Synthesis and application of magnetic@layered double hydroxide as an anti-inflammatory drugs nanocarrier

Layered Double Hydroxides: Recent Progress and Promising Perspectives Toward Biomedical Applications

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely studied for biomedical applications due to their excellent properties, such as good biocompatibility, degradability, interlayer ion exchangeability, high loading capacity, pH-responsive release, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, the flexibility in the structural composition and ease of surface modification of LDHs makes it possible to develop specifically functionalized LDHs to meet the needs of different applications. In this review, the recent advances of LDHs for biomedical applications, which include LDH-based drug delivery systems, LDHs for cancer diagnosis and therapy, tissue engineering, coatings, functional membranes, and biosensors, are comprehensively discussed. From these various biomedical research fields, it can be seen that there is great potential and possibility for the use of LDHs in biomedical applications. However, at the same time, it must be recognized that the actual clinical translation of LDHs is still very limited. Therefore, the current limitations of related research on LDHs are discussed by combining limited examples of actual clinical translation with requirements for clinical translation of biomaterials. Finally, an outlook on future research related to LDHs is provided.

Enhancing osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through rosuvastatin loaded niosomes optimized by Box-Behnken design and modified by hyaluronan: a novel strategy for improved efficiency

Bone tissue engineering necessitates a stem cell source capable of osteoblast differentiation and mineralized matrix production. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), a subtype of mesenchymal stem cells from human teeth, present such potential but face challenges in osteogenic differentiation. This research introduces an innovative approach to bolster DPSCs' osteogenic potential using niosomal and hyaluronan modified niosomal systems enriched with rosuvastatin. While rosuvastatin fosters bone formation by regulating bone morphogenetic proteins and osteoblasts, its solubility, permeability, and bioavailability constraints hinder its bone regeneration application. Using a Box-Behnken design, optimal formulation parameters were ascertained. Both niosomes were analyzed for size, polydispersity, zeta potential, and other parameters. They displayed average sizes under 275 nm and entrapment efficiencies exceeding 62%. Notably, niosomes boosted DPSCs' cell viability and osteogenic marker expression, suggesting enhanced differentiation and bone formation. Conclusively, the study underscores the potential of both niosomal systems in ameliorating DPSCs' osteogenic differentiation, offering a promising avenue for bone tissue engineering and regeneration.

Design and synthesis of silver nanoparticle anchored poly(ionic liquid)s mesoporous for controlled anticancer drug delivery with antimicrobial effect

Owing to the importance of drug delivery, the synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery plays a considerable role in medical treatment. One of the most prominent nanomaterials is PIL, which is used as controlled anticancer drug delivery and significantly improves the half-life and antitumor effect. In this study, a stable and effective drug carrier containing silver nanoparticles was reported for the drug delivery with an antimicrobial effect, and the capability of the drug carrier . PILP was synthesized by radical polymerization, and silver nanoparticles were anchored into PIL voids by in-situ reduction, which developed the adsorption antimicrobial effect and capability of the drug carrier. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized. The Ag-PILP nanocomposite showed antibacterial activityagainst both E. coli and S. aureus with a MIC of 256 μg/mL, and bactericidal activity against E. coli and S. aureus strains with a MBC of 256 and 512 μg/mL, respectively.

Layered double hydroxides and their tailored hybrids/composites: Progressive trends for delivery of natural/synthetic-drug/cosmetic biomolecules

