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Abstract
The transmission of prions between species is typically an inefficient process due to the species barrier, which represents incompatibility between prion seed and substrate molecules. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) are an exception to this rule, as they are susceptible to a diverse range of prion strains from many different animal species. In particular, bank voles can be efficiently infected with most types of human prions and have played a critical role in validating variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and certain forms of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease as bona fide prion disorders rather than non-transmissible proteinopathies. The bank vole prion protein (BVPrP) confers a "universal prion acceptor" phenotype when expressed in mice and when used as a substrate for in vitro prion amplification assays, indicating that the unique prion transmission properties of bank voles are mediated by BVPrP. Over-expression of BVPrP in mice can also promote the spontaneous development of prion disease, indicating that BVPrP is intrinsically prone to both spontaneous and template-directed misfolding. Here, we discuss the utility of bank voles and BVPrP for prion research and how they have provided new tools for establishing rapid animal bioassays, modeling spontaneous prion disease, standardizing prion diagnostics, and understanding the molecular basis of the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E C Bourkas
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Saaranen MJ, Ruddock LW. Applications of catalyzed cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1223-31. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation is an essential post-translational modification required for many proteins to attain their native, functional structure. The formation of disulfide bonds, otherwise known as oxidative protein folding, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial inter-membrane space in eukaryotes and the periplasm of prokaryotes. While there are differences in the molecular mechanisms of oxidative folding in different compartments, it can essentially be broken down into two steps, disulfide formation and disulfide isomerization. For both steps, catalysts exist in all compartments where native disulfide bond formation occurs. Due to the importance of disulfide bonds for a plethora of proteins, considerable effort has been made to generate cell factories which can make them more efficiently and cheaper. Recently synthetic biology has been used to transfer catalysts of native disulfide bond formation into the cytoplasm of prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli. While these engineered systems cannot yet rival natural systems in the range and complexity of disulfide-bonded proteins that can be made, a growing range of proteins have been made successfully and yields of homogenously folded eukaryotic proteins exceeding g/l yields have been obtained. This review will briefly give an overview of such systems, the uses reported to date and areas of future potential development, including combining with engineered systems for cytoplasmic glycosylation.
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Wang Z, Yuan J, Shen P, Abskharon R, Lang Y, Dang J, Adornato A, Xu L, Chen J, Feng J, Moudjou M, Kitamoto T, Lee HG, Kim YS, Langeveld J, Appleby B, Ma J, Kong Q, Petersen RB, Zou WQ, Cui L. In Vitro Seeding Activity of Glycoform-Deficient Prions from Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy and Familial CJD Associated with PrP V180I Mutation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5456-5469. [PMID: 30612334 PMCID: PMC6614145 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Both sporadic variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease linked to the prion protein (PrP) V180I mutation (fCJDV180I) have been found to share a unique pathological prion protein (PrPSc) that lacks the protease-resistant PrPSc glycosylated at residue 181 because two of four PrP glycoforms are apparently not converted into the PrPSc from their cellular PrP (PrPC). To investigate the seeding activity of these unique PrPSc molecules, we conducted in vitro prion conversion experiments using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays with different PrPC substrates. We observed that the seeding of PrPSc from VPSPr or fCJDV180I in the sPMCA reaction containing normal human or humanized transgenic (Tg) mouse brain homogenates generated PrPSc molecules that unexpectedly exhibited a dominant diglycosylated PrP isoform along with PrP monoglycosylated at residue 181. The efficiency of PrPSc amplification was significantly higher in non-CJDMM than in non-CJDVV human brain homogenate, whereas it was higher in normal TgVV than in TgMM mouse brain homogenate. PrPC from the mixture of normal TgMM and Tg mouse brain expressing PrPV180I mutation (Tg180) but not TgV180I alone was converted into PrPSc by seeding with the VPSPr or fCJDV180I. The RT-QuIC seeding activity of PrPSc from VPSPr and fCJDV180I was significantly lower than that of sCJD. Our results suggest that the formation of glycoform-selective prions may be associated with an unidentified factor in the affected brain and the glycoform-deficiency of PrPSc does not affect the glycoforms of in vitro newly amplified PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Romany Abskharon
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alise Adornato
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Center for Prion Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Gon Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Foundation Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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