inflammatory conditions e.g. atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Charla
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Pauline Nauroy
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra Kiritsi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece.
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Sun L, Li M, Fei D, Diao Q, Wang J, Li L, Ma M. Preparation and Application of Egg Yolk Antibodies Against Chinese Sacbrood Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1814. [PMID: 30123212 PMCID: PMC6085425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) infects Apis cerana larvae, resulting in the inability of the larvae to pupate and their consequent death, which may pose a serious threat to entire colonies. As there is no effective medical treatment for CSBV infections, further studies are necessary. In this study, an effective treatment for CSBV is described, based on a specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) from egg yolk against CSBV. The inactivated vaccine was produced by ultracentrifugation and formalin treatment, using CSBV purified from a natural outbreak. The specific IgY was produced by immunization of white leghorn hens with the vaccine. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified CSBV as the coating antigen revealed that the anti-CSBV IgY titer began increasing in the egg yolk on the 14th day post-immunization, reaching a peak on day 42, and anti-CSBV IgY remained at a high level until day 91. IgY isolated from the combinations of egg yolk collected between days 42-91 was purified by PEG and ammonium sulfate precipitation. In three repeated protection experiments using A. cerana larvae inoculated with CSBV, the survival rate of larvae was more than 80%, and the titer of anti-CSBV IgY was more than 25 and 24 when the larvae were fed IgY 24 h after and before inoculation with CSBV, respectively. Therefore, 400 colonies infected with CSBV were treated by feeding sugar containing IgY solutions with an antibody titer of 25, and the cure rate was 95-100%. Three hundred susceptible colonies were protected by feeding the larvae with sugar containing IgY solutions with an antibody titer of 24, and the protection rate was 97%. The results clearly suggest that a specific IgY was obtained from hens immunized with an inactivated-CSBV vaccine; this may be a novel method for controlling CSBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Fei
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Honeybee Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Tianjin Speerise Challenge Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Tianjin Speerise Challenge Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Mingxiao Ma
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Liang X, Sheng Y, Yu W, Zhao S, Shan H, Zhang Q, Wang Z. Comparison of Chicken IgY and Mammalian IgG in Three Immunoassays for Detection of Sulfamethazine in Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Łupicka-Słowik A, Psurski M, Grzywa R, Bobrek K, Smok P, Walczak M, Gaweł A, Stefaniak T, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Development of Adenosine Deaminase-Specific IgY Antibodies: Diagnostic and Inhibitory Application. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:1358-1374. [PMID: 29043661 PMCID: PMC5889419 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is currently used as a diagnostic marker for tuberculous pleuritis. Although ADA has been suggested as a potential marker for several types of cancer, the importance of each of ADA isoforms as well as their levels and enzymatic activities in tumors need to be further investigated. Herein we developed avian immunoglobulin Y highly specific to human ADA via hens immunization with calf adenosine deaminase. The obtained antibodies were used for the development of a sensitive double-egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) sandwich ELISA assay with an ADA detection limit of 0.5 ng/ml and a linearity range of up to 10 ng/ml. Specific, affinity-purified IgYs were able to recognize human recombinant ADA and ADA present in human cancer cell lines. In addition, antigen-specific IgY antibodies were able to inhibit catalytic activity of calf ADA with an IC50 value of 47.48 nM. We showed that generated IgY antibodies may be useful for ADA detection, thus acting as a diagnostic agent in immunoenzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Psurski
- Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Patrycja Smok
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gaweł
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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Pampalakis G, Sykioti VS, Ximerakis M, Stefanakou-Kalakou I, Melki R, Vekrellis K, Sotiropoulou G. KLK6 proteolysis is implicated in the turnover and uptake of extracellular alpha-synuclein species. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14502-14515. [PMID: 27845893 PMCID: PMC5362421 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KLK6 is a serine protease highly expressed in the nervous system. In synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease, the levels of KLK6 inversely correlate with α-synuclein in CSF. Recently, we suggested that recombinant KLK6 mediates the degradation of extracellular α-synuclein directly and via a proteolytic cascade that involves unidentified metalloproteinase(s). Here, we show that recombinant and naturally secreted KLK6 can readily cleave α-synuclein fibrils that have the potential for cell-to-cell propagation in “a prion-like mechanism”. Importantly, KLK6-deficient primary cortical neurons have increased ability for α-synuclein fibril uptake. We also demonstrate that KLK6 activates proMMP2, which in turn can cleave α-synuclein. The repertoire of proteases activated by KLK6 in a neuronal environment was analyzed by degradomic profiling, which also identified ADAMTS19 and showed that KLK6 has a limited number of substrates indicating specific biological functions such as the regulation of α-synuclein turnover. We generated adenoviral vectors for KLK6 delivery and demonstrated that the levels of extracellular α-synuclein can be reduced by neuronally secreted KLK6. Our findings open the possibility to exploit KLK6 as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasia-Samantha Sykioti
