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Akoniyon OP, Adewumi TS, Maharaj L, Oyegoke OO, Roux A, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Whole Genome Sequencing Contributions and Challenges in Disease Reduction Focused on Malaria. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11:587. [PMID: 35453786 PMCID: PMC9027812 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Malaria elimination remains an important goal that requires the adoption of sophisticated science and management strategies in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS) is making whole genome sequencing (WGS) a standard today in the field of life sciences, as PCR genotyping and targeted sequencing provide insufficient information compared to the whole genome. Thus, adapting WGS approaches to malaria parasites is pertinent to studying the epidemiology of the disease, as different regions are at different phases in their malaria elimination agenda. Therefore, this review highlights the applications of WGS in disease management, challenges of WGS in controlling malaria parasites, and in furtherance, provides the roles of WGS in pursuit of malaria reduction and elimination. WGS has invaluable impacts in malaria research and has helped countries to reach elimination phase rapidly by providing required information needed to thwart transmission, pathology, and drug resistance. However, to eliminate malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with high malaria transmission, we recommend that WGS machines should be readily available and affordable in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Philip Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Taiye Samson Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Olukunle Olugbenle Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Alexandra Roux
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Office of Malaria Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa; (O.P.A.); (T.S.A.); (L.M.); (O.O.O.); (A.R.); (M.A.A.)
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Coppée R, Mama A, Sarrasin V, Kamaliddin C, Adoux L, Palazzo L, Ndam NT, Letourneur F, Ariey F, Houzé S, Clain J. 5WBF: a low-cost and straightforward whole blood filtration method suitable for whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates. Malar J 2022; 21:51. [PMID: 35172825 PMCID: PMC8848818 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming increasingly helpful to assist malaria control programmes. A major drawback of this approach is the large amount of human DNA compared to parasite DNA extracted from unprocessed whole blood. As red blood cells (RBCs) have a diameter of about 7–8 µm and exhibit some deformability, it was hypothesized that cheap and commercially available 5 µm filters might retain leukocytes but much less of Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that such a filtration method, named 5WBF (for 5 µm Whole Blood Filtration), may provide highly enriched parasite material suitable for P. falciparum WGS. Methods Whole blood was collected from five patients experiencing a P. falciparum malaria episode (ring-stage parasitaemia range: 0.04–5.5%) and from mock samples obtained by mixing synchronized, ring-stage cultured P. falciparum 3D7 parasites with uninfected human whole blood (final parasitaemia range: 0.02–1.1%). These whole blood samples (50 to 400 µL) were diluted in RPMI 1640 medium or PBS 1× buffer and filtered with a syringe connected to a 5 µm commercial filter. DNA was extracted from 5WBF-treated and unfiltered counterpart blood samples using a commercial kit. The 5WBF method was evaluated on the ratios of parasite:human DNA assessed by qPCR and by sequencing depth and percentages of coverage from WGS data (Illumina NextSeq 500). As a comparison, the popular selective whole-genome amplification (sWGA) method, which does not rely on blood filtration, was applied to the unfiltered counterpart blood samples. Results After applying 5WBF, qPCR indicated an average of twofold loss in the amount of parasite template DNA (Pf ARN18S gene) and from 4096- to 65,536-fold loss of human template DNA (human β actin gene). WGS analyses revealed that > 95% of the parasite nuclear and organellar genomes were all covered at ≥ 10× depth for all samples tested. In sWGA counterparts, the organellar genomes were poorly covered and from 47.7 to 82.1% of the nuclear genome was covered at ≥ 10× depth depending on parasitaemia. Sequence reads were homogeneously distributed across gene sequences for 5WBF-treated samples (n = 5460 genes; mean coverage: 91×; median coverage: 93×; 5th percentile: 70×; 95th percentile: 103×), allowing the identification of gene copy number variations such as for gch1. This later analysis was not possible for sWGA-treated samples, as a much more heterogeneous distribution of reads across gene sequences was observed (mean coverage: 80×; median coverage: 51×; 5th percentile: 7×; 95th percentile: 245×). Conclusions The novel 5WBF leucodepletion method is simple to implement and based on commercially available, standardized 5 µm filters which cost from 1.0 to 1.7€ per unit depending on suppliers. 5WBF permits extensive genome-wide analysis of P. falciparum ring-stage isolates from minute amounts of whole blood even with parasitaemias as low as 0.02%. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04073-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Coppée
- Université de Paris, IRD, MERIT, 75006, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Infection Modelisation Antimicrobial Evolution (IAME), Inserm UMR1137, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Atikatou Mama
- Université de Paris, IRD, MERIT, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Sarrasin
- Université de Paris, IRD, MERIT, 75006, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Claire Kamaliddin
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, 75018, Paris, France.,Cumming School of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lucie Adoux
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, UMR CNRS 8104, Genomic Platform, 75014, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Franck Letourneur
- Cochin Institute, INSERM U1016, UMR CNRS 8104, Genomic Platform, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ariey
- Université de Paris, INSERM 1016, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie Hôpital Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Houzé
- Université de Paris, IRD, MERIT, 75006, Paris, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Clain
- Université de Paris, IRD, MERIT, 75006, Paris, France. .,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat - Claude-Bernard, 75018, Paris, France.
