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Shandilya UK, Wu X, McAllister C, Mutharia L, Karrow NA. Impact of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on bovine IL10RA knockout mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023; 59:214-223. [PMID: 37071310 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen that causes Johne's disease (JD) in cattle and other ruminants. IL10RA encodes the alpha chain of the IL-10 receptor that binds the cytokine IL-10, and is one of the candidate genes that have been found to be associated with JD infection status. In this study, a previously developed IL10RA knockout (IL10RAKO) bovine mammary epithelial (MAC-T) cell line and wild-type (WT) MAC-T cells were infected with live MAP for 72 h to identify potential immunoregulatory miRNAs, inflammatory genes, and cytokines/chemokines impacted by MAP infection in the presence/absence of IL10RA. Cytokine and chemokine concentrations in culture supernatants were measured by multiplexing immunoassay. Total RNA was extracted from the MAC-T cells, and qPCR was performed to determine the expression of inflammatory genes and selected bovine miRNAs. Results showed that the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL3 were significantly induced in WT MAC-T cells and IL-10 was significantly inhibited post-MAP infection. However, IL10RAKO MAC-T cells had greater secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, and CXCL10, and lower secretion of VEGF-α. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6) was also more significantly induced in IL10RAKO cells than in WT MAC-T cells post-MAP-infection, and unlike the WT cells, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and SOCS3 and chemokines CCL2 were not significantly induced. In addition, the expression of miRNAs (miR133b, miR-92a, and miR-184) was increased in WT MAC-T cells post-MAP-infection; however, there was no significant induction of these miRNAs in the IL10RAKO cells, which suggests IL10 receptor is somehow involved in regulating the miRNA response to MAP infection. Target gene function analysis further suggests that miR-92a may be involved in interleukin signaling, and miR-133b and miR-184 may be involved in other signaling pathways. These findings support the involvement of IL10RA in the regulation of innate immune response to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Caitlin McAllister
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Lucy Mutharia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
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Lee JH, Park HT, Shim S, Kim S, Woo SH, Kim DY, Yoo HS. Immunopathological mechanisms in the early stage of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection via different administration routes in a murine model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281880. [PMID: 36795721 PMCID: PMC9934400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic emaciating disease of ruminants that causes enormous economic losses to the bovine industry, globally. However, there are still remaining clues to be solved in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, an in vivo murine experimental model was tried to understand responses in early stage of MAP infection by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. In the MAP infection size, and weight of spleen and liver were increased in the IP group compared with oral groups. Severe histopathological changes were also observed in the spleen and liver of IP infected mice at 12 weeks post-infection (PI). Acid-fast bacterial burden in the organs was closely related to histopathological lesions. In the cytokine production from splenocytes of MAP-infected mice, higher amounts of in TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ were produced at early stage of IP-infected mice while IL-17 production was different at time and infected groups. This phenomenon may indicate the immune shift from Th1 to Th17 through the time course of MAP infection. Systemic and local responses in the MAP-infection were analyzed by using transcriptomic analysis in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Based on the analysis of biological processes at 6 weeks PI in spleen and MLN in each infection group, canonical pathways were analyzed with ingenuity pathway analysis in the immune responses and metabolism especially lipid metabolism. Infected host cells with MAP increased in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced the availability of glucose at early stage of infection (p < 0.05). Also, host cells secreted cholesterol through cholesterol efflux to disturb energy source of MAP. These results reveal immunopathological and metabolic responses in the early stage of MAP infection through the development of a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Shim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Woo
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Mazzone P, Di Paolo A, Petrucci L, Torricelli M, Corneli S, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Sebastianelli M, Costarelli S, Scoccia E, Sbarra F, Gabbianelli F, Chillemi G, Valentini A, Pezzotti G, Biagetti M. Evaluation of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Associated with Genetic Resistance to Bovine Paratuberculosis in Marchigiana Beef Cattle, an Italian Native Breed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040587. [PMID: 36830374 PMCID: PMC9951665 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (PTB), a widespread chronic enteritis of ruminants. The progression of the infection depends on the containment action of innate and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and it is related to environmental and genetic factors. In particular, PTB susceptibility seems to be associated with specific genes coding for immune regulators involved in the cell-mediated response during the infection. The aim of this preliminary study was to verify, in Italian beef cattle, an association between MAP infectious status and the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation conducted on a native beef cattle breed, known as Marchigiana, reared in Central Italy. The present research, based on a longitudinal study, aimed to identify and correlate phenotypic and genetic profiles characteristic of the subjects potentially able to contrast or contain PTB. In a MAP-infected herd, ELISA, IFN-γ tests, qPCR, and cultures were performed at a follow-up, occurring within a period ranging from three to six years, to evaluate the individual state of infection. Animals testing positive for at least one test were considered infected. DNA samples of 112 bovines, with known MAP statuses, were analyzed to verify an association with SNPs in the genes encoding gamma-interferon (BoIFNG), interleukin receptor 10 (IL10RA), interleukin receptor 12 (IL12RB2), and toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4). Regarding statistical analysis, the differences among target genes and pairs of alleles in the analyzed groups of animals, were evaluated at a significance level of p < 0.05. For IL10RA and for IL12RB2 genes, relevant differences in genotypic frequencies among the considered cattle groups were observed. For all candidate genes studied in this investigation, SNP genotypes already associated with PTB resistance were found more frequently in our population, suggesting potential resistance traits in the Marchigiana breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Mazzone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Paolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Linda Petrucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sara Corneli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Sebastianelli
- Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche, Area Vasta 2, Servizio di Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, 60127 Ancona, Italy
| | - Silva Costarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fiorella Sbarra
- A.N.A.B.I.C. Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani Carne, Strada del Vio Viscoloso 21, San Martino in Colle, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Gabbianelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pezzotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Bannantine JP, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Vitamin D3 alters macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking markers in dairy cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1021657. [PMID: 36275033 PMCID: PMC9579537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1021657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important host defense cells in ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease; JD), a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Classical macrophage functions of pathogen trafficking, degradation, and antigen presentation are interrupted in mycobacterial infection. Immunologic stimulation by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) enhances bovine macrophage function. The present study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D3 on macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking of MAP in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) cultured from JD-, JD+ subclinical, and JD+ clinically infected cattle. MDMs were pre-treated 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3 and incubated 24 hrs with MAP at 10:1 multiplicity of infection (MOI). In vitro MAP infection upregulated pro-inflammatory (M1) CD80 and downregulated resolution/repair (M2) CD163. Vitamin D3 generally decreased CD80 and increased CD163 expression. Furthermore, early endosomal marker Rab5 was upregulated 140× across all stages of paratuberculosis infection following in vitro MAP infection; however, Rab5 was reduced in MAP-activated MDMs from JD+ subclinical and JD+ clinical cows compared to healthy controls. Rab7 expression decreased in control and clinical cows following MDM infection with MAP. Both forms of vitamin D3 reduced Rab5 expression in infected MDMs from JD- control cows, while 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased Rab7 expression in JD- and JD+ subclinical animals regardless of MAP infection in vitro. Vitamin D3 promoted phagocytosis in MDMs from JD- and JD+ clinical cows treated with either vitamin D3 analog. Results from this study show exogenous vitamin D3 influences macrophage M1/M2 polarization and Rab GTPase expression within MDM culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
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Orujyan D, Narinyan W, Rangarajan S, Rangchaikul P, Prasad C, Saviola B, Venketaraman V. Protective Efficacy of BCG Vaccine against Mycobacterium leprae and Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030390. [PMID: 35335022 PMCID: PMC8952781 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus mycobacterium includes several species that are known to cause infections in humans. The microorganisms are classified into tuberculous and non-tuberculous based on their morphological characteristics, defined by the dynamic relationship between the host defenses and the infectious agent. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) include all the species of mycobacterium other than the ones that cause tuberculosis (TB). The group of NTM contains almost 200 different species and they are found in soil, water, animals—both domestic and wild—milk and food products, and from plumbed water resources such as sewers and showerhead sprays. A systematic review of Medline between 1946 and 2014 showed an 81% decline in TB incidence rates with a simultaneous 94% increase in infections caused by NTM. Prevalence of infections due to NTM has increased relative to infections caused by TB owing to the stringent prevention and control programs in Western countries such as the USA and Canada. While the spread of typical mycobacterial infections such as TB and leprosy involves human contact, NTM seem to spread easily from the environment without the risk of acquiring from a human contact except in the case of M. abscessus in patients with cystic fibrosis, where human transmission as well as transmission through fomites and aerosols has been recorded. NTM are opportunistic in their infectious processes, making immunocompromised individuals such as those with other systemic infections such as HIV, immunodeficiencies, pulmonary disease, or usage of medications such as long-term corticosteroids/TNF-α inhibitors more susceptible. This review provides insight on pathogenesis, treatment, and BCG vaccine efficacy against M. leprae and some important NTM infections.
