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Schoenfeld BJ, Androulakis-Korakakis P, Piñero A, Burke R, Coleman M, Mohan AE, Escalante G, Rukstela A, Campbell B, Helms E. Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020059. [PMID: 37218855 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included studies that (1) were classified as case studies involving physique athletes during the pre-contest phase of their competitive cycle; (2) involved adults (18+ years of age) as participants; (3) were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (4) had a pre-contest duration of at least 3 months; (5) reported changes across contest preparation relating to measures of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density), neuromuscular performance (strength and power), chronic hormonal levels (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin), physiological adaptations (maximal aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, menstrual function, and sleep quality), and/or psychometric outcomes (mood states and food desire). Our review ultimately included 11 case studies comprising 15 ostensibly drug-free athletes (male = 8, female = 7) who competed in various physique-oriented divisions including bodybuilding, figure, and bikini. The results indicated marked alterations across the array of analyzed outcomes, sometimes with high inter-individual variability and divergent sex-specific responses. The complexities and implications of these findings are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | | | - Alec Piñero
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Ryan Burke
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Adam E Mohan
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Alexa Rukstela
- Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Bill Campbell
- Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Chica-Latorre S, Buechel C, Pumpa K, Etxebarria N, Minehan M. After the spotlight: are evidence-based recommendations for refeeding post-contest energy restriction available for physique athletes? A scoping review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:505-528. [PMID: 35966021 PMCID: PMC9364707 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To date, there is limited consensus on post-contest recovery recommendations for natural physique athletes. The available literature emphasizes the negative consequences of extreme dieting associated with physique contests, yet offers only speculative suggestions to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest. This scoping review evaluates evidence-based recommendations for recovery in post-physique contests. Methods: The online search engines and databases Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched systematically and 12 peer reviewed journal articles were included in the review. Results: Six key factors were identified that directly impacted on physiological recovery post-contest: (1) body composition, (2) recovery dietary intake, (3) resting metabolic rate (RMR) restoration, (4) endocrine measures recovery, (5) menstrual cycle recovery, and (6) psychological aspects of recovery. Conclusions: Three dietary strategies have been proposed to facilitate physiological recovery post-contest while bearing in mind body composition and future athlete outcomes; (1) a gradual increase in energy intake to maintenance requirements, (2) ad libitum eating, (3) an immediate return to maintenance energy requirements. Future research is required to determine the timeline in which full physiological recovery occurs post-contest and which strategies best support athlete health and performance during post-contest recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chica-Latorre
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Claire Buechel
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kate Pumpa
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Naroa Etxebarria
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michelle Minehan
- University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, Australia
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