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Tornyigah B, Ndam NT. Preservation of Parasite RNA in the Field. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:19-25. [PMID: 35881335 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of malaria is largely attributable to the parasite's ability to modulate its cytoadhesion phenotype. This relates to the multigenic families comprising dozens to hundreds of members, whose expression, often mutually exclusive, allows the parasite to vary its adhesive properties and antigenic appearance. This phenomenon is mainly described for the variant surface antigens that the parasite expresses on the infected erythrocyte. In order to decipher these gene expression spectra and identify potential antigenic candidates and/or targets of therapeutic interest, the analysis of the transcriptomes of the parasites directly isolated from patients with well-defined clinical presentation is important. RNA stabilization is an absolute prerequisite for a precise and accurate transcriptome profiling. Immediate stabilization of RNA of biological samples is therefore necessary to prevent degradation by ribonucleases (RNase) or cellular changes. This chapter described methodology for preserving parasite RNA samples from malaria patients in the field for transcriptome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Tornyigah
- Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Hansson H, Saidi Q, Alifrangis M. Preservation and Extraction of Malaria Parasite DNA from Dried Blood Spots. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2470:27-36. [PMID: 35881336 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2189-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular studies related to diagnosis and research rely on collection of blood samples and extraction of high-quality DNA. In Africa, where the populations carried 94% of the total burden of cases and deaths due to malaria in 2019, collection of samples is often challenged by remote study areas and lack of a cold chain to transport and store samples. Collection of blood on filter paper is a technique that is less invasive and has simpler requirements regarding training of staff, storage, and transport of samples than collection of venous blood samples. Dried blood spots (DBS) are therefore commonly used in many research projects. However, DNA quality can be affected by duration and conditions of storage. The quality of the DNA for molecular analyses also depends on a DNA extraction methodology that provides high-quality DNA with high purity and yield. Several protocols for DNA extraction have been described, and many comparative studies have analyzed and optimized the different methodologies to find an alternative to the more costly commercial extraction kits. This chapter describes recommendations for storage and preservation of DBS, and a Chelex-based protocol for extraction of DNA from DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Hansson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Queen Saidi
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Schotte U, Hoffmann T, Schwarz NG, Rojak S, Lusingu J, Minja D, Kaseka J, Mbwana J, Gesase S, May J, Dekker D, Frickmann H. Study of enteric pathogens among children in the tropics and effects of prolonged storage of stool samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:774-782. [PMID: 33544912 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study was performed to compare real-time PCR after nucleic acid extraction directly from stool samples as well as from samples stored and transported on Whatman papers or flocked swabs at ambient temperature in the tropics. In addition, the possible suitability for a clear determination of likely aetiological relevance of PCR-based pathogen detections based on cycle threshold (Ct) values was assessed. From 632 Tanzanian children <5 years of age with and without gastrointestinal symptoms, 466 samples were subjected to nucleic acid extraction and real-time PCR for gastrointestinal viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens. Equal or even higher frequencies of pathogen detections from Whatman papers or flocked swabs were achieved compared with nucleic acid extraction directly from stool samples. Comparison of the Ct values showed no significant difference according to the nucleic acid extraction strategy. Also, the Ct values did not allow a decision whether a detected pathogen was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schotte
- Department A - Veterinary Medicine, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany
| | - T Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - N G Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Rojak
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - J Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - D Minja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - J Kaseka
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - J Mbwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - S Gesase
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - J May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Dekker
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Teyssier NB, Chen A, Duarte EM, Sit R, Greenhouse B, Tessema SK. Optimization of whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from low-density dried blood spot samples. Malar J 2021; 20:116. [PMID: 33637093 PMCID: PMC7912882 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming increasingly useful to study the biology, epidemiology, and ecology of malaria parasites. Despite ease of sampling, DNA extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) has a high ratio of human DNA compared to parasite DNA, which poses a challenge for downstream genetic analyses. The effects of multiple methods for DNA extraction, digestion of methylated DNA, and amplification were evaluated on the quality and fidelity of WGS data recovered from DBS. Methods Low parasite density mock DBS samples were created, extracted either with Tween-Chelex or QIAamp, treated with or without McrBC, and amplified with one of three different amplification techniques (two sWGA primer sets and one rWGA). Extraction conditions were evaluated on performance of sequencing depth, percentiles of coverage, and expected SNP concordance. Results At 100 parasites/μL, Chelex-Tween-McrBC samples had higher coverage (5 × depth = 93% genome) than QIAamp extracted samples (5 × depth = 76% genome). The two evaluated sWGA primer sets showed minor differences in overall genome coverage and SNP concordance, with a newly proposed combination of 20 primers showing a modest improvement in coverage over those previously published. Conclusions Overall, Tween-Chelex extracted samples that were treated with McrBC digestion and are amplified using 6A10AD sWGA conditions had minimal dropout rate, higher percentages of coverage at higher depth, and more accurate SNP concordance than QiaAMP extracted samples. These findings extend the results of previously reported methods, making whole genome sequencing accessible to a larger number of low density samples that are commonly encountered in cross-sectional surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam B Teyssier