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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Casas E, Mooyottu S, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Exogenous Vitamin D3 Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne’s Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773938. [PMID: 35111692 PMCID: PMC8801714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D3 is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Few studies have investigated immunologic roles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in cattle, particularly cattle infected with MAP. This study examined the effects of exogenous vitamin D3 on immune responses of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from dairy cattle naturally infected with MAP. MDMs were pre-treated with ± 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or ± 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3, then incubated 24 hrs with live MAP in the presence of their respective pre-treatment concentrations. Following treatment with either vitamin D3 analog, phagocytosis of MAP by MDMs was significantly greater in clinically infected animals, with a greater amount of live and dead bacteria. Clinical cows had significantly less CD40 surface expression on MDMs compared to subclinical cows and noninfected controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 also significantly increased nitrite production in MAP infected cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment played a key role in upregulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 while downregulating IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ. 1,25(OH)2D3 also negatively regulated transcripts of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, DEFB7, NOS2, and IL10. Results from this study demonstrate that vitamin D3 compounds, but mainly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses in dairy cattle infected with MAP, impacting the bacterial viability within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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Choi SW, Kim S, Park HT, Park HE, Choi JS, Yoo HS. MicroRNA profiling in bovine serum according to the stage of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259539. [PMID: 34735546 PMCID: PMC8568169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), and it causes diarrhea and weakness in cattle. During a long subclinical stage, infected animals without clinical signs shed pathogens through feces. For this reason, the diagnosis of JD during the subclinical stage is very important. Circulating miRNAs are attracting attention as useful biomarkers in various veterinary diseases because of their expression changes depending on the state of the disease. Based on current knowledge, circulating miRNAs extracted from bovine serum were used to develop a diagnostic tool for JD. In this study, the animals were divided into 4 groups according to fecal shedding, the presence of antibodies, and clinical signs. Gene expression was analyzed by performing miRNA sequencing for each group, and it was identified that the miRNA expression changed more as the MAP infection progressed. The eight miRNAs that were differentially expressed in all infected groups were selected as biomarker candidates based on their significant differences compared to the control group. These biomarker candidates were validated by qRT-PCR. Considering the sequencing data, two upregulated miRNAs and two downregulated miRNAs showed the same trend in the validation results. Network analysis was also conducted and the results showed that mRNAs (IL-10, TGF-β1) associated with regulatory T cells were predicted to be activated in the subclinical stage. Taken together, our data suggest that two miRNAs (bta-miR-374b, bta-miR-2887) may play major roles in the immune response to MAP infection during the subclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woon Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, Research Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Taylor EN, Beckmann M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson G, Rooke D, Mur LAJ, Koets AP. Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein-Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110727. [PMID: 34822384 PMCID: PMC8625860 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes weight loss, diarrhoea, and reduced milk yields in clinically infected cattle. Asymptomatic, subclinically infected cattle shed MAP bacteria but are frequently not detected by diagnostic tests. Herein, we compare the metabolite profiles of sera from subclinically infected Holstein–Friesian heifers and antibody binding to selected MAP antigens. The study used biobanked serum samples from 10 naturally MAP-infected and 10 control heifers, sampled monthly from ~1 to 19 months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray–high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE–HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the data discriminated between naturally MAP-infected and control heifers. In total, 33 metabolites that differentially accumulated in naturally MAP-infected heifers compared to controls were identified. Five were significantly elevated within MAP-infected heifers throughout the study, i.e., leukotriene B4, bicyclo prostaglandin E2 (bicyclo PGE2), itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and N6-acetyl-L-lysine. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics in the identification of novel MAP diagnostic markers and particular biochemical pathways, which may provide insights into the bovine immune response to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N. Taylor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hans-Martin Vordermeier
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - David Rooke
- ProTEM Services Ltd., Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4BD, UK;
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Ad P. Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Population Health Systems, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
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10
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Mallikarjunappa S, Brito LF, Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Meade KG, Karrow NA. Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718987. [PMID: 34513975 PMCID: PMC8426623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a severe production-limiting disease with significant economic and welfare implications for the global cattle industry. Caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), JD manifests as chronic enteritis in infected cattle. In addition to the economic losses and animal welfare issues associated with JD, MAP has attracted public health concerns with potential association with Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. The lack of effective treatment options, such as a vaccine, has hampered JD control resulting in its increasing global prevalence. The disease was first reported in 1895, but in recognition of its growing economic impact, extensive recent research facilitated by a revolution in technological approaches has led to significantly enhanced understanding of the immunological, genetic, and pathogen factors influencing disease pathogenesis. This knowledge has been derived from a variety of diverse models to elucidate host-pathogen interactions including in vivo and in vitro experimental infection models, studies measuring immune parameters in naturally-infected animals, and by studies conducted at the population level to enable the estimation of genetic parameters, and the identification of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) putatively associated with susceptibility or resistance to JD. The main objectives of this review are to summarize these recent developments from an immunogenetics perspective and attempt to extract the principal and common findings emerging from this wealth of recent information. Based on these analyses, and in light of emerging technologies such as gene-editing, we conclude by discussing potential future avenues for effectively mitigating JD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sameer D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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Salerno BS, Pereira ABM, de Souza HI, Silva-Vergara ML, Levy BD, Rogerio AP. Anti-inflammatory actions of aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) in bronchial epithelial cells infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1603-12. [PMID: 34405339 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with airway epithelial cells is crucial for the establishment of cryptococcosis. Aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a lipid mediator produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrates anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several inflammatory experimental models including in the airways. METHOD Here, we evaluated the effects of AT-RvD1 (1, 10 or 100 nM) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with C. neoformans (1, 10 or 100 multiplicities of infection; MOI). RESULTS After 24 h, C. neoformans (all MOI) demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and increased IL-8 production on BEAS-2B cells when compared to controls. In addition, C. neoformans (MOI 100) increased the concentration of IL-6, but not of IL-10. AT-RvD1 (100 nM) significantly reduced the concentration of IL-8 and IL-6 and increased IL-10 production in C. neoformans-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. C. neoformans increased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and ERK1/2, and ALX/FPR2 expression. AT-RvD1 reduced the activation of NF-kB without altering the ERK1/2 and ALX/FPR2 expression. The anti-inflammatory effects of AT-RvD1 were dependent on the ALX/FPR2, once its antagonist (BOC2) reversed its anti-inflammatory effects. No alteration on the fungal burden as well as interactions with BEAS-2B cells was observed by AT-RvD1. CONCLUSION AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells infected with C. neoformans without affecting the development of C. neoformans infection in the airways. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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12
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Pereira ABM, Oliveira JR, Souza ALJ, Andrade-Silva L, Silva MV, Silva PR, Silva-Vergara ML, Rogerio AP. Effects of cigarette smoke extract on bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:221-233. [PMID: 34228244 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the airways, the adhesion of Cryptococcus neoformans with airway epithelial cells is crucial for the establishment of cryptococcosis. Tobacco smoke is considered a risk factor for cryptococcosis. Here, we evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with C. neoformans. Multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 1-100 of C. neoformans per cell led to increased IL-8 production and no cytotoxic effects when compared to those of controls. C. neoformans (MOI 100) also significantly increased the concentration of IL-6. In cells stimulated with CSE doses (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0%) from one or five cigarettes, increased IL-1β production was observed only in doses from one (1.0%) and five (2.5%) cigarettes when compared to that of controls. However, only 1.0% CSE failed to show cytotoxic effects. In addition, CSE significantly increased the concentration of IL-8. Cells stimulated with both CSE and C. neoformans demonstrated a reduction in IL-6/STAT3 signalling compared to that in cells stimulated by C. neoformans. In addition, a significant increase in IL-10 production was also observed. No alterations in NF-kB or ICAM-1 expression were observed among the groups. The combination of CSE and C. neoformans favoured the increase of fungal numbers and extracellular adhering of C. neoformans on BEAS-2B cells. In addition, the internalization of C. neoformans on BEAS-2B cells was reduced after CSE stimulation. In conclusion, the association of CSE and C. neoformans induced an anti-inflammatory effect in bronchial epithelial cells, which might favour the development of C. neoformans infection in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Jhony Robison Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Ana Leticia Julio Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Andrade-Silva
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute Department of Clinical Medicine, of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Mario Leon Silva-Vergara
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paula Rogerio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil.
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13
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Lucena AN, Garza-Cuartero L, McAloon C, Mulcahy G, Zintl A, Perez J, Wolfe A. Apoptosis levels in bovine Johne's disease ileal lesions and association with bacterial numbers. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1086-1090. [PMID: 34190009 PMCID: PMC8581713 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211025790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). While it is generally accepted that MAP employs immune subversion mechanisms, aspects of the host-pathogen relationship are not fully understood. We sampled 3 ileal tissue sections from 17 naturally infected cattle (n = 51 sections) to analyze differences in cell types, apoptosis, and phagocytic cells. Diffuse multibacillary (DM) was the most common lesion type (n = 17) followed by diffuse intermediate (DI; n = 15). DM lesions had significantly greater proportion of Treg cells (CD3+ FoxP3+) relative to all CD3+ T cells as compared to DI forms (P < .05). CD68+ individual cell size was significantly smaller in DM than in diffuse lymphocytic (DL) forms (P < .05). Area of caspase-3 positivity (apoptosis) was greater in DM lesions than DL (P < .05) and DI (P < .0001), and was linked to higher numbers of MAP within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Perez
- 16735University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alan Wolfe
- 8797University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Bouzeyen R, Chugh S, Gosain TP, Barbouche MR, Haoues M, Rao KVS, Essafi M, Singh R. Co-Administration of Anticancer Candidate MK-2206 Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645962. [PMID: 34122406 PMCID: PMC8190480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of M. bovis BCG to induce long-term protection has been endowed to its inability to escape the phagolysosome, leading to mild activation of CD8+ mediated T cell response. Induction of apoptosis in host cells plays an important role in potentiating dendritic cells-mediated priming of CD8+ T cells, a process defined as “cross-priming.” Moreover, IL-10 secretion by infected cells has been reported to hamper BCG-induced immunity against Tuberculosis (TB). Previously, we have reported that apoptosis of BCG-infected macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion is FOXO3 dependent, a transcription factor negatively regulated by the pro-survival activated threonine kinase, Akt. We speculate that FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis and abrogation of IL-10 secretion along with M. bovis BCG immunization might enhance the protection imparted by BCG. Here, we have assessed whether co-administration of a known anti-cancer Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, enhances the protective efficacy of M. bovis BCG in mice model of infection. We observed that in vitro MK-2206 treatment resulted in FOXO3 activation, enhanced BCG-induced apoptosis of macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion. Co-administration of M. bovis BCG along with MK-2206 also increased apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Further, MK-2206 administration improved BCG-induced CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells responses and its ability to induce both effector and central memory T cells. Finally, we show that co-administration of MK-2206 enhanced the protection imparted by M. bovis BCG against Mtb in aerosol infected mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, we provide evidence that MK-2206-mediated activation of FOXO3 potentiates BCG-induced immunity and imparts protection against Mtb through enhanced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Meriam Haoues
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Makram Essafi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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15
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Arteche-Villasol N, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Vallejo R, Espinosa J, Elguezabal N, Ladero-Auñon I, Royo M, Del Carmen Ferreras M, Benavides J, Pérez V. Early response of monocyte-derived macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats against in vitro infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2021; 52:69. [PMID: 33980310 PMCID: PMC8117269 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). Vaccination is the most cost-effective control method. However, despite the fact that macrophages are the main target cells for this pathogen, the precise mechanisms behind the response of the macrophage to Map infection and how it is modified by vaccination are yet poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Silirum® vaccination in the early immune response of caprine monocyte-derived macrophages (CaMØs). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated goats, cultured in vitro until differentiation to macrophages and infected with Map. After a 24 h incubation, Map viability and DNA were assessed in culture by viable colony count and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, Map phagocytosis and expression of IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-1β, iNOS, IL-6 and MIP-1β were also evaluated through immunofluorescence labelling and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. A significant reduction of Map viability was observed in both supernatants (P < 0.05) and CaMØs (P < 0.001) from the vaccinated group. Similarly, the percentage of infected CaMØs and the number of internalized Map by CaMØs (P < 0.0001) was higher in the vaccinated group. Finally, iNOS (P < 0.01) and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated in CaMØs from vaccinated goats, whereas only MIP-1β was up-regulated in non-vaccinated animals (P < 0.05). These results show that vaccination modifies the immune response of CaMØs, suggesting that the phagocytosis and microbiocidal activity of macrophages against Map is enhanced after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noive Arteche-Villasol
