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Park SY, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Hwang JH, Chun HS, Yoon YS, Oh SH. Okadaic Acid Is at Least as Toxic as Dinophysistoxin-1 after Repeated Administration to Mice by Gavage. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:587. [PMID: 37888618 PMCID: PMC10611360 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, and risk assessments of these toxins require toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs), which represent the relative toxicities of analogues. However, no human death by DSP toxin has been reported, and its current TEF value is based on acute lethality. To properly reflect the symptoms of DSP, such as diarrhea without death, the chronic toxicity of DSP toxins at sublethal doses should be considered. In this study, we obtained acute oral LD50 values for OA and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (1069 and 897 μg/kg, respectively) to set sublethal doses. Mice were treated with sublethal doses of OA and DTX-1 for 7 days. The mice lost body weight, and the disease activity index and intestinal crypt depths increased. Furthermore, these changes were more severe in OA-treated mice than in the DTX-1-treated mice. Strikingly, ascites was observed, and its severity was greater in mice treated with OA. Our findings suggest that OA is at least as toxic as DTX-1 after repeated oral administration at a low dose. This is the first study to compare repeated oral dosing of DSP toxins. Further sub-chronic and chronic studies are warranted to determine appropriate TEF values for DSP toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yong Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Jung Ho Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.J.J.); (J.H.H.)
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Stokstad M, Coetzee P, Myrmel M, Mutowembwa P, Venter EH, Larsen S. Refined experimental design may increase the value of murine models for estimation of bluetongue virus virulence. Lab Anim 2020; 55:53-64. [PMID: 32588735 DOI: 10.1177/0023677220930056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a serious non-contagious vector-borne viral disease in ruminants, causing poor animal welfare and economic consequences globally. Concern has been raised about the development of novel bluetongue virus (BTV) strains and their possibly altered virulence through the process of viral reassortment. Virulence is traditionally estimated in lethal dose 50 (LD50) studies in murine models, but agreement with both in vitro and virulence in ruminants is questionable, and a refined experimental design is needed. Specific reassortants between wild-type and vaccine strains of BTV-1, -6 and -8 have previously been developed by reverse genetics. The aim of the present study was to rank the in vivo virulence of these parental and reassortant BTV strains by calculating LD50 in a murine model by using an experimental design that is new to virology: a between-patient optimised three-level response surface pathway design. The inoculation procedure was intracranial. Fifteen suckling mice were used to establish LD50 for each strain. Three parental and five reassortant virus strains were included. The LD50s varied from of 0.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0-0.20) to 3.3 (95% CI 2.96-3.72) tissue culture infectious dose 50/ml. The results support the hypothesis that reassortment in BTV may lead to increased virulence in mice with potential negative consequences for the natural ruminant host. The ranking showed low agreement with in vitro properties and virulence in ruminants according to existing literature. Refined design such as response surface pathway design was found suitable for use in virology, and it introduces significant ethical and scientific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Virology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Agricultural Research Council - 71909Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (Transboundary Animal Diseases), South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 56410University of Pretoria, South Africa.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, 8001James Cook University, Australia
| | - Stig Larsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, 56625Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Castro MDAL, de Lucena MS, Silva CNS, Xavier YDS, Filho JB, Teles MRS, Peixoto L, de Souza I, da Silva E. Acute toxicity and cytogenotoxicity of yangambin isolated from Ocotea duckei vattimo-gil. Pharmacognosy Res 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_73_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Oliveira GLDS, Machado KC, Machado KC, da Silva APDSC, Feitosa CM, de Castro Almeida FR. Non-clinical toxicity of β -caryophyllene, a dietary cannabinoid: Absence of adverse effects in female Swiss mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:338-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abal P, Louzao MC, Cifuentes JM, Vilariño N, Rodriguez I, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Characterization of the dinophysistoxin-2 acute oral toxicity in mice to define the Toxicity Equivalency Factor. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:166-175. [PMID: 28223118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of shellfish with dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The official control method of DSP toxins in seafood is the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). However in order to calculate the total toxicity of shellfish, the concentration of each compound must be multiplied by individual Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF). Considering that TEFs caused some controversy and the scarce information about DTX2 toxicity, the aim of this study was to characterize the oral toxicity of DTX2 in mice. A 4-Level Up and Down Procedure allowed the characterization of DTX2 effects and the estimation of DTX2 oral TEF based on determination of the lethal dose 50 (LD50). DTX2 passed the gastrointestinal barrier and was detected in urine and feces. Acute toxicity symptoms include diarrhea and motionless, however anatomopathology study and ultrastructural images restricted the toxin effects to the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless enterocytes microvilli and tight junctions were not altered, disconnecting DTX2 diarrheic effects from paracellular epithelial permeability. This is the first report of DTX2 oral LD50 (2262 μg/kg BW) indicating that its TEF is about 0.4. This result suggests reevaluation of the present TEFs for the DSP toxins to better determine the actual risk to seafood consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Ines Rodriguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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Ferreiro SF, Vilariño N, Carrera C, Louzao MC, Cantalapiedra AG, Santamarina G, Cifuentes JM, Vieira AC, Botana LM. Subacute Cardiovascular Toxicity of the Marine Phycotoxin Azaspiracid-1 in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2016; 151:104-14. [PMID: 26865666 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are marine toxins produced by Azadinium spinosum that get accumulated in filter feeding shellfish through the food-web. The first intoxication was described in The Netherlands in 1990, and since then several episodes have been reported worldwide. Azaspiracid-1, AZA-2, and AZA-3 presence in shellfish is regulated by food safety authorities of several countries to protect human health. Azaspiracids have been related to widespread organ damage, tumorogenic properties and acute heart rhythm alterations in vivo but the mechanism of action remains unknown. Azaspiracid toxicity kinetics in vivo and in vitro suggests accumulative effects. We studied subacute cardiotoxicity in vivo after repeated exposure to AZA-1 by evaluation of the ECG, arterial blood pressure, plasmatic heart damage biomarkers, and myocardium structure and ultrastructure. Our results showed that four administrations of AZA-1 along 15 days caused functional signs of heart failure and structural heart alterations in rats at doses ranging from 1 to 55 µg/kg. Azaspiracid-1 altered arterial blood pressure, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 plasma levels, heart collagen deposition, and ultrastructure of the myocardium. Overall, these data indicate that repeated exposure to low amounts of AZA-1 causes cardiotoxicity, at doses that do not induce signs of other organic system toxicity. Remarkably, human exposure to AZAs considering current regulatory limits of these toxins may be dangerously close to clearly cardiotoxic doses in rats. These findings should be considered when human risk is estimated particularly in high cardiovascular risk subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Carrera
- *Departamento de Farmacología Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina
| | | | - Antonio G Cantalapiedra
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
| | - Germán Santamarina
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
| | - J Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía y Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
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Ellingsen K, Mejdell CM, Ottesen N, Larsen S, Grøndahl AM. The effect of large milk meals on digestive physiology and behaviour in dairy calves. Physiol Behav 2016; 154:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kristiansen VM, Dewi S, Horsberg TE, Jonasdottir TJ, Moe L, Berlinger B, Lindkaer-Jensen S, Larsen S. Tolerability and pharmacokinetic profile of a novel benzene-poly-carboxylic acids complex with cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride in dogs with malignant mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:118-132. [PMID: 25764447 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic profile, tolerability and efficacy of benzene-poly-carboxylic acids complex with cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride (BP-C1) were studied in dogs with mammary cancer. A three-level response surface pathway designed trial was performed on seven dogs. At each level BP-C1 was administered subcutaneously daily for 7 days followed by a 7-day rest period in a dose escalating manner. Adverse events according to VCOG-CTCAE, performance status and tumour progression were recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile followed a two-compartment model with rapid absorption, short distribution, and a slow elimination phase. The overall elimination half-life was 125 h. The maximum tolerated dose of BP-C1 was estimated to be above 0.46 mg kg-1 . A significant reduction in VCOG-CTCAE toxicity which correlated negatively with increasing dose was found. The dogs' general performance status remained unchanged. No decrease in total tumour burden was found, although temporary tumour reduction was seen in some target tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kristiansen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Dewi
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Horsberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - T J Jonasdottir
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Berlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Lindkaer-Jensen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Larsen
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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