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are well-known and important class of hydrotalcite-type anionic clays (HTs) materials that are cost-effective with additional advantages of facile synthesis, composition, tenability, and reusability. These convincing characteristics are liable for their applications in various fields related to energy, environment, catalysis, biomedical, and biotechnology. HTs/LDHs are generally synthesized from low cost abundantly available chemical precursors through the aqueous synthetic pathways under mild reaction conditions. These materials can be termed green materials based on their non-toxic nature, availability of precursors, facile and low-cost production using aqueous medium conditions with less hazardous effluents. Diverse and fascinating characteristics have been attributed to HTs/LDHs like anion exchange ability, surface basicity, biocompatibility, controlled release of the anion specific area, porosity, easy surface modification, and pH dependent biodegradability. Hence, HTs/LDHs and their modified and/or functionalized nanohybrids/nanocomposites are reported as the potential drug delivery carriers with a capability to stabilize the susceptible bioactive molecules, may enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drugs along with controlled drug/bioactive molecule release and delivery. These clay and bioactive hybrid materials have good biocompatibility, less cytotoxicity, and better site-targeting with improved cellular uptake than that of free parent biomolecules. These lamellar solids of micro/nanostructure are compatible, host-guest materials and able to fabricate with drugs/cosmeceutical/bio- or synthetic polymers without any change in their molecular structure and reactivity along with improvement in their stabilities. Other important features are facile synthesis, basicity, high stability with easy storage, and efficient administration with low bio-toxicity. This study enlightens the applications of HTs/LDHs along with their hybrids/composites in the field of drug/cosmeceutical/gene delivery systems of natural/synthetic biomolecules.

Enhancing lettuce yield via Cu/Fe-layered double hydroxide nanoparticles spraying

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely used in the field of plant engineering, such as DNA/RNA transformation and enhancing plant disease resistance. However, few studies have examined the direct effects of LDHs on plants and their potential utility as nanofertilizers. In this study, the retention capacity of Cu/Fe-layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (CuFe-LDHs) was assessed by comparative experiments on vegetables. The results showed that the retention of CuFe-LDHs in leafy vegetables was high, such as lettuce. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the fresh and dry weights of lettuce leaves were both increased by spraying 10-100 μg/mL CuFe-LDHs. Using the optimal concentration of 10 μg/mL, we conducted further experiments to elucidate the mechanism of CuFe-LDHs promoting lettuce growth. It was found that the application of CuFe-LDHs had a significant effect on growth and induced physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic changes, including an increase in the chlorophyll b content, net photosynthetic rate, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, as well as modifications in gene expression patterns and metabolite profiles. This work provides compelling evidence that CuFe-LDHs can efficiently adsorb on the surface of lettuce leaves through hydrogen bonding, promote lettuce growth, mitigate the toxicity of heavy metal ions compared to their raw materials at the same concentration and offer a molecular-scale insight into the response of leafy vegetables to CuFe-LDHs.

Layered Double Hydroxides: A Novel Promising 2D Nanomaterial for Bone Diseases Treatment

Bone diseases including bone defects, bone infections, osteoarthritis, and bone tumors seriously affect life quality of the patient and bring serious economic burdens to social health management, for which the current clinical treatments bear dissatisfactory therapeutic effects. Biomaterial-based strategies have been widely applied in the treatment of orthopedic diseases but are still plagued by deficient bioreactivity. With the development of nanotechnology, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with adjustable metal ion composition and alterable interlayer structure possessing charming physicochemical characteristics, versatile bioactive properties, and excellent drug loading and delivery capabilities arise widespread attention and have achieved considerable achievements for bone disease treatment in the last decade. However, to the authors' best knowledge, no review has comprehensively summarized the advances of LDHs in treating bone disease so far. Herein, the advantages of LDHs for orthopedic disorders treatment are outlined and the corresponding state-of-the-art achievements are summarized for the first time. The potential of LDHs-based nanocomposites for extended therapeutics for bone diseases is highlighted and perspectives for LDHs-based scaffold design are proposed for facilitated clinical translation.

Facile preparation of pH-sensitive biocompatible alginate beads havening layered double hydroxide supported metal-organic framework for controlled release from doxorubicin to breast cancer cells

In the present study, a pH-sensitive controlled drug delivery system was prepared from alginate beads impregnated with AlCu layered double hydroxides (LDH) supported copper metal-organic framework (Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads) for controlled release from doxorubicin (DOX) to breast cancer cells. The physicochemical properties of Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Zeta potential. The in vitro release studies showed that the Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads had more controlled drug release than the DOX-Cu MOF-LDH and in vitro release of DOX from both carriers showed pH-response release behavior. The kinetic adsorption studies also confirmed that the drug release from the DOX-Cu MOF-LDH and Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads well obey the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Meanwhile, in vitro cytotoxicity and DAPI tests on L929 (non-cancerous cells) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) clearly showed that the prepared AlCu LDH and Cu MOF-LDH systems had good biocompatibility. Whereas, Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads had higher cytotoxicity effects as a result of the controlled release of DOX to MCF-7 cells. These results suggested that the Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads can be used as an excellent drug delivery system for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications.

Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxides for Drug Delivery and Imaging

Two-dimensional nanomaterials, particularly layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have been widely applied in the biomedical field owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, controllable drug release/loading ability, and enhanced cellular permeability. Since the first study analyzing intercalative LDHs in 1999, numerous studies have investigated their biomedical applications, including drug delivery and imaging; recent research has focused on the design and development of multifunctional LDHs. This review summarizes the synthetic strategies and in-vivo and in-vitro therapeutic actions and targeting properties of single-function LDH-based nanohybrids and recently reported (from 2019 to 2023) multifunctional systems developed for drug delivery and/or bio-imaging.

Curcumin-Loaded Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Efficiently Attenuate Proliferation and Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with curcumin (Curc-Exos) as an effective therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis through modulation of proliferation and inflammatory response in HIG-82 synovial cells. For this purpose, Exos were isolated and characterized with BCA protein assay, DLS, FE-SEM, and TEM. The Curc was embedded by mixing it with Exos in a 1:4 ratio. It was found that the Curc stability has improved after loading on Exos compared to the free Curc. Besides, the in vitro studies using LPS-stimulated HIG-82 synovial cells indicated the efficiency of Curc-Exos in enhancing cytotoxicity and apoptosis compared to the free Curc treatment. It was also revealed that Curc-Exos significantly could reduce the expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins IAP1 and IAP2 and inflammatory mediators including IL-6, TNF-α, MMP1, and PGE2. This preliminary study confirmed the suitability of Curc-Exos in counteracting the proliferation and inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts in vitro.

Evaluating the effects of zeolitic imidazolate framework and Eremostachys binalodensis extract on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans biofilms

Biofilms represent longstanding challenges to oral health care. Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans are the common pathogens forming biofilms. The growing resistance to and the adverse effects of antibiotics limit their usage and raise the need for novel approaches. Herbal extracts have emerged as efficient choices with lower costs and fewer adverse effects. Metal frameworks have captivated interest due to their high surface area, special biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. The effects of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks/layered double hydroxide (ZIF/LDH) on fungal infections and the potential effects of Eremostachys binalodensis on bacteria encouraged the researchers to evaluate the effect of ZIF/LDH, E. binalodensis, and their combination on C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms. ZIF/LDH nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and X-ray diffraction to assess morphology and chemical structure. Methanol extracts of the areal parts of E. binalodensis were obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The microdilution tests and biofilm crystal violet staining were applied. Concentrations of 2.048 and 4.096 mg/ml E. binalodensis prevented C. albicans and S. mutans biofilm formation. The combination of ZIF/LDH + E. binalodensis prevented C. albicans and S. mutans biofilm formation. This research suggests the use of E. binalodensis-loaded ZIF/LDH nanocomposites for removing biofilms.

Drug-Containing Layered Double Hydroxide/Alginate Dispersions for Tissue Engineering

Alginate (Alg) is increasingly studied as a constitutive material of scaffolds for tissue engineering because of its easy gelation and biocompatibility, and the incorporation of drugs into its formulation allows for its functionality to be extended. However, Alg presents a low cell adhesion and proliferation capacity, and the incorporation of drugs may further reduce its biocompatibility. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising fillers for Alg-based biomaterials, as they increase cell adhesion and interaction and provide drug storage and controlled release. In this work, LDH containing ibuprofen or naproxen were synthesized by coprecipitation at a constant pH and their properties upon their incorporation in Alg dispersions (LDH-Drug/Alg) were explored. Drug release profiles in simulated body fluid and the proliferation of pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by LDH-Drug/Alg dispersions were then evaluated, leading to results that confirm their potential as biomaterials for tissue engineering. They showed a controlled release with diffusive control, modulated by the in-situ formation of an Alg hydrogel in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Additionally, LDH-Drug/Alg dispersions mitigated the cytotoxic effects of the pure drugs, especially in the case of markedly cytotoxic drugs such as naproxen.