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Jose Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Berreaga 1, Derio, 48169, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcos Royo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Ferreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE),, Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24007, León, Spain
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16
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Marete A, Ariel O, Ibeagha-Awemu E, Bissonnette N. Identification of Long Non-coding RNA Isolated From Naturally Infected Macrophages and Associated With Bovine Johne's Disease in Canadian Holstein Using a Combination of Neural Networks and Logistic Regression. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:639053. [PMID: 33969037 PMCID: PMC8100051 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.639053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes chronic enteritis in most ruminants. The pathogen MAP causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic, incurable, wasting disease. Weight loss, diarrhea, and a gradual drop in milk production characterize the disease's clinical phase, culminating in death. Several studies have characterized long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in bovine tissues, and a previous study characterizes (lncRNA) in macrophages infected with MAP in vitro. In this study, we aim to characterize the lncRNA in macrophages from cows naturally infected with MAP. From 15 herds, feces and blood samples were collected for each cow older than 24 months, twice yearly over 3–5 years. Paired samples were analyzed by fecal PCR and blood ELISA. We used RNA-seq data to study lncRNA in macrophages from 33 JD(+) and 33 JD(–) dairy cows. We performed RNA-seq analysis using the “new Tuxedo” suite. We characterized lncRNA using logistic regression and multilayered neural networks and used DESeq2 for differential expression analysis and Panther and Reactome classification systems for gene ontology (GO) analysis. The study identified 13,301 lncRNA, 605 of which were novel lncRNA. We found seven genes close to differentially expressed lncRNA, including CCDC174, ERI1, FZD1, TWSG1, ZBTB38, ZNF814, and ZSCAN4. None of the genes associated with susceptibility to JD have been cited in the literature. LncRNA target genes were significantly enriched for biological process GO terms involved in immunity and nucleic acid regulation. These include the MyD88 pathway (TLR5), GO:0043312 (neutrophil degranulation), GO:0002446 (neutrophil-mediated immunity), and GO:0042119 (neutrophil activation). These results identified lncRNA with potential roles in host immunity and potential candidate genes and pathways through which lncRNA might function in response to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Marete
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Ariel
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Science, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eveline Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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17
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Ariel O, Brouard JS, Marete A, Miglior F, Ibeagha-Awemu E, Bissonnette N. Genome-wide association analysis identified both RNA-seq and DNA variants associated to paratuberculosis in Canadian Holstein cattle 'in vitro' experimentally infected macrophages. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 33678157 PMCID: PMC7938594 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, or Johne’s disease (JD), an incurable bovine disease. The evidence for susceptibility to MAP disease points to multiple interacting factors, including the genetic predisposition to a dysregulation of the immune system. The endemic situation in cattle populations can be in part explained by a genetic susceptibility to MAP infection. In order to identify the best genetic improvement strategy that will lead to a significant reduction of JD in the population, we need to understand the link between genetic variability and the biological systems that MAP targets in its assault to dominate macrophages. MAP survives in macrophages where it disseminates. We used next-generation RNA (RNA-Seq) sequencing to study of the transcriptome in response to MAP infection of the macrophages from cows that have been naturally infected and identified as positive for JD (JD (+); n = 22) or negative for JD (healthy/resistant, JD (−); n = 28). In addition to identifying genetic variants from RNA-seq data, SNP variants were also identified using the Bovine SNP50 DNA chip. Results The complementary strategy allowed the identification of 1,356,248 genetic variants, including 814,168 RNA-seq and 591,220 DNA chip variants. Annotation using SnpEff predicted that the 2435 RNA-seq genetic variants would produce high functional effect on known genes in comparison to the 33 DNA chip variants. Significant variants from JD(+/−) macrophages were identified by genome-wide association study and revealed two quantitative traits loci: BTA4 and 11 at (P < 5 × 10− 7). Using BovineMine, gene expression levels together with significant genomic variants revealed pathways that potentially influence JD susceptibility, notably the energy-dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK and the metabolism of lipids. Conclusion In the present study, we succeeded in identifying genetic variants in regulatory pathways of the macrophages that may affect the susceptibility of cows that are healthy/resistant to MAP infection. RNA-seq provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate gene expression and to link the genetic variations to biological pathways that MAP normally manipulate during the process of killing macrophages. A strategy incorporating functional markers into genetic selection may have a considerable impact in improving resistance to an incurable disease. Integrating the findings of this research into the conventional genetic selection program may allow faster and more lasting improvement in resistance to bovine paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07487-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ariel
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Brouard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Andrew Marete
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Center of Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - Eveline Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Agrawal G, Aitken J, Hamblin H, Collins M, Borody TJ. Putting Crohn's on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn's Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:348-358. [PMID: 33089484 PMCID: PMC7577843 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Despite many investigations and research efforts, there remains no clear unifying explanation of its pathogenicity to humans. Proponents argue Crohn's disease shares many identical features with a granulomatous infection in ruminants termed Johne's disease and similarities with ileo-cecal tuberculosis. Both are caused by species within the Mycobacterium genus. Sceptics assert that since MAP is found in individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease as well as in healthy population controls, any association with CD is coincidental. This view is supported by the uncertain response of patients to antimicrobial therapy. This report aims to address the controversial aspects of this proposition with information and knowledge gathered from several disciplines, including microbiology and veterinary medicine. The authors hope that this discussion will stimulate further research aimed at confirming or refuting the contribution of MAP to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ultimately lead to advanced targeted clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrawal
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia.
