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Abstract
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a highly efficient cationic polymer for nucleic acid delivery, and although it is commonly used in preclinical studies, its clinical application is limited because of concerns regarding its cytotoxicity. Poly(β-amino ester)s are a new group of biodegradable and biocompatible cationic polymers that can be used for siRNA delivery. In this study, we synthesized Boc-protected and deprotected poly(β-amino ester)s, P(BSpBAE) and P(SpBAE), respectively, based on spermine and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate to deliver siRNA. The polymers were synthesized by Michael addition in a step-growth polymerization and characterized via 1H NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The polymers can encapsulate siRNA as determined by SYBR gold assays. Both polymers and polyplexes were biocompatible in vitro. Furthermore, the cellular uptake of P(BSpBAE) and P(SpBAE) polyplexes was more efficient than for branched PEI (25 kDa) polyplexes at the same N/P ratios. P(BSpBAE) polyplexes achieved 60% eGFP knockdown in vitro, which indicates that the Boc-protection can improve the siRNA delivery and gene silencing efficiency of PBAEs. P(BSpBAE) polyplexes and P(SpBAE) polyplexes showed different cellular uptake mechanisms, and P(BSpBAE) polyplexes demonstrated decreased endosomal entrapment, which could explain why P(BSpBAE) polyplexes more efficiently mediated gene silencing than P(SpBAE) polyplexes. Furthermore, transfection of an siRNA against mutated KRAS in KRAS-mutated lung cancer cells led to around 35% (P(BspBAE)) to 45% (P(SpBAE)) inhibition of KRAS expression and around 33% (P(SpBAE)) to 55% (P(BspBAE)) decreased motility in a migration assay. These results suggest that the newly developed spermine-based poly(β-amino ester)s are promising materials for therapeutic siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jin
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Isert
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Domizia Baldassi
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Graphene Oxide Enhances Biogenesis and Release of Exosomes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5697-5731. [PMID: 36466784 PMCID: PMC9717435 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes, which are nanovesicles secreted by almost all the cells, mediate intercellular communication and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. We aimed to investigate the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the biogenesis and release of exosomes in human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells. METHODS Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick and characterized by various analytical techniques. The expression levels of exosome markers were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Graphene oxide (10-50 μg/mL), cisplatin (2-10 μg/mL), and C6-ceramide (5-25 μM) inhibited the cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. We observed that graphene oxide (GO), cisplatin (CIS), and C6-Ceramide (C6-Cer) stimulated acetylcholine esterase and neutral sphingomyelinase activity, total exosome protein concentration, and exosome counts associated with increased level of apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In contrast, GW4869 treatment inhibits biogenesis and release of exosomes. We observed that the human ovarian cancer cells secreted exosomes with typical cup-shaped morphology and surface protein biomarkers. The expression levels of TSG101, CD9, CD63, and CD81 were significantly higher in GO-treated cells than in control cells. Further, cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly higher in exosomes isolated from GO-treated SKOV3 cells than in those isolated from control cells. SKOV3 cells pre-treated with N-acetylcysteine or GW4869 displayed a significant reduction in GO-induced exosome biogenesis and release. Furthermore, endocytic inhibitors decrease exosome biogenesis and release by impairing endocytic pathways. CONCLUSION This study identifies GO as a potential tool for targeting the exosome pathway and stimulating exosome biogenesis and release. We believe that the knowledge acquired in this study can be potentially extended to other exosome-dominated pathologies and model systems. Furthermore, these nanoparticles can provide a promising means to enhance exosome production in SKOV3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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Chu H, Meng X, Liu B, Liu C, Cheng Y, Sun Z, Wang Y. Supramolecular-mediated dual-functional DNA nanocomposites for programmable cancer therapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3569-3574. [PMID: 35635189 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Programmable cancer therapies may perfectly prevent mutual drug restrictions, however, developing an efficient codelivery system with such an ability remains challenging. We herein first demonstrate the use of supramolecular-mediated dual-functional DNA nanocomposites for programmable chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and chemotherapy (CT), in which a water-soluble cyclodextrin-resveratrol (CD-Res) complex can be facilely encapsulated during the coassembly of Fe2+ and DNA to