Modified gelatin/iron- based metal-organic framework nanocomposite hydrogel as wound dressing: Synthesis, antibacterial activity, and Camellia sinensis release

A new kind of Camellia sinensis-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel based on modified gelatin/iron-metal-organic framework was developed as an antibacterial wound dressing. Gelatin as a biocompatible natural polymer was modified with methacrylate anhydride to produce gelatin methacrylate. Thereafter, acrylic acid and acrylamide were grafted on gelatin methacrylate during an aqueous polymerization process. To enhance the porosity, mechanical strength, and drug loading capability of the hydrogel and reduce its toxicity, iron- based metal-organic framework was incorporated within the hydrogel. To add more functionality to the final wound dressing, Camellia sinensis, an antibacterial herbal drug was loaded on the hydrogel. The structural and chemical properties of prepared nanocomposite hydrogel were investigated by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA techniques. The incorporation of iron-based metal-organic framework within the hydrogel matrix led to an increase in its water absorption value from 400.10 to 547.96 (g/g). The release study of Camellia sinensis (CS) extract from the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel exhibited a sustained release manner. The antibacterial test revealed the nanocomposite hydrogel contain extract has an effective antibacterial function against "Bacillus serous", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Streptococcus mutans"," Escherichia coli", "Klebsiella pneumoniae", and "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" bacteria. Therefore, the synthesized nanocomposite is a good candidate as an antibacterial hydrogel wound dressing. .

Flame-Retardant PEDOT:PSS/LDHs/Leather Flexible Strain Sensor for Human Motion Detection

Flexible piezoresistive sensors have demonstrated great potential in human-motion-detection applications. However, it still remains a challenge to fabricate strain sensors with high sensitivity, broad sensing range and good linear response to strain. In this report, a simple and scalable fabrication strategy is developed to construct high performance strain sensors by using leather as the substrates to filtrate poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene ): : poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) suspensions. The naturally aligned collagen fibers in leather enable size selection for the 2-D conductive materials and as such dual-conductive pathways are effectively formed on the surface and in the matrix of leather. Due to the unique design of conductive networks, the prepared sensor possesses high gauge factor (maximum value of 2326.84), tunable strain range (0∼70%), fast tensile response time (160 ms), and good stability in 1000 stretching-relaxing/compression-relaxing cycles, making it suitable for various human motion detections including coughing and large-scale motions of joint bending. In addition, the incorporated LDHs is a non-toxic flame retardant, which is helpful to reduce electronic fire risk and can bring added value to the sensor. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A Novel Para-Amino Salicylic Acid Magnesium Layered Hydroxide Nanocomposite Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Delivery System with Enhanced in vitro Therapeutic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

INTRODUCTION

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are associated with severe local inflammatory reactions, which may be life-threatening and lead to tuberculosis pathogenesis and associated complications. Inorganic nanolayers have been vastly exploited for biomedical applications (especially in drug delivery) because of their biocompatible and biodegradable nature with the ability to release a drug in a sustained manner. Herein, we report a new nanodelivery system of inorganic nanolayers based on magnesium layered hydroxides (MgLH) and a successfully intercalated anti-tuberculosis drug para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS).

METHODS

The designed anti-tuberculosis nanodelivery composite, MgLH-PAS, was prepared by a novel co-precipitation method using MgNO3 as well MgO as starting materials.

RESULTS

The designed nano-formulation, PAS-MgLH, showed good antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities with significant synergistic anti-inflammatory effects on the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The designed nano-formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells (MRC-5) and 3T3 fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the in vitro release of PAS from PAS-MgLH was found to be sustained in human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solutions of pH 7.4 and pH 4.8.

