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Machuca C, Méndez-Martínez Y, Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C. Yeast β-Glucans as Fish Immunomodulators: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162154. [PMID: 36009745 PMCID: PMC9405025 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The β-glucan obtained from yeast—a very important molecule for fish production—activates the immune system of fish by different mechanisms and induces protection against pathogens. However, most previous related studies have focused on the use of commercial β-glucan from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand the activation pathways. Experimental β-glucans extracted from other yeasts show other interesting biological activities even at lower doses. This review article analyzes the current information and suggests perspectives on yeast β-glucans. Abstract Administration of immunostimulants in fish is a preventive method to combat infections. A wide variety of these biological molecules exist, among which one of the yeast wall compounds stands out for its different biological activities. The β-glucan that forms the structural part of yeast is capable of generating immune activity in fish by cell receptor recognition. The most frequently used β-glucans for the study of mechanisms of action are those of commercial origin, with doses recommended by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, their immune activity is inefficient in some fish species, and increasing the dose may show adverse effects, including immunosuppression. Conversely, experimental β-glucans from other yeast species show different activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, healing, and stress tolerance properties. Therefore, this review analyses the most recent scientific reports on the use of yeast β-glucans in freshwater and marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Machuca
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Yuniel Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo 120301, Ecuador
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-612-123-8484; Fax: +52-612-125-3625
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Wehrs M, Thompson MG, Banerjee D, Prahl JP, Morella NM, Barcelos CA, Moon J, Costello Z, Keasling JD, Shih PM, Tanjore D, Mukhopadhyay A. Investigation of Bar-seq as a method to study population dynamics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library during bioreactor cultivation. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:167. [PMID: 32811554 PMCID: PMC7437010 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the latest advancements in metabolic engineering for genome editing and characterization of host performance, the successful development of robust cell factories used for industrial bioprocesses and accurate prediction of the behavior of microbial systems, especially when shifting from laboratory-scale to industrial conditions, remains challenging. To increase the probability of success of a scale-up process, data obtained from thoroughly performed studies mirroring cellular responses to typical large-scale stimuli may be used to derive crucial information to better understand potential implications of large-scale cultivation on strain performance. This study assesses the feasibility to employ a barcoded yeast deletion library to assess genome-wide strain fitness across a simulated industrial fermentation regime and aims to understand the genetic basis of changes in strain physiology during industrial fermentation, and the corresponding roles these genes play in strain performance. Results We find that mutant population diversity is maintained through multiple seed trains, enabling large scale fermentation selective pressures to act upon the community. We identify specific deletion mutants that were enriched in all processes tested in this study, independent of the cultivation conditions, which include MCK1, RIM11, MRK1, and YGK3 that all encode homologues of mammalian glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Ecological analysis of beta diversity between all samples revealed significant population divergence over time and showed feed specific consequences of population structure. Further, we show that significant changes in the population diversity during fed-batch cultivations reflect the presence of significant stresses. Our observations indicate that, for this yeast deletion collection, the selection of the feeding scheme which affects the accumulation of the fermentative by-product ethanol impacts the diversity of the mutant pool to a higher degree as compared to the pH of the culture broth. The mutants that were lost during the time of most extreme population selection suggest that specific biological processes may be required to cope with these specific stresses. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the feasibility of Bar-seq to assess fermentation associated stresses in yeast populations under industrial conditions and to understand critical stages of a scale-up process where variability emerges, and selection pressure gets imposed. Overall our work highlights a promising avenue to identify genetic loci and biological stress responses required for fitness under industrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Wehrs
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Mitchell G Thompson
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deepanwita Banerjee
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jan-Philip Prahl
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Norma M Morella
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Carolina A Barcelos
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jadie Moon
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Zak Costello
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2970, Horsholm, Denmark.,Synthetic Biochemistry Center, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Patrick M Shih
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Deepti Tanjore
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA. .,Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Aon JC, Tecson RC, Loladze V. Saccharomyces cerevisiae morphological changes and cytokinesis arrest elicited by hypoxia during scale-up for production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:195. [PMID: 30572885 PMCID: PMC6300885 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scaling up of bioprocesses represents a crucial step in the industrial production of biologicals. However, our knowledge about the impact of scale-up on the organism’s physiology and function is still incomplete. Our previous studies have suggested the existence of morphological changes during the scale-up of a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentation process as inferred from the volume fraction occupied by yeast cells and exometabolomics analyses. In the current study, we noticed cell morphology changes during scale-up of a yeast fermentation process from bench (10 L) to industrial scale (10,000 L). We hypothesized that hypoxia observed during scale-up partially impaired the availability of N-acetyl-glucosamine, a precursor of chitin synthesis, a key polysaccharide component of yeast mother-daughter neck formation. Results Using a combination of flow cytometry with two high throughput cell imaging technologies, Vi-CELL and Flow Imaging, we found changes in the distribution of cell size and morphology as a function of process duration at the industrial scale of the production process. At the end of run, concomitantly with lowest levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), we detected an increase in cell subpopulations exhibiting low aspect ratio corresponding to morphologies exhibited by large-single-budded and multi-budded cells, reflecting incomplete cytokinesis at the M phase of the yeast mitotic cycle. Metabolomics from the intracellular milieu pointed to an impaired supply of precursors for chitin biosynthesis likely affecting the septum formation between mother and daughter and cytokinesis. Inducing hypoxia at the 10 L bench scale by varying DO levels, confirmed the existence and impact of hypoxic conditions on yeast cell size and morphology observed at the industrial scale. Conclusions We conclude that the observed increments in wet cell weight at the industrial scale correspond to morphological changes characterized by the large diameter and low aspect ratio exhibited by cell subpopulations comprising large single-budded and multi-budded cells. These changes are consistent with impairment of cytokinesis triggered by hypoxia as indicated by experiments mimicking this condition at DO 5% and 10 L scale. Mechanistically, hypoxia impairs N-acetyl-glucosamine availability, a key precursor of chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Aon
- Department of Microbial and Cell Culture Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA.
| | - Ricardo C Tecson
- Department of Microbial and Cell Culture Development, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
| | - Vakhtang Loladze
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA, 19406, USA
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