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Methodios Ximerakis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Stefanakou-Kalakou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Athens, Greece.,Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Kalinska M, Meyer-Hoffert U, Kantyka T, Potempa J. Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2016; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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Łupicka-Słowik A, Walczak M, Grzywa R, Bobrek K, Łęcka M, Boivin S, Gaweł A, Stefaniak T, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Generation and application of polyclonal IgY antibodies specific for full-length and nicked prostate-specific antigen. Bioanalysis. 2014;6:3197-3213. [PMID: 25529887 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is considered an important serum marker for prostate cancer detection, monitoring and staging. The purpose of this study was to generate IgY class antibodies that recognize native PSA and selected epitopes. METHODOLOGY Hens immunized with either full-length human PSA or its peptidyl fragment-conjugates produced specific antibodies that were isolated from egg yolks. We developed a monoclonal/IgY sandwich ELISA with a PSA detection limit of 50 pg/ml and a linear range of 0.05-1.0 ng/ml. CONCLUSION Because the signal observed for the PSA-specific IgY antibodies by ELISA and the reactivity profile of the epitope-derived IgYs were comparable to those of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, avian antibodies may be a cost-effective alternative to mammalian antibodies for prostate cancer diagnostics.
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Grzywa R, Walczak M, Łupicka-Słowik A, Bobrek K, Boivin S, Brown EL, Gaweł A, Stefaniak T, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Adjuvant-dependent immunogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Efb and Map proteins in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:50-6. [PMID: 26004944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The avian IgY antibodies generated in hens and isolated from egg yolk have gained in popularity as they present an alternative source of antibodies for diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications. One of the advantages of IgY technology are the large amounts of produced antibodies from a single animal combined with their high reactivity representing an attractive alternative for mammalian antibodies. Despite many known protocols for the immunization of chickens, the administration of new antigens often requires additional modification such as antigen dose or use of an adjuvant in order to elicit a significant immune response. We investigated the immunogenicity of three Staphylococcus aureus antigens including two extracellular proteins Map and Efb and one selected Efb105-124 epitope conjugated to KLH that were administered to the animals. Additionally, the immunization protocol included two adjuvant systems: Freund's complete adjuvant and Emulsigen-D. The results demonstrated a high immunostimulatory potency of Freund's complete adjuvant, especially in case of Efb compared to the immune response elicited by Emulsigen-D. However, after immunization with the KLH-Efb105-124 conjugate, the obtained antibodies showed similar reactivity regardless of adjuvant system used with the only exception being their avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Grzywa
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephane Boivin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Notkestraße 85 c/o DESY, Building 25A, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric L Brown
- Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrzej Gaweł
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Ximerakis M, Pampalakis G, Roumeliotis TI, Sykioti V, Garbis SD, Stefanis L, Sotiropoulou G, Vekrellis K. Resistance of naturally secreted α‐synuclein to proteolysis. FASEB J 2014; 28:3146-58. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-245852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Methodios Ximerakis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of PharmacySchool of Health SciencesUniversity of PatrasRion‐PatrasGreece
| | | | | | - Spiros D. Garbis
- Cancer Sciences UnitFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
- Second Department of NeurologyUniversity of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of PharmacySchool of Health SciencesUniversity of PatrasRion‐PatrasGreece
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center for Neurosciences, Biomedical Research FoundationAcademy of AthensAthensGreece
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