form the desired spherical nanocomposites. After endocytosis, the released Fe2+ can immediately trigger an endogenous Fenton reaction, inducing ferroptosis for CDT and ˙OH depletion, followed by the sustained release of the protected Res from the CD cavity. This process improves the efficacy of CT by preventing Res from the oxidation of ˙OH. The as-prepared nano-composites can sufficiently accumulate in the tumor, demonstrating an adequate programmable therapeutic performance without serious toxicity. Thus, a facile, fresh and changeable strategy for the design of antitumor therapies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqian Chu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Meng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Congzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China. .,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Eid MM, Ismail AM, Elshahid ZA, Elzaher FHA, Mahmoud K, El-Manawaty M. Plasmonic Superparamagnetic SPION@Ag@chitosan Core-shell: Uptake and Nitric Oxide Inhibition by Colorectal Cell Lines. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathway enrichment analysis (PEA) is a well-established methodology for interpreting a list of genes and proteins of interest related to a condition under investigation. This paper aims to extend our previous work in which we introduced a preliminary comparative analysis of pathway enrichment analysis tools. We extended the earlier work by providing more case studies, comparing BiP enrichment performance with other well-known PEA software tools. METHODS PEA uses pathway information to discover connections between a list of genes and proteins as well as biological mechanisms, helping researchers to overcome the problem of explaining biological entity lists of interest disconnected from the biological context. RESULTS We compared the results of BiP with some existing pathway enrichment analysis tools comprising Centrality-based Pathway Enrichment, pathDIP, and Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis, considering three cancer types (colorectal, endometrial, and thyroid), for a total of six datasets (that is, two datasets per cancer type) obtained from the The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. We measured the similarities between the overlap of the enrichment results obtained using each couple of cancer datasets related to the same cancer. CONCLUSION As a result, BiP identified some well-known pathways related to the investigated cancer type, validated by the available literature. We also used the Jaccard and meet-min indices to evaluate the stability and the similarity between the enrichment results obtained from each couple of cancer datasets. The obtained results show that BiP provides more stable enrichment results than other tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Agapito
- Department of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy. .,Data Analytics Research Center, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Mario Cannataro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy. .,Data Analytics Research Center, University "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.
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Kamalkazemi E, Abedi-Gaballu F, Mohammad Hosseini TF, Mohammadi A, Mansoori B, Dehghan G, Baradaran B, Sheibani N. Glimpse into Cellular Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1897-1912. [PMID: 34488605 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210906101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers have been mainly used for delivery of anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Lipid-based nanoparticles, due to their smaller particle size and similarity to cell membranes, are readily internalized into cancer cells. Interestingly, cancer cells also overexpress receptors for specific ligands including folic acid, hyaluronic acid, and transferrin on their surface. This allows the use of these ligands for surface modification of the lipid-based nanoparticle. These modifications then allow the specific recognition of these ligand-coated nanoparticles by their receptors on cancer cells allowing the targeted gradual intracellular accumulation of the functionalized nanoplatforms. These interactions could eventually enhance the internalization of desired drugs via increasing ligand-receptor mediated cellular uptake of the nanoplatforms. The cellular internalization of the nanoplatforms also varies and depends on their physicochemical properties including particle size, zeta potential, and shape. The cellular uptake is also influenced by the types of ligand internalization pathway utilized by cells such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and multiple endocytosis pathways. In this review, we will classify and discuss lipid based nanoparticles engineered to express specific ligands, and are recognized by their receptors on cancer cell, and their cellular internalization pathways. Moreover, the intracellular fate of nanoparticles decorated with specific ligands and the best internalization pathways (caveolae mediated endocytosis) for safe cargo delivery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kamalkazemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI . United States
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