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Raheem A, Soomar SM, Issani A, Rahim KA, Dhalla Z, Soomar SM, Mian AI, Khan NU. Thirty-year trends of triple burden of disease in the adult population of Pakistan. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024:fdae054. [PMID: 38654655 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triple burden of disease, i.e. communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases and injuries, has significantly affected the healthcare system of Pakistan during the last three decades. Therefore, this study aims to determine and analyse the 30-year disease burden trends through prevalence, death rates and percentages. METHODS The data for the last three decades, i.e. 1990 to 2019, was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease for Pakistan. Percentage change in prevalence and deaths over 30 years was calculated. Poisson regression analysis was performed to evaluate the triple disease burden trends and the incidence rate ratio. RESULTS A relative decrease of 23.4% was noted in the prevalence rate of communicable diseases except for human immunodeficiency virus and dengue fever. A relative increase of 1.4% was noted in the prevalence rate of non-communicable diseases. A relative increase of 56.1% was recorded in the prevalence rate of injuries. The prevalence rate ratios of communicable diseases significantly decreased to 0.9796 [95% CI: 0.9887-0.9905], but the prevalence rate of injury increased to 1.0094 [95% CI: 1.0073-1.01145], respectively. CONCLUSION Pakistan must take the next steps and develop strategies to decrease this burden and mortality rates in the population to create better outcomes and therefore help the healthcare system overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Raheem
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Issani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Komal Abdul Rahim
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Zeyanna Dhalla
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Asad Iqbal Mian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ullah Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Balata GF, Hamed MS, ElSherif YA, Abuelmagd YM. COVID-19 pandemic fatigue among well-educated egyptian population: Cross-sectional study. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:426-433. [PMID: 38358141 PMCID: PMC10775949 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_126_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The study explores the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic fatigue among well-educated Egyptians measured in terms of their level of adherence toward COVID-19 protective measures along 20 months since the beginning of the pandemic. Setting and Design A cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2021, using an online questionnaire for well-educated Egyptians in different governorates. Results A total of 888 participants completed the questionnaire, their mean age was 39 ± 7.2 years and 60% of them were females. There was a strong association between the presence of either behavioral risk factors or chronic conditions and % of infection. The main sources of COVID-19 information were social media, followed by the Egyptian Ministry of health and population and WHO websites. A pandemic fatigue was observed after nearly 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence. The participant's age, previous COVID-19 infection, and occupation status were significant predictors for adherence to COVID-19 protective measures. The participants claimed that difficulty in remaining at home, feeling uncomfortable with face masks, the high cost of protective supplies, absence of governmental enforcement, and forgetfulness are the most perceptive barriers hindering their adherence to COVID-19 protective measures. They suggested some strategies for better adherence and reduced pandemic fatigue that includes: the implementation of governmental enforcement measures, including penalties for nonwearing masks, educational health programs, and availability of free protective supplies at the workplace. Conclusions Pandemic fatigue was observed after 7 to 10 months from the pandemic emergence even though the high education level of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Fathy Balata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Samy Hamed
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yousef Ahmed ElSherif
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Mohamed Abuelmagd
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhou L, Li H, Zhang S, Yang H, Ma Y, Wang Y. Impact of ultra-processed food intake on the risk of COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:275-287. [PMID: 35972529 PMCID: PMC9379888 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nutrition plays a key role in supporting the human immune system and reducing the risk of infections. However, there is limited evidence exploring the relationship between diet and the risk of COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the associations between consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and COVID-19 risk. METHODS In total, 41,012 participants from the UK Biobank study with at least 2 of up to 5 times 24-h dietary assessments were included in this study. Dietary intakes were collected using an online 24-h dietary recall questionnaire and food items were categorized according to their degree of processing by the NOVA classification. COVID-19 infection was defined as individuals tested COVID-19 positive or dead of COVID-19. Association between average UPF consumption (% daily gram intake) and COVID-19 infection was assessed by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Compared to participants in the lowest quartile of UPF proportion (% daily gram intake) in the diet, participants in the 2nd, 3rd, and highest quartiles were associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 with the odds ratio (OR) value of 1.03 (95% CI: 0.94-1.13), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.13-1.36), and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.12-1.34), respectively (P for trend < 0.001), after adjusting for potential confounders. The results were robust in a series of sensitivity analyses. No interaction effect was identified between the UPF proportions and age groups, education level, body mass index, and comorbidity status. BMI mediated 13.2% of this association. CONCLUSION Higher consumption of UPF was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms in such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Huiping Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shunming Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hongxi Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No. 22, Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Loots DT, Adeniji AA, Van Reenen M, Ozturk M, Brombacher F, Parihar SP. The metabolomics of a protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) knock-out