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & King's College, London, UK.
| | - John Aitken
- Microbiology, Otakaro Pathways, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Harrison Hamblin
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Collins
- Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas J Borody
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Nagata R, Kawaji S, Nakamura H, Fujisawa S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Mori Y, Ohashi K. The enhancement of Th1 immune response by anti-PD-L1 antibody in cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:162-166. [PMID: 33281144 PMCID: PMC7972883 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic enteritis of ruminants. Previous studies have shown that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with the disease progression, and PD-L1 blockade activates MAP-specific Th1 responses in vitro. Here, we performed anti-PD-L1 antibody administration using 2 MAP-infected cattle at the late subclinical stage of infection. After administration, bacterial shedding was reduced or maintained at a low level. Additionally, MAP-specific Th1 cytokine production was upregulated, and CD69 expression was increased in T cells. Collectively, the treatment has a potential as a novel control method against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Reiko Nagata
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawaji
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakamura
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sotaro Fujisawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0019, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mori
- Bacterial and Parasitic Disease Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Mallikarjunappa S, Shandilya UK, Sharma A, Lamers K, Bissonnette N, Karrow NA, Meade KG. Functional analysis of bovine interleukin-10 receptor alpha in response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis lysate using CRISPR/Cas9. BMC Genet 2020; 21:121. [PMID: 33138773 PMCID: PMC7607837 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interleukin-10 receptor alpha (IL10RA) gene codes for the alpha chain of the IL-10 receptor which binds the cytokine IL-10. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory function during the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders in livestock, including Johne’s disease (JD). JD is a chronic enteritis in cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is responsible for significant economic losses to the dairy industry. Several candidate genes including IL10RA have been found to be associated with JD. The aim of this study was to better understand the functional significance of IL10RA in the context of immune stimulation with MAP cell wall lysate. Results An IL10RA knock out (KO) bovine mammary epithelial cell (MAC-T) line was generated using the CRISPR/cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) gene editing system. These IL10RA KO cells were stimulated with the immune stimulant MAP lysate +/− IL-10, or with LPS as a positive control. In comparison to unedited cells, relative quantification of immune-related genes after stimulation revealed that knocking out IL10RA resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression (TNFA, IL1A, IL1B and IL6) and downregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), a negative regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. At the protein level knocking out IL10RA also resulted in upregulation of inflammatory cytokines - TNF-α and IL-6 and chemokines - IL-8, CCL2 and CCL4, relative to unedited cells. Conclusions The findings of this study illustrate the broad and significant effects of knocking out the IL10RA gene in enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and further support the immunoregulatory role of IL10RA in eliciting an anti-inflammatory response as well as its potential functional involvement during the immune response associated with JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Umesh K Shandilya
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kristen Lamers
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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21
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Naranjo-Lucena A, García-Campos A, Garza-Cuartero L, Britton L, Blanco A, Zintl A, Mulcahy G. Fasciola hepatica products can alter the response of bovine immune cells to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12779. [PMID: 32725900 PMCID: PMC8365740 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica causes economically important disease in livestock worldwide. The relevance of this parasitic infection extends beyond its direct consequences due to its immunoregulatory properties. OBJECTIVES Given the importance of the T helper 1 (Th1) immune response in controlling infections with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in cattle, we aimed to establish the immunological consequences that co-infection with F. hepatica might have on the course of Johne's disease (JD). METHODS This study compared the in vitro response of bovine immune cells to infection with MAP or exposure to MAP antigens following F. hepatica infection or stimulation with F. hepatica products. RESULTS We found a decreased proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after infection with F. hepatica. This reduction was inversely correlated with fluke burden. Pre-stimulation with F. hepatica molecules produced a significant reduction of ileocaecal lymph node leucocyte proliferation in response to MAP antigens. Additionally,F. hepatica products reduced expression of the CD14 receptor by macrophages and increased levels of apoptosis and bacterial (MAP) uptake. CONCLUSIONS Overall, F. hepatica infection had little impact on the in vitro response of immune cells to MAP, whereas in vitro co-stimulation with F. hepatica molecules had a measurable effect. Whether this is likely to affect JD progression during in vivo chronic conditions remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Naranjo-Lucena
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrés García-Campos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laura Garza-Cuartero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Louise Britton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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22
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Chen JX, Cheng CS, Chen J, Lv LL, Chen ZJ, Chen C, Zheng L. Cynanchum paniculatum and Its Major Active Constituents for Inflammatory-Related Diseases: A Review of Traditional Use, Multiple Pathway Modulations, and Clinical Applications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020:7259686. [PMID: 32774428 PMCID: PMC7396087 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7259686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cynanchum paniculatum Radix, known as Xuchangqing in Chinese, is commonly prescribed in Chinese Medicine (CM) for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory property of Cynanchum paniculatum can be traced from its wind-damp removing, collaterals' obstruction relieving, and toxins counteracting effects as folk medicine in CM. This paper systematically reviewed the research advancement of the pharmacological effects of Cynanchum paniculatum among a variety of human diseases, including diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urogenital, hematopoietic, endocrine and metabolomic, neurological, skeletal, and rheumatological systems and malignant diseases. This review aims to link the long history of clinical applications of Cynanchum paniculatum in CM with recent biomedical investigations. The major bioactive chemical compositions of Cynanchum paniculatum and their associated action mechanism unveiled by biomedical investigations as well as the present clinical applications and future perspectives are discussed. The major focuses of this review are on the diverse mechanisms of Cynanchum paniculatum and the role of its active components in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xian Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
- Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling-Ling Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zi-Jie Chen
- Shanghai Yangpu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatrics Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
- Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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23
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Facciuolo A, Denomy C, Lipsit S, Kusalik A, Napper S. From Beef to Bees: High-Throughput Kinome Analysis to Understand Host Responses of Livestock Species to Infectious Diseases and Industry-Associated Stress. Front Immunol 2020; 11:765. [PMID: 32499776 PMCID: PMC7243914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within human health research, the remarkable utility of kinase inhibitors as therapeutics has motivated efforts to understand biology at the level of global cellular kinase activity (the kinome). In contrast, the diminished potential for using kinase inhibitors in food animals has dampened efforts to translate this research approach to livestock species. This, in our opinion, was a lost opportunity for livestock researchers given the unique potential of kinome analysis to offer insight into complex biology. To remedy this situation, our lab developed user-friendly, cost-effective approaches for kinome analysis that can be readily incorporated into most research programs but with a specific priority to enable the technology to livestock researchers. These contributions include the development of custom software programs for the creation of species-specific kinome arrays as well as comprehensive deconvolution and analysis of kinome array data. Presented in this review are examples of the application of kinome analysis to highlight the utility of the technology to further our understanding of two key complex biological events of priority to the livestock industry: host immune responses to infectious diseases and animal stress responses. These advances and examples of application aim to provide both mechanisms and motivation for researchers, particularly livestock researchers, to incorporate kinome analysis into their research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Connor Denomy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sean Lipsit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Park HS, Back YW, Son YJ, Kim HJ. Mycobacterium avium subsp . paratuberculosis MAP1889c Protein Induces Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Drives Th2-biased Immune Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040944. [PMID: 32290379 PMCID: PMC7226993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of chronic granulomatous bowel disease in animals and is associated with various autoimmune diseases in humans including Crohn’s disease. A good understanding of the host-protective immune response and antibacterial immunity controlled by MAP and its components may contribute to the development of effective control strategies. MAP1889c was identified as a seroreactive antigen in Crohn’s disease patients. In this study, we investigated the immunological function of MAP1889c in dendritic cells (DCs). MAP1889c stimulated DCs to increase expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class molecules and to secret higher interleukin (IL)-10 and moderate IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-12p70 levels through the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway. MAP1889c-induced DC activation was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cAMPp-response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In particular, the CREB signal was essential for MAP1889c-mediated IL-10 production but not TNF-α and IL-12p70. In addition, MAP1889c-matured DCs induced T cell proliferation and drove the Th2 response. Production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines was suppressed and enhanced respectively by MAP1889c pretreatment in DCs and T cells. Furthermore, treatment of MAP1889c in M. avium-infected macrophages promoted intracellular bacterial growth and IL-10 production. These findings suggest that MAP1889c modulates the host antimycobacterial response and may be a potential virulence factor during MAP infection.