DISCUSSION

The results of the present study are highly encouraging for further in vivo studies. This new nanodelivery system, MgLH, can be exploited in the delivery of other drugs and in numerous other biomedical applications as well.

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

Finding new strategies for the treatment of heart failures using stem cells has attracted a lot of attention. Meanwhile, nanotechnology-based approaches to regenerative medicine hypothesize a possible combination of stem cells and nanotechnology in the treatment of diseases. This study aims to investigate the in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) through detection of cardiac markers. For this purpose, MSCs were isolated from bone marrow resident and differentiated to the cardiac cells using a dedicated medium with Ag-NPs. Also, the cardiomyogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. Then, real-time PCR and western blotting assay were used for measuring absolute telomere length (TL) measurement, and gene and protein assessment of the cells, respectively. It was found that 2.5 µg/mL Ag-NPs caused elongation of the telomeres and altered VEGF, C-TnI, VWF, SMA, GATA-4, TERT, and cyclin D protein and gene expression in the cardiomyogenically differentiated BM-MSCs. Also, there was a significant increase in the protein and gene expression of Wnt3 and β-catenin as main components of pathways. We concluded that Ag-NPs could change the in vitro expression of cardiac markers of BM-MSCs via the Wnt3/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Cashew Gum Polysaccharide Nanoparticles Grafted with Polypropylene Glycol as Carriers for Diclofenac Sodium

This investigation focuses on the development and optimization of cashew gum polysaccharide (CGP) nanoparticles grafted with polypropylene glycol (PPG) as carriers for diclofenac sodium. The optimization of parameters affecting nanoparticles formulation was performed using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). It was demonstrated that the best formulation was achieved when 10 mg of CGP was mixed with 10 μL of PPG and homogenized at 22,000 rpm for 15 min. The physicochemical characterization evidenced that diclofenac was efficiently entrapped, as increases in the thermal stability of the drug were observed. The CGP-PPG@diclofenac nanoparticles showed a globular shape, with smooth surfaces, a hydrodynamic diameter around 275 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.342, and a zeta potential of -5.98 mV. The kinetic studies evidenced that diclofenac release followed an anomalous transport mechanism, with a sustained release up to 68 h. These results indicated that CGP-PPG nanoparticles are an effective material for the loading/release of drugs with similar structures to diclofenac sodium.

APTES monolayer coverage on self-assembled magnetic nanospheres for controlled release of anticancer drug Nintedanib

The use of an appropriate delivery system capable of protecting, translocating, and selectively releasing therapeutic moieties to desired sites can promote the efficacy of an active compound. In this work, we have developed a nanoformulation which preserves its magnetization to load a model anticancerous drug and to explore the controlled release of the drug in a cancerous environment. For the preparation of the nanoformulation, self-assembled magnetic nanospheres (MNS) made of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were grafted with a monolayer of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). A direct functionalization strategy was used to avoid the loss of the MNS magnetization. The successful preparation of the nanoformulation was validated by structural, microstructural, and magnetic investigations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to establish the presence of APTES on the MNS surface. The amine content quantified by a ninhydrin assay revealed the monolayer coverage of APTES over MNS. The monolayer coverage of APTES reduced only negligibly the saturation magnetization from 77 emu/g (for MNS) to 74 emu/g (for MNS-APTES). Detailed investigations of the thermoremanent magnetization were carried out to assess the superparamagnetism in the MNS. To make the nanoformulation pH-responsive, the anticancerous drug Nintedanib (NTD) was conjugated with MNS-APTES through the acid liable imine bond. At pH 5.5, which mimics a cancerous environment, a controlled release of 85% in 48 h was observed. On the other hand, prolonged release of NTD was found at physiological conditions (i.e., pH 7.4). In vitro cytotoxicity study showed dose-dependent activity of MNS-APTES-NTD for human lung cancer cells L-132. About 75% reduction in cellular viability for a 100 μg/mL concentration of nanoformulation was observed. The nanoformulation designed using MNS and monolayer coverage of APTES has potential in cancer therapy as well as in other nanobiological applications.