mouse model. Metabolomics 2022; 18:92. [PMID: 36371785 PMCID: PMC9660189 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PKCδ is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and its dysregulation plays a key role in the onset of several incurable diseases and metabolic disorders. However, much remains unknown about the metabolic pathways and disturbances induced by PKC deficiency, as well as the metabolic mechanisms involved. OBJECTIVES This study aims to use metabolomics to further characterize the function of PKC from a metabolomics standpoint, by comparing the full serum metabolic profiles of PKC deficient mice to those of wild-type mice. METHODS The serum metabolomes of PKCδ knock-out mice were compared to that of a wild-type strain using a GCxGC-TOFMS metabolomics research approach and various univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS Thirty-seven serum metabolite markers best describing the difference between PKCδ knock-out and wild-type mice were identified based on a PCA power value > 0.9, a t-test p-value < 0.05, or an effect size > 1. XERp prediction was also done to accurately select the metabolite markers within the 2 sample groups. Of the metabolite markers identified, 78.4% (29/37) were elevated and 48.65% of these markers were fatty acids (18/37). It is clear that a total loss of PKCδ functionality results in an inhibition of glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and steroid synthesis, accompanied by upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol transport/storage, single carbon and sulphur-containing amino acid synthesis, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), ketogenesis, and an increased cell signalling via N-acetylglucosamine. CONCLUSION The charaterization of the dysregulated serum metabolites in this study, may represent an additional tool for the early detection and screening of PKCδ-deficiencies or abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Mari Van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Hoffman Street, 2531, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Napalai P, Seangpraw K, Boonyathee S, Ong-Artborirak P. COVID-19-related knowledge influences mental health, self-care behaviors, and quality of life among elderly with non-communicable diseases in Northern Thailand. Front Public Health 2022; 10:993531. [PMID: 36388338 PMCID: PMC9650286 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.993531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of research shows that individuals with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and heart disease, are more likely to suffer from severe COVID-19 and, subsequently, death. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of COVID-19-related knowledge on mental health, healthcare behaviors, and quality of life among the elderly with NCDs in Northern Thailand. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the participants were 450 elderly people with NCDs, living in the Chiang Rai province, Northern Thailand. Random sampling was applied to select the subjects. Data collection included demographic information, COVID-19-related knowledge, healthcare behaviors, the Suanprung Stress Test-20, the Thai General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) for the assessment of mental health, and the Thai version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF. Results Almost half of the participants (45.6%) had poor knowledge about COVID-19. More than half of the sample had high stress (52.0%) and a low score in healthcare behaviors (64.9%), while approximately one-third of the participants had mental health problems (34.0%). The overall quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic was moderate (70.7%). The score of COVID-19-related knowledge was significantly correlated with scores of stress (r = -0.85), mental health (r = -0.74), healthcare behaviors (r = 0.50), and quality of life (r = 0.33). Multiple linear regression found that history of COVID-19 detection and COVID-19-related knowledge were associated with scores of stress and quality of life (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression showed that history of COVID-19 detection (OR = 4.48, 95% CI = 1.45-13.84) and COVID-19-related knowledge (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.17-0.31) were associated with mental health problem (p < 0.05). Discussion The findings emphasize the importance of COVID-19-related knowledge concerning the improvement of self-care behaviors and quality of life in the elderly population with NCDs during the pandemic, especially due to the high rate of stress and mental health problems documented in our sample. Health education interventions for this vulnerable population should be organized.
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Mahdi HA, Rashid H, Qashqari FS, Hariri SH, Marglani OA, Barasheed O, Albutti A, Alwashmi AS, Shaban RZ, Booy R, Alfelali M. Syndromic surveillance of respiratory-tract infections and hand hygiene practice among pilgrims attended Hajj in 2021: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:578. [PMID: 35761226 PMCID: PMC9238003 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of transmission of viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is high in mass gatherings including Hajj. This cohort study estimated the incidence of symptomatic RTIs and hand hygiene compliance with its impact among Hajj pilgrims during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods During the week of Hajj rituals in 2021, domestic pilgrims were recruited by phone and asked to complete a baseline questionnaire. Pilgrims were followed up after seven days using a questionnaire about the development of symptoms, and practices of hand hygiene. Syndromic definitions were used to clinically diagnose ‘possible’ influenza-like illnesses (ILI) and COVID-19 infection. Results A total of 510 pilgrims aged between 18 and 69 (median of 50) years completed the questionnaire, 280 (54.9%) of whom were female, and all of them (except for one) were vaccinated against COVID-19 with at least one dose. The mean (± SD) of pilgrims’ hand hygiene knowledge score (on a scale of 0 to 6) was 4.15 (± 1.22), and a higher level of knowledge was correlated with a higher frequency of handwashing using soap and water. Among those 445 pilgrims who completed the follow-up form, 21 (4.7%) developed one or more respiratory symptoms, of which sore throat and cough were the commonest (respectively 76.2% and 42.8%); ‘possible ILI’ and ‘possible COVID-19’ were present in 1.1% and 0.9% of pilgrims. Obesity was found to be a significant factor associated with the risk of developing RTIs (odds ratio = 4.45, 95% confidence interval 1.15–17.13). Conclusions Hajj pilgrims are still at risk of respiratory infections. Further larger and controlled investigations are needed to assess the efficacy of hand hygiene during Hajj.
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