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25
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Ali MK, Zhen G, Nzungize L, Stojkoska A, Duan X, Li C, Duan W, Xu J, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE31 ( Rv3477) Attenuates Host Cell Apoptosis and Promotes Recombinant M. smegmatis Intracellular Survival via Up-regulating GTPase Guanylate Binding Protein-1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:40. [PMID: 32117813 PMCID: PMC7020884 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis comprising proline–glutamic acid (PE) subfamily proteins associate with virulence, pathogenesis, and host-immune modulations. While the functions of most of this family members are not yet explored. Here, we explore the functions of “PE only” subfamily member PE31 (Rv3477) in virulence and host-pathogen interactions. We have expressed the M. tuberculosis PE31 in non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis strain (Ms_PE31) and demonstrated that PE31 significantly altered the cell facet features including colony morphology and biofilm formation. PE31 expressing M. smegmatis showed more resistant to the low pH, diamide, H2O2 and surface stress. Moreover, Ms_PE31 showed higher intracellular survival in macrophage THP-1 cells. Ms_PE31 significantly down-regulated the production of IL-12p40 and IL-6, while up-regulates the production of IL-10 in macrophages. Ms_PE31 also induced the expression of guanylate-binding protein-1 (GBP-1) in macrophages. Further analysis demonstrates that Ms_PE31 inhibits the caspase-3 activation and reduces the macrophages apoptosis. Besides, the NF-κB signaling pathway involves the interplay between Ms_PE31 and macrophages. Collectively, our finding identified that PE31 act as a functionally relevant virulence factor of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kaisar Ali
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gong Zhen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lambert Nzungize
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrea Stojkoska
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangke Duan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Duan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Ariel O, Gendron D, Dudemaine PL, Gévry N, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Bissonnette N. Transcriptome Profiling of Bovine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis Depicts Foam Cell and Innate Immune Tolerance Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2874. [PMID: 31969876 PMCID: PMC6960179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, in ruminants. The mechanisms of JD pathogenesis are not fully understood, but it is known that MAP subverts the host immune system by using macrophages as its primary reservoir. MAP infection in macrophages is often studied in healthy cows or experimentally infected calves, but reports on macrophages from naturally infected cows are lacking. In our study, primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from cows diagnosed as positive (+) or negative (–) for JD were challenged in vitro with live MAP. Analysis using next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that macrophages from JD(+) cows did not present a definite pattern of response to MAP infection. Interestingly, a considerable number of genes, up to 1436, were differentially expressed in JD(–) macrophages. The signatures of the infection time course of 1, 4, 8, and 24 h revealed differential expression of ARG2, COL1A1, CCL2, CSF3, IL1A, IL6, IL10, PTGS2, PTX3, SOCS3, TNF, and TNFAIP6 among other genes, with major effects on host signaling pathways. While several immune pathways were affected by MAP, other pathways related to hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation, lipid homeostasis, such as LXR/RXR (liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor) activation pathways, and autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis) also responded to the presence of live MAP. Comparison of the profiles of the unchallenged MDMs from JD(+) vs. JD(–) cows showed that 868 genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that these genes were already affected before monocytes differentiated into macrophages. The downregulated genes predominantly modified the general cell metabolism by downregulating amino acid synthesis and affecting cholesterol biosynthesis and other energy production pathways while introducing a pro-fibrotic pattern associated with foam cells. The upregulated genes indicated that lipid homeostasis was already supporting fat storage in uninfected JD(+) MDMs. For JD(+) MDMs, differential gene expression expounds long-term mechanisms established during disease progression of paratuberculosis. Therefore, MAP could further promote disease persistence by influencing long-term macrophage behavior by using both tolerance and fat-storage states. This report contributes to a better understanding of MAP's controls over the immune cell response and mechanisms of MAP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ariel
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Gendron
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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27
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Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. Divergent Antigen-Specific Cellular Immune Responses during Asymptomatic Subclinical and Clinical States of Disease in Cows Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 2019; 88:e00650-19. [PMID: 31611273 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00650-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the host with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis results in chronic and progressive enteritis that traverses both subclinical and clinical stages. The mechanism(s) for the shift from an asymptomatic subclinical disease state to advanced clinical disease is not fully understood. In the present study, naturally infected dairy cattle were divided into subclinical and clinical infection groups, along with noninfected control cows of similar parity, to study host immune responses in different stages of infection. Both infection groups had higher levels of secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) than control cows, whereas only clinical cows had increased secretion of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18 upon stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with antigen. Conversely, secretion of IL-17Α was decreased for clinical cows compared to subclinical and control cows. Proinflammatory cytokine genes were upregulated only for subclinical cows, whereas increased IL-10 and IL-17 gene expression levels were observed for both infection groups. Increased CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cell receptor-positive (TCR+) T cells were observed for subclinical cows compared to clinical cows. Although clinical cows expressed antigen-specific immune responses, the profile for subclinical cows was one of a dominant proinflammatory response to infection. We reason that a complex coordination of immune responses occurs during M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, with these responses shifting as the host transitions through the different stages of infection and disease (subclinical to clinical). A further understanding of the series of events characterized by Th1/Th2/Th17 responses will provide mechanisms for disease progression and may direct insightful intervention strategies.