- Department of Medicine, EPPIcenter, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Department of Medicine, EPPIcenter, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elias M Duarte
- Department of Medicine, EPPIcenter, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rene Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, EPPIcenter, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sofonias K Tessema
- Department of Medicine, EPPIcenter, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Brown AC, Guler JL. From Circulation to Cultivation: Plasmodium In Vivo versus In Vitro. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:914-926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Nsanzabana C. Strengthening Surveillance Systems for Malaria Elimination by Integrating Molecular and Genomic Data. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E139. [PMID: 31816974 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented efforts in malaria control over the last 15 years have led to a substantial decrease in both morbidity and mortality in most endemic settings. However, these progresses have stalled over recent years, and resurgence may cause dramatic impact on both morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, elimination efforts are currently going on with the objective of reducing malaria morbidity and mortality by 90% and malaria elimination in at least 35 countries by 2030. Strengthening surveillance systems is of paramount importance to reach those targets, and the integration of molecular and genomic techniques into routine surveillance could substantially improve the quality and robustness of data. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) are increasingly available in malaria endemic countries, whereas others such as sequencing are already available in a few laboratories. However, sequencing, especially next-generation sequencing (NGS), requires sophisticated infrastructure with adequate computing power and highly trained personnel for data analysis that require substantial investment. Different techniques will be required for different applications, and cost-effective planning must ensure the appropriate use of available resources. The development of national and sub-regional reference laboratories could help in minimizing the resources required in terms of equipment and trained staff. Concerted efforts from different stakeholders at national, sub-regional, and global level are needed to develop the required framework to establish and maintain these reference laboratories.
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Cheaveau J, Mogollon DC, Mohon MAN, Golassa L, Yewhalaw D, Pillai DR. Asymptomatic malaria in the clinical and public health context. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:997-1010. [PMID: 31718324 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1693259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Historically, the global community has focused on the control of symptomatic malaria. However, interest in asymptomatic malaria has been growing, particularly in the context of malaria elimination.Areas covered: We undertook a comprehensive PubMed literature review on asymptomatic malaria as it relates to detection and elimination with emphasis between 2014 and 2019. Diagnostic tools with a low limit of detection (LOD) have allowed us to develop a more detailed understanding of asymptomatic malaria and its impact. These highly sensitive diagnostics have demonstrated that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria is greater than previously thought. In addition, it is now possible to detect the malaria reservoir in the community, something that was previously not feasible. Asymptomatic malaria has previously not been treated, but research has begun to examine whether treating individuals with asymptomatic malaria may lead to health benefits. Finally, we have begun to understand the importance of asymptomatic malaria in ongoing transmission.Expert opinion: Therefore, with malaria elimination back on the agenda, asymptomatic malaria can no longer be ignored, especially in light of new ultra-sensitive diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cheaveau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Castaneda Mogollon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Md Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Canada, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Yadav BS, Chaturvedi N, Marina N. Recent Advances in System Based Study for Anti-Malarial Drug Development Process. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:3367-3377. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190902162105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Presently, malaria is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious disease across Africa,
Asia, and America that has now started to spread in Europe. Despite large research being carried out in the
field, still, there is a lack of efficient anti-malarial therapeutics. In this paper, we highlight the increasing efforts
that are urgently needed towards the development and discovery of potential antimalarial drugs, which must be
safe and affordable. The new drugs thus mentioned are also able to counter the spread of malaria parasites that
have been resistant to the existing agents.
Objective:
The main objective of the review is to highlight the recent development in the use of system biologybased
approaches towards the design and discovery of novel anti-malarial inhibitors.
Method:
A huge literature survey was performed to gain advance knowledge about the global persistence of
malaria, its available treatment and shortcomings of the available inhibitors. Literature search and depth analysis
were also done to gain insight into the use of system biology in drug discovery and how this approach could be
utilized towards the development of the novel anti-malarial drug.
Results:
The system-based analysis has made easy to understand large scale sequencing data, find candidate
genes expression during malaria disease progression further design of drug molecules those are complementary of
the target proteins in term of shape and configuration.
Conclusion:
The review article focused on the recent computational advances in new generation sequencing,
molecular modeling, and docking related to malaria disease and utilization of the modern system and network
biology approach to antimalarial potential drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh S. Yadav
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Navaneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
| | - Ninoslav Marina
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Information Science and Technology, Partizahska, Ohrid, Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
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