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Rymbai E, Roy D, Jupudi S, Srinivasadesikan V. The identification of c-Abl inhibitors as potential agents for Parkinson's disease: a preliminary in silico approach. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10796-3. [PMID: 38273156 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder worldwide. PD is primarily associated with the mutation, overexpression, and phosphorylation of α-synuclein. At the molecular level, the upstream protein c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase, has been shown to regulate α-synuclein activation and expression patterns. This study aimed to identify potential c-Abl inhibitors through in silico approaches. Molecular docking was performed using PyRx software, followed by Prime MM-GBSA studies. BBB permeability and toxicity were predicted using CBligand and ProTox-II, respectively. ADME was assessed using QikProp. Molecular dynamics were carried out using Desmond (Academic version). DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 suite program. The binding scores of the top hits, norimatinib, DB07326, and entinostat were - 11.8 kcal/mol, - 11.8 kcal/mol, and - 10.8 kcal/mol, respectively. These hits displayed drug-likeness with acceptable ADME properties, except for the standard, nilotinib, which violated Lipinski's rule of five. Similarly, the molecular dynamics showed that the top hits remained stable during the 100 ns simulation. DFT results indicate DB04739 as a potent reactive hit. While based on toxicity prediction, entinostat may be a potential candidate for preclinical and clinical testing in PD. Further studies are warranted to confirm the activity and efficacy of these ligands for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dhritiman Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Srikanth Jupudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasadesikan
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Vijiaratnam N, Foltynie T. How should we be using biomarkers in trials of disease modification in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2023; 146:4845-4869. [PMID: 37536279 PMCID: PMC10690028 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent validation of the α-synuclein seed amplification assay as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has formed the backbone for a proposed staging system for incorporation in Parkinson's disease clinical studies and trials. The routine use of this biomarker should greatly aid in the accuracy of diagnosis during recruitment of Parkinson's disease patients into trials (as distinct from patients with non-Parkinson's disease parkinsonism or non-Parkinson's disease tremors). There remain, however, further challenges in the pursuit of biomarkers for clinical trials of disease modifying agents in Parkinson's disease, namely: optimizing the distinction between different α-synucleinopathies; the selection of subgroups most likely to benefit from a candidate disease modifying agent; a sensitive means of confirming target engagement; and the early prediction of longer-term clinical benefit. For example, levels of CSF proteins such as the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase may assist in prognostication or allow enrichment of appropriate patients into disease modifying trials of agents with this enzyme as the target; the presence of coexisting Alzheimer's disease-like pathology (detectable through CSF levels of amyloid-β42 and tau) can predict subsequent cognitive decline; imaging techniques such as free-water or neuromelanin MRI may objectively track decline in Parkinson's disease even in its later stages. The exploitation of additional biomarkers to the α-synuclein seed amplification assay will, therefore, greatly add to our ability to plan trials and assess the disease modifying properties of interventions. The choice of which biomarker(s) to use in the context of disease modifying clinical trials will depend on the intervention, the stage (at risk, premotor, motor, complex) of the population recruited and the aims of the trial. The progress already made lends hope that panels of fluid biomarkers in tandem with structural or functional imaging may provide sensitive and objective methods of confirming that an intervention is modifying a key pathophysiological process of Parkinson's disease. However, correlation with clinical progression does not necessarily equate to causation, and the ongoing validation of quantitative biomarkers will depend on insightful clinical-genetic-pathophysiological comparisons incorporating longitudinal biomarker changes from those at genetic risk with evidence of onset of the pathophysiology and those at each stage of manifest clinical Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosen Vijiaratnam
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Soldan A, Oh S, Ryu T, Pettigrew C, Zhu Y, Moghekar A, Xiao MF, Pontone GM, Albert M, Na CH, Worley P. NPTX2 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Predicts the Progression From Normal Cognition to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:620-631. [PMID: 37345460 PMCID: PMC10543570 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) baseline levels of the synaptic protein NPTX2 predict time to onset of symptoms of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), both alone and when accounting for traditional CSF Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker levels. Longitudinal NPTX2 levels were also examined. METHODS CSF was collected longitudinally from 269 cognitively normal BIOCARD Study participants (mean baseline age = 57.7 years; mean follow-up = 16.3 years; n = 77 progressed to MCI/dementia). NPTX2 levels were measured from 3 correlated peptides using quantitative parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Levels of Aβ42 /Aβ40 , p-tau181 , and t-tau were measured from the same CSF specimens using Lumipulse automated electrochemiluminescence assays. RESULTS In Cox regression models, lower baseline NPTX2 levels were associated with an earlier time to MCI symptom onset (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.76, SE = 0.09, p = 0.023). This association was significant for progression within 7 years (p = 0.036) and after 7 years from baseline (p = 0.001). Baseline NPTX2 levels improved prediction of time to MCI symptom onset after accounting for baseline AD biomarker levels (p < 0.01), and NPTX2 did not interact with the CSF AD biomarkers or APOE-ε4 genetic status. In linear mixed effects models, higher baseline p-tau181 and t-tau levels were associated with higher baseline levels of NPTX2 (both p < 0.001) and greater rates of NPTX2 declines over time. INTERPRETATION NPTX2 may be a valuable prognostic biomarker during preclinical AD that provides additive and independent prediction of MCI onset among individuals who are cognitively normal. We hypothesize that NPTX2-mediated circuit homeostasis confers resilience during the early phase of AD. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:620-631.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Soldan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sungtaek Oh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Taekyung Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Corinne Pettigrew
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Abhay Moghekar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mei-Fang Xiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gregory M. Pontone
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chan-Hyun Na
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul Worley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Differentiated status, low regenerative capacity and complex signaling make neuronal tissues highly susceptible to translating an imbalance in cell homeostasis into cell death. The high rate of neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population confirms this. The multiple and divergent signaling cascades downstream of the various stress triggers challenge researchers to identify the central components of the stress-induced signaling pathways that cause neurodegeneration. Because of their critical role in cell homeostasis, kinases have emerged as one of the key regulators. Among kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Abelson kinase) c-Abl appears to be involved in both the normal development of neural tissue and the development of neurodegenerative pathologies when abnormally expressed or activated. However, exactly how c-Abl mediates the progression of neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored. Here, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of c-Abl in normal and abnormal processes in nervous tissue, focusing on neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells, with particular reference to molecular events at the interface between stress signaling, DNA damage, and metabolic regulation. Because inhibition of c-Abl has neuroprotective effects and can prevent neuronal death, we believe that an integrated view of c-Abl signaling in neurodegeneration could lead to significantly improved treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Motaln
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Li J, Zhan X. Mass spectrometry analysis of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins. Mass Spectrom Rev 2023. [PMID: 36789499 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial posttranslational modification that is involved in various aspects of cell biology and often has functions in cancers. It is necessary not only to identify the specific phosphorylation sites but also to quantify their phosphorylation levels under specific pathophysiological conditions. Because of its high sensitivity and accuracy, mass spectrometry (MS) has been widely used to identify endogenous and synthetic phosphotyrosine proteins/peptides across a range of biological systems. However, phosphotyrosine-containing proteins occur in extremely low abundance and they degrade easily, severely challenging the application of MS. This review highlights the advances in both quantitative analysis procedures and enrichment approaches to tyrosine phosphorylation before MS analysis and reviews the differences among phosphorylation, sulfation, and nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins. In-depth insights into tyrosine phosphorylation in a wide variety of biological systems will offer a deep understanding of how signal transduction regulates cellular physiology and the development of tyrosine phosphorylation-related drugs as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Karuppagounder SS, Wang H, Kelly T, Rush R, Nguyen R, Bisen S, Yamashita Y, Sloan N, Dang B, Sigmon A, Lee HW, Marino Lee S, Watkins L, Kim E, Brahmachari S, Kumar M, Werner MH, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. The c-Abl inhibitor IkT-148009 suppresses neurodegeneration in mouse models of heritable and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabp9352. [PMID: 36652533 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, with an estimated 5,000,000 cases worldwide. PD pathology is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein, which is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models of PD suggest that activation of Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of α-synuclein pathology and initiates processes leading to degeneration of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons. Given the potential role of c-Abl in PD, a c-Abl inhibitor library was developed to identify orally bioavailable c-Abl inhibitors capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier based on predefined characteristics, leading to the discovery of IkT-148009. IkT-148009, a brain-penetrant c-Abl inhibitor with a favorable toxicology profile, was analyzed for therapeutic potential in animal models of slowly progressive, α-synuclein-dependent PD. In mouse models of both inherited and sporadic PD, IkT-148009 suppressed c-Abl activation to baseline and substantially protected dopaminergic neurons from degeneration when administered therapeutically by once daily oral gavage beginning 4 weeks after disease initiation. Recovery of motor function in PD mice occurred within 8 weeks of initiating treatment concomitantly with a reduction in α-synuclein pathology in the mouse brain. These findings suggest that IkT-148009 may have potential as a disease-modifying therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Terence Kelly
- Inhibikase Therapeutics Inc., Atlanta, GA 30339, USA
| | - Roger Rush
- Inhibikase Therapeutics Inc., Atlanta, GA 30339, USA
| | - Richard Nguyen
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shivani Bisen
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nicholas Sloan
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Brianna Dang
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander Sigmon
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hyeun Woo Lee
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shirley Marino Lee
- Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Leslie Watkins
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Erica Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Saurav Brahmachari
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Bagree G, De Silva O, Liyanage PD, Ramarathinam SH, Sharma SK, Bansal V, Ramanathan R. α-synuclein as a potential biomarker for developing diagnostic tools against neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Raghunathan R, Turajane K, Wong LC. Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Proteomics Spotlight on ALS and Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169299. [PMID: 36012563 PMCID: PMC9409485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are both characterized by pathogenic protein aggregates that correlate with the progressive degeneration of neurons and the loss of behavioral functions. Both diseases lack biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment efficacy. Proteomics is an unbiased quantitative tool capable of the high throughput quantitation of thousands of proteins from minimal sample volumes. We review recent proteomic studies in human tissues, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and exosomes in ALS and PD that identify proteins with potential utility as biomarkers. Further, we review disease-related post-translational modifications in key proteins TDP43 in ALS and α-synuclein in PD studies, which may serve as biomarkers. We compare relative and absolute quantitative proteomic approaches in key biomarker studies in ALS and PD and discuss recent technological advancements which may identify suitable biomarkers for the early-diagnosis treatment efficacy of these diseases.
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Magalhães P, Lashuel HA. Opportunities and challenges of alpha-synuclein as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:93. [PMID: 35869066 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, develops and progresses for 10–15 years before the clinical diagnostic symptoms of the disease are manifested. Furthermore, several aspects of PD pathology overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) linked to alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation, also called synucleinopathies. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and validate early diagnostic and prognostic markers that reflect disease pathophysiology, progression, severity, and potential differences in disease mechanisms between PD and other NDDs. The close association between aSyn and the development of pathology in synucleinopathies, along with the identification of aSyn species in biological fluids, has led to increasing interest in aSyn species as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD and differentiate it from other synucleinopathies. In this review, we (1) provide an overview of the progress toward mapping the distribution of aSyn species in the brain, peripheral tissues, and biological fluids; (2) present comparative and critical analysis of previous studies that measured total aSyn as well as other species such as modified and aggregated forms of aSyn in different biological fluids; and (3) highlight conceptual and technical gaps and challenges that could hinder the development and validation of reliable aSyn biomarkers; and (4) outline a series of recommendations to address these challenges. Finally, we propose a combined biomarker approach based on integrating biochemical, aggregation and structure features of aSyn, in addition to other biomarkers of neurodegeneration. We believe that capturing the diversity of aSyn species is essential to develop robust assays and diagnostics for early detection, patient stratification, monitoring of disease progression, and differentiation between synucleinopathies. This could transform clinical trial design and implementation, accelerate the development of new therapies, and improve clinical decisions and treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) used to be considered a nongenetic condition. However, the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive mutations linked to monogenic PD has changed this view. Clinically manifest PD is then thought to occur through a complex interplay between genetic mutations, many of which have incomplete penetrance, and environmental factors, both neuroprotective and increasing susceptibility, which variably interact to reach a threshold over which PD becomes clinically manifested. Functional studies of PD gene products have identified many cellular and molecular pathways, providing crucial insights into the nature and causes of PD. PD originates from multiple causes and a range of pathogenic processes at play, ultimately culminating in nigral dopaminergic loss and motor dysfunction. An in-depth understanding of these complex and possibly convergent pathways will pave the way for therapeutic approaches to alleviate the disease symptoms and neuroprotective strategies to prevent disease manifestations. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of advances made in PD research based on leveraging genetic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. It further discusses novel perspectives to facilitate identification of critical molecular pathways that are central to neurodegeneration that hold the potential to develop neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic strategies for PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A comprehensive review of PD pathophysiology is provided on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors and biologic processes that contribute to PD pathogenesis. This knowledge identifies new targets that could be leveraged into disease-modifying therapies to prevent or slow neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Pirooznia
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
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