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Kleinwort KJ, Hauck SM, Degroote RL, Scholz AM, Hölzel C, Maertlbauer EP, Deeg C. Peripheral blood bovine lymphocytes and MAP show distinctly different proteome changes and immune pathways in host-pathogen interaction. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8130. [PMID: 31788366 PMCID: PMC6882418 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a pathogen causing paratuberculosis in cattle and small ruminants. During the long asymptomatic subclinical stage, high numbers of MAP are excreted and can be transmitted to food for human consumption, where they survive many of the standard techniques of food decontamination. Whether MAP is a human pathogen is currently under debate. The aim of this study was a better understanding of the host-pathogen response by analyzing the interaction of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cattle with MAP in their exoproteomes/secretomes to gain more information about the pathogenic mechanisms of MAP. Because in other mycobacterial infections, the immune phenotype correlates with susceptibility, we additionally tested the interaction of MAP with recently detected cattle with a different immune capacity referred as immune deviant (ID) cows. In PBL, different biological pathways were enhanced in response to MAP dependent on the immune phenotype of the host. PBL of control cows activated members of cell activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes pathway as well as IL-12 mediated signaling. In contrast, in ID cows CNOT1 was detected as highly abundant protein, pointing to a different immune response, which could be favorable for MAP. Additionally, MAP exoproteomes differed in either GroEL1 or DnaK abundance, depending on the interacting host immune response. These finding point to an interdependent, tightly regulated response of the bovine immune system to MAP and vise versa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin M. Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christina Hölzel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Chair of Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Maertlbauer
- Chair of Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Cornelia Deeg
- Chair of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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29
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Kim WS, Yoon JH, Shin MK, Shin SJ. Infection of Dendritic Cells With Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis Exhibits a Functionally Tolerogenic Phenotype in Response to Toll-Like Receptor Agonists via IL-10/Cox2/PGE2/EP2 Axis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1795. [PMID: 31440223 PMCID: PMC6692481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) is the most common agent causing nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in humans. It mainly causes chronic and slowly progressive pulmonary disease (PD), which requires a long-term treatment and allows opportunistic co-infection by common pulmonary pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus spp., thereby resulting in alteration of host immune response. In the present study, we investigated the phenotypical and functional alterations of dendritic cells (DCs), a bridge antigen-presenting cell between innate and adaptive immunity, following MAH infection in response to various toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists mimicking co-infection conditions, along with subsequent T cell response. Interestingly, MAH-infected DCs produced interleukin (IL)-10 significantly and decreased the level of IL-12p70 in response to Poly I:C and LPS, although not so in response to Pam3CSK4, imiquimod, or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, thereby indicating that the TLR3 and TLR4 agonists functionally altered MAH-infected DCs toward a tolerogenic phenotype. Moreover, IL-10-producing tolerogenic DCs were remarkably induced by MAH and P. aeruginosa co-infection. To precisely elucidate how these TLR agonists induce tolerogenic DCs upon MAH infection, we sought to clarify the major mechanisms involved, using LPS, which caused the greatest increase in IL-10 production by the TLR agonists. Increased IL-10 stimulated the creation of tolerogenic DCs by significantly reducing MHC class II expression and MHC class II-antigen presentation, eventually inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation, along with decreased IFN-γ and IL-2. The tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were restored by anti-IL-10 neutralization, validating the induction of tolerogenicity by IL-10. Interestingly, IL-10-producing-tolerogenic DCs were observed after infection with live MAH, rather than with inactivated or dead MAH. In addition, TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- DCs confirmed the association of IL-10 production with TLR2 and TLR4 signaling; IL-10 production synergistically increased when both TLR4 and TLR2 were involved. Expression of Cox2 and PGE2 increased along with IL-10 while that of IL-10 was inhibited by their selective inhibitors celecoxib and anti-EP2 antibody, respectively. Thus, the tolerogenic phenotypes of MAH/LPS-treated DCs were proven to be induced by Cox-2/PGE2-dependent EP2 signaling as the main mechanism. These findings may provide important clues that the tolerogenic cascade in MAH-infected DCs induced by TLR 4 signaling can alter host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Bai X, Bai A, Honda JR, Eichstaedt C, Musheyev A, Feng Z, Huitt G, Harbeck R, Kosmider B, Sandhaus RA, Chan ED. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Enhances Primary Human Macrophage Immunity Against Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1417. [PMID: 31293581 PMCID: PMC6606736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The association between non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is likely due, in part, to underlying emphysema or bronchiectasis. But there is increasing evidence that AAT itself enhances host immunity against microbial pathogens and thus deficiency could compromise host protection. Objectives: The goal of this project is to determine if AAT could augment macrophage activity against non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Methods: We compared the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages cultured in autologous plasma that were obtained immediately before and soon after AAT infusion—given to individuals with AAT deficiency—to control an ex vivo Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. Measurements and Main Results: We found that compared to pre-AAT infused monocyte-derived macrophages plus plasma, macrophages, and contemporaneous plasma obtained after a session of AAT infusion were significantly better able to control M. intracellulare infection; the reduced bacterial burden was linked with greater phagosome-lysosome fusion and increased autophagosome formation/maturation, the latter due to AAT inhibition of both M. intracellulare–induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation and A20 expression. While there was a modest increase in apoptosis in the M. intracellulare-infected post-AAT infused macrophages and plasma, inhibiting caspase-3 in THP-1 cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and alveolar macrophages unexpectedly reduced the M. intracellulare burden, indicating that apoptosis impairs macrophage control of M. intracellulare and that the host protective effects of AAT occurred despite inducing apoptosis. Conclusion: AAT augments macrophage control of M. intracellulare infection through enhancing phagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - An Bai
- Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer R Honda
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Ariel Musheyev
- Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Zhihong Feng
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gwen Huitt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Ronald Harbeck
- Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Robert A Sandhaus
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Edward D Chan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
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31
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van den Esker MH, Koets AP. Application of Transcriptomics to Enhance Early Diagnostics of Mycobacterial Infections, with an Emphasis on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030059. [PMID: 31247942 PMCID: PMC6789504 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria cause a wide variety of disease in human and animals. Species that infect ruminants include M. bovis and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants, which is a chronic granulomatous enteric infection that leads to severe economic losses worldwide. Characteristic of MAP infection is the long, latent phase in which intermittent shedding can take place, while diagnostic tests are unable to reliably detect an infection in this stage. This leads to unnoticed dissemination within herds and the presence of many undetected, silent carriers, which makes the eradication of Johne’s disease difficult. To improve the control of MAP infection, research is aimed at improving early diagnosis. Transcriptomic approaches can be applied to characterize host-pathogen interactions during infection, and to develop novel biomarkers using transcriptional profiles. Studies have focused on the identification of specific RNAs that are expressed in different infection stages, which will assist in the development and clinical implementation of early diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle H van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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32
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Kamran-Sarkandi M, Behrouzi A, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Mirsaeidi M, Siadat SD. Mycobacterium avium Complex Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Inflammation via Inducing IL-10. Int J Mol Cell Med 2019; 7:241-250. [PMID: 31516884 PMCID: PMC6709930 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.7.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is an ubiquitous acid-fast bacterium. MAC cell wall and membrane release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into different media. The immunogenic effects of EVs isolated from MAC remain unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the EVs effect on macrophage cytokine production. MAC EVs were extracted and purified using differential centrifuges also known as Claassen’s method, with some modifications. After protein analysis of EVs, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the EVs were injected into BALB/c mice for in vivo experiments. The concentration of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the spleen immune cell culture was measured by sandwich ELISA. We for the first time showed that MAC can naturally produce EVs. The extraction method was technically-feasible, efficient and affordable. The SEM analysis showed that EVs diameter was similar to other studies on mycobacteria, and EVs maintained their spatial characterization. The results of the cytokine assays indicated that EV-treated cells secreted IL-10 (P = 0.034) but not IFN-γ (P = 0.037). Our findings suggest that EVs of M. avium could have anti-inflammatory effects. They can be used as a suppressor or regulator of inflammation via IL-10. The replication of the anti-inflammatory response of MAC EVs in future studies may indicate a new therapeutic agent for inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aboulfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Schwarz DGG, Shoyama FM, Oliveira LL, Sreevatsan S, Moreira MAS. Rapid baso-apical translocation of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in mammary epithelial cells in the presence of Escherichia coli. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6287-6295. [PMID: 29705415 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mammary gland cells with bacterial pathogens begins with adhesion, invasion, and persistence within the cells or systemic distribution. Some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are known to causes bovine mastitis, resulting in acute proinflammatory responses in the mammary tissue. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, is able to spread to distant organs after crossing intestinal cells, reaching the mammary gland and potentially being released in milk, infecting calves during suckling. Its exit from systemic sites may be influenced by preexisting inflammation such as that caused by E. coli mastitis. Interactions between E. coli and MAP in mammary epithelial cells have not yet been described. In this study, we posited that E. coli-infected bovine mammary epithelial cells would facilitate baso-apical translocation of MAP in an ex vivo model. We showed that the presence of E. coli in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) increased baso-apical translocation of MAP to the apical side of the cells. Levels were significantly higher 30 min post-infection and decreased at 120 min post-infection. Cells previously infected with E. coli and MAP or with E. coli alone showed a significant increase in IL1B mRNA expression at 120 min. We detected no significant expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapkp38) or IL10, regardless of treatment. Thereby, the presence of E. coli in MAC-T cells alters the translocation of MAP through epithelial cells, enabling its rapid translocation to the cellular surface. Expression of IL1B was shown to influence the apical-basal translocation of MAP at 120 min. Findings from the current study suggest that MAP translocation into milk is likely enhanced by inflammatory states such as those induced during E. coli mastitis. This is the first report demonstrating the effect of E. coli under MAP coinfection in bovine mammary epithelial cells under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G G Schwarz
- Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F M Shoyama
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L L Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M A S Moreira
- Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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34
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Goto S, Ikebuchi R, Nagata R, Kawaji S, Kagawa Y, Yamada S, Kato Y, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Mori Y, Ohashi K. Prostaglandin E 2 Induction Suppresses the Th1 Immune Responses in Cattle with Johne's Disease. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00910-17. [PMID: 29483289 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00910-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is a bovine chronic infection that is endemic in Japan and many other countries. The expression of immunoinhibitory molecules is upregulated in cattle with Johne's disease, but the mechanism of immunosuppression is poorly understood. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is immunosuppressive in humans, but few veterinary data are available. In this study, functional and kinetic analyses of PGE2 were performed to investigate the immunosuppressive effect of PGE2 during Johne's disease. In vitro PGE2 treatment decreased T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production and upregulated the expression of immunoinhibitory molecules such as interleukin-10 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy cattle. PGE2 was upregulated in sera and intestinal lesions of cattle with Johne's disease. In vitro stimulation with Johnin purified protein derivative (J-PPD) induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription, PGE2 production, and upregulation of PD-L1 and immunoinhibitory receptors in PBMCs from cattle infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis Therefore, Johnin-specific Th1 responses could be limited by the PGE2 pathway in cattle. In contrast, downregulation of PGE2 with a COX-2 inhibitor promoted J-PPD-stimulated CD8+ T-cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production in PBMCs from the experimentally infected cattle. PD-L1 blockade induced J-PPD-stimulated CD8+ T-cell proliferation and interferon gamma production in vitro Combined treatment with a COX-2 inhibitor and anti-PD-L1 antibodies enhanced J-PPD-stimulated CD8+ T-cell proliferation in vitro, suggesting that the blockade of both pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy to control Johne's disease. The effects of COX-2 inhibition warrant further study as a novel treatment of Johne's disease.
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35
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Parvati Sai Arun PV, Miryala SK, Rana A, Kurukuti S, Akhter Y, Yellaboina S. System-wide coordinates of higher order functions in host-pathogen environment upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5079. [PMID: 29567998 PMCID: PMC5864717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signatures and their interactions behind the successful establishment of infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inside macrophage are largely unknown. In this work, we present an inter-system scale atlas of the gene expression signatures, their interactions and higher order gene functions of macrophage-Mtb environment at the time of infection. We have carried out large-scale meta-analysis of previously published gene expression microarray studies andhave identified a ranked list of differentially expressed genes and their higher order functions in intracellular Mtb as well as the infected macrophage. Comparative analysis of gene expression signatures of intracellular Mtb with the in vitro dormant Mtb at different hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions led to the identification of the large number of Mtb functional groups, namely operons, regulons and pathways that were common and unique to the intracellular environment and dormancy state. Some of the functions that are specific to intracellular Mtb are cholesterol degradation and biosynthesis of immunomodulatory phenolic compounds. The molecular signatures we have identified to be involved in adaptation to different stress conditions in macrophage environment may be critical for designing therapeutic interventions against tuberculosis. And, our approach may be broadly applicable for investigating other host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sravan Kumar Miryala
- IOB-YU Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Aarti Rana
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Kurukuti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Sailu Yellaboina
- IOB-YU Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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36
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Hussain T, Zhao D, Shah SZA, Wang J, Yue R, Liao Y, Sabir N, Yang L, Zhou X. MicroRNA 27a-3p Regulates Antimicrobial Responses of Murine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by Targeting Interleukin-10 and TGF-β-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Binding Protein 2. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1915. [PMID: 29375563 PMCID: PMC5768609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) persistently survive and replicate in mononuclear phagocytic cells by adopting various strategies to subvert host immune response. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) upregulation via inhibition of macrophage bactericidal activity is a critical step for MAP survival and pathogenesis within the host cell. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 signaling cascade plays a crucial role in the elevation of IL-10 and progression of MAP pathogenesis. The contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their influence on the activation of macrophages during MAP pathogenesis are still unclear. In the current study, we found that miRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a) expression is downregulated during MAP infection both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR-27a is also downregulated in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage). ELISA and real-time qRT-PCR results confirm that overexpression of miR-27a inhibited MAP-induced IL-10 production in macrophages and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, while miR-27a inhibitor counteracted these effects. Luciferase reporter assay results revealed that IL-10 and TGF-β-activated protein kinase 1 binding protein 2 (TAB 2) are potential targets of miR-27a. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-27a negatively regulates TAB 2 expression and diminishes TAB 2-dependent p38/JNK phosphorylation, ultimately downregulating IL-10 expression in MAP-infected macrophages. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-27a significantly inhibited the intracellular survival of MAP in infected macrophages. Our data show that miR-27a augments antimicrobial activities of macrophages and inhibits the expression of IL-10, demonstrating that miR-27a regulates protective innate immune responses during MAP infection and can be exploited as a novel therapeutic target in the control of intracellular